Partnerships Gov-NonProfit in Environmental Services: Opportunities and Challenges for

Co-Management in the Waste Sector

Jose A. Puppim de OliveiraAssistant Director & Senior Research FellowUnited Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS)Yokohama, Japan

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CO2 Emissions (Ref Scenario)

3

Trends- Increase in consumption and

lack of space for storage and/or treatment,

- Increase in externalities (urbanization),

- Waste as a commodity at the local and global level,

- Appearance of different kinds of organizations and specialists.

China Solid Waste Facts

• Landfills of solid waste reached 50,000 ha

• By 2020, landfills would reach their capacities

• Garbage pile up in 2020 could reach the volume generated in the entire world in 1997

Sun, 2007

Contrast

… while in the poor countries, policies should also examine the actors that subsist from the garbage, the garbage recyclers and the rest of the chain.

- Governments and citizens/firms (SMEs) generally cannot afford the technically cutting-edge appropriate option for waste management

-In rich countries policies consider the best technologies for the collection, transportation, storage of garbage...

- Governments subsidize or citizens/firms can afford recycling or proper treatment/disposal…

Governance and Waste Management

• Many opportunities to improve effectiveness in waste reduction and management in LDCs,

• Governments and state organizations are important, but need coordination within other governments/sectors and other sectors of the society,

• Win-win (eco-eco) situations exist, but there are institutional obstacles.

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Some Institutional Obstacles• lack of information on how to recycle,

reuse and reduce, • lack of use or markets for

recycling/composting materials,• lack of collective action to increase scale

of collection,• informality of the recycling sector,• lack of trust on public agencies and

corruption,

• Opportunities for different PPPs8

PPP Taxonomy

Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff, 2011

Reasons for Partnering(1) To enhance efficiency and effectiveness through a reliance on comparative advantages, a rational division of labor, and resource mobilization,(2) To provide the multi-actor, integrated resources and solutions required by the scope and nature of the problems being addressed,(3) To move from a no-win situation among multiple actors to a compromise and potential win-win situation,(4) To open decision-making processes to promote a broader operationalization of the public good.

Government-NonProfit Partnership

Brinkerhoff, 2002

Achievements from PPP and Good Governance in SWM

• The city of Sao Paulo reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more 10% by improving its landfill and created an environmental fund from the sales of the carbon credits,

• The city of Surabaya reduced its waste volume by around 30% with cost-effective +technological simple innovative community-based solid waste management

Community-based and Informal Recyclers

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Recycling in China

• 5,000 enterprises (informal)• 160,000 waste collection centers• 10 million people involved in the

economic activity (informal)

Source: China Resource Network, 2006

Disposal: Controlled sanitary landfills

Waste generators: industry, commerce, offices, homes, streets, etc

Recycleables separated by generators

Recollection (formal): municipal and private

companies,

Recycling plants

Large and medium-sized intermediaries

(warehouses and middleman)

Recycleables

Productive process

Recollection: municipal and private companies, NGOs,

group of small intermediaries (scrap metal

dealers and recyclers’ cooperatives, individual

recyclers

Recollection (informal): street recyclers’, odd-job people, homeless people, housewives

Disposal: Uncontrolled landfills, open air dumps

Recollection (informal): dumping recyclers’

Waste

Typical WasteCirculation inDevelopingCountries

Do Carmo and Puppim de Oliveira, 201015

Government Discourses towards Informal Recycling

• Ignore• See them as a problem to the formal

waste system

X

• Try to work with them (cooperatives) to improve their conditions,

• Integrate them in the formal waste management system (??)

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Benefits for Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Benefits (local, global)• Improve recycling, composting and re-using• Reduce waste collection volumes and the pressure on the already

overburdened landfills, operating over capacity• Mitigate climate change• Reduce exposure of communities to health risks due to wasteEconomic Impacts• Provide a cost-effective way to collect waste in places where there is no

other viable option• Create a sustainable source of income for low income groups• Provide a source of increasingly valued items to a range of small

industries that convert these materials into marketable goods and processed raw materials.

