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IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 1 Zoology department
Integrated pest management in pip fruit orchards
and the challenge to control stink bugs
(Pentatomidae)
dr. ir. Tim Beliën
Gertie Peusens
pcfruit vzw
Zoology department
tim.belien@pcfruit.be
pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW
Integrated Pest Management in
horticulture: research for practice
07/03/2013
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 2 Zoology department
Winter voorbloei Tijdens bloei Mei - augustus nabloei Vanaf 4w v oogst Na oogst
APPLE
Winter eggs red spider mite
Pear sucker
Pear midge
Pear leaf blister mite
Winter moth Rusty leaf mite
Eggs pear sucker
Pear leaf midge
Codling moth
PEAR
Leafrollers,
fruit tortrix moth
Winter eggs red spider mite
Apple mussel scale
Winter moth
Apple grass aphid
Leaf miners
Green capsid bug
Apple blossom weevil
Apple leaf midge
Apple sawfly
Codling moth
Rusty leaf mite
Rosy apple aphid
Woolly apple aphid
Aphid eggs
Rosy apple aphid
Control sprayings
Pear aphid
Leafrollers,
fruit tortrix moth
sinuate pear borer
Stink bugs
Leafrollers,
fruit tortrix moth
Pip fruit growing:
A lot of potential pest
outbreaks
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 3 Zoology department
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• “The rational application of a combination of biological, biotechnical,
chemical, cultural or plant-breeding measures, whereby the use of plant
protection products is limited to the strict minimum necessary to
maintain the pest population at levels below those causing economically
unacceptable damage or loss”.
• From “calendar (preventive) sprayings” with broad-spectrum products to
“economic threshold sprayings” with selective products
• Beneficial arthropod populations increase and redress the balance
between pests and their natural control agents, resulting in fewer
catastrophic occurrences of crop damage
• EC Directive 2009/128: 2014, all pest control activity in agriculture in EU
Member States should be conducted within an IPM framework
• In Belgian pip fruit growing: IPM adoption already in 90-ties
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 4 Zoology department
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Key principles of IPM in pip fruit growing
• Apple: key beneficial: predatory mite Thyphlodromus pyri for control of
spider mites (Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae) and rust mites
(Aculus schlechtendali)
• Pear: key beneficial: predatory bugs (Anthocoris, Orius sp.) for control of
pear suckers (Psyllids, Cacopsylla pyri)
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 5 Zoology department
Life cycle pear sucker
Februar March April May June July August Septem October Novem Decem Jan
adults
eggs
larvaes
Overwintering
adults
First generation
Second generation
3rd - 4th
generation
Last generation
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 6 Zoology department
Controlling
pear sucker
spring February March April May
Overwintering
adults
First generation
kaolin (multiple)
oil thiacloprid
pyrethroids
adults
eggs
larvaes
Min. 200 adults
/100 beatings
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 7 Zoology department
Summer control pear sucker
Predatory bugs
May June July August September October
First generation
Second generation
3rd-4th generation
spirodiclofen
abamectin /(spinosad)
Last generation
April
adults
eggs
larvaes
spirotetramat
potassium
bicarbonate
thiamethoxam
/ thiacloprid /
potassium
bicarbonate
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 8 Zoology department
Preflowering treatments
Consequences for IPM system?
– 1st generation, before flowering (pyrethroid against adults, oil or repellent, thiacloprid on young larvae)
+ Anthocoris sp.
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 9 Zoology department
Randomized block
design
Field trials: Determining of side effects
macroplots
Treatments with knapsack sprayer,
Leaf Wall Area (LWA) dose expression
OBJECT 1st gen eggs
(Ref Appl. A)
1st gen
larvae
(Ref. Appl. B)
2nd gen hatching
eggs
(Ref. Appl. C)
2nd gen larvae
(Ref. Appl. D)
1. - - spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)
spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)b
2. - pyrethroid spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)
spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)b
3. - thiacloprid spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)
spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)b
4. kaolina or
mineral oil
- spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)
spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)b
5. kaolina or
mineral oil
- spirodiclofen (+
adjuvant)
abamectinb
a 1or 3 applications, b 1 or no application
Materials & Methods
Random block design, macroplots
(min.40 trees) (mobile insects), 4
replicates
Sampling of Anthocorids larvae and
adults by fixed number of beatings per
plot (10-20): One beating = 3 short solid
beatings per branch, on 3