Social/others• Provide an alternative occupation for those most likely to engage in

illegal activities (e.g., petty street crime, drug dealing)• To reduce the predatory gathering of recyclables that causes street

clashes among collectors and the scattering of garbage. • Reduce odor and other nuisances • Improve community self-reliance and self-esteem

Three Cases In Brazil and Indonesia

Case 1 - SURABAYA, Indonesia

UP3D - ITS Co-Benefits Approach 19

SOURCE and DISPOSAL:

PROBLEMS:

Capacity of Benowo,

Uncollected waste,

Compliance with regulations and international standards,

Lack of resources to implement conventional waste management practices,

Social Innovations in Waste Management

• Takakura: Community-based solid waste management

• Compost houses: Local based solutions

A- TAKAKURA METHOD

HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTERS:

COMPOSTING AND USES

BRATANG

LIPONSOS

DEPO BIBIS KARAH

KEPUTRAN

TENGGILIS UTARA

WONOREJO

RUNGKUT ASRI

MENUR

BENOWO

TENGGILISRAYON TAMAN

SONOKWEJINAN

GAYUNGSARI

SUMBEREJO

PUTAT JAYASRIKANA

JAMBANGAN

B-Compost Houses in Surabaya (16)

UP3D - ITS 26Co-Benefits Approach

COMPOST HOUSE:

From household waste to compost use

178317971804181518191765

1640.7

1480.4

1258.71229,43

1241.8

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

Target 1819 1815 1804 1797 1783 1765Realisasi 1819 1640.7 1480.4 1258.7 1229.43 1241.8

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

WASTE TO BENOWO (tons/day):

Case 2 – Yogyakarta, IndonesiaCommunity-Based Waste Management

Village of Independent Waste management eco-tourism kampung

started by Informal Local Leader, expanded with the help of local government

Composting, BIOGAS, BIOPORI, BIORANG, STRYOFOM Recycle, HANDCRAFT, Communal Waste Water Threatment, Eco Friendly House

Basic Concept

Model

Scope

Waste separated in household scale Waste separated in neighborhood scale Place of Temporary Trash Can Sukunan

Trashes before proceed Proccess of composting Management of comunal liquid waste

Community-Based Waste Management Actions

Management tool of water rain in households scale

Batako from sterefom mixed

Biogas from cow cattle feces

Egg shell handcraft Plastic trash handcraft

Community-Based Waste Management Actions

Indonesia Case Study Analysis 2:Solid Waste Management, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The growth of CBSWM in 7 years shows correlation to waste generation and disposal into landfill. Figure shows there is a decreasing of solid waste about 28 % from 2008 until 2010. 33

Case 3 - The government’s support in Rio de Janeiro

The first governmental policies supporting collectors in Rio de Janeiro city were created in 1993 named “Collectors’ Cooperatives Program” .• Coordination and support: the City, NGOs and

buyers. • Space: granted by the City (with electric installation,

sanitation, and offices).• Equipment (presses, weight scales, etc.): supplied

by the buyers.• Management: performed by local leaders without

interference of the mayor. • Obligations: contributions as social security, as well

as others.• Recognition. Recognizes the recyclers as profession

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Challenges: Moving to “ideal” partnership

• Jointly determined goals.• Collaborative and consensus-based

decision making.• Non-hierarchical and horizontal structures

and processes.• Trust-based and informal as well as

formalized relationships.• Synergistic interactions among partners.• Shared accountability for outcomes and

results.

Policy Messages-Technological approaches are important, but solutions

go beyond technology,-In PPP, organizational approaches are not enough, as

governance goes beyond individual organizations,-Solutions go beyond governments, but they are key to

shape outcomes (and roles may differ),-Economics are fundamental, though not enough,-Concession contracts can be key to create incentives to

different actors,-Informal organizations should be given opportunity to

participate in the formal system,-Need to understand the local political economy in more

details to propose viable solutions in the long term.

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Some Publications

Special Issues in Public Administration

and Development (Wiley)

• Governance and Civic Engagement in the Asia Pacific RegionVolume 31, Issue 2, May 2011

• Public-Private Partnerships: Familiar Ground, Fresh PerspectivesVolume 31, Issue 1, February 2011

• State Capacity Building in ChinaVolume 29, Issue 1, 2009

• Government–Nonprofit Relations in Comparative PerspectiveVolume 22, Issue 1, 2002

Some references• Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. and Do Carmo, Maria Scarlet and (2010). The Semantics of

Garbage and the organization of the recyclers: Implementation challenges for establishing recycling cooperatives in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Elsevier). 54(12), 1261-68.

• Brinkerhoff DW, Brinkerhoff JM. (2002). Government-nonprofit relations in comparative perspective. Public Administration and Development (Wiley) 22(1).

• Brinkerhoff DW, Brinkerhoff JM. (2011). PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: PERSPECTIVES ON PURPOSES, PUBLICNESS, AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. Public Administration and Development (Wiley) 31(1), 2-14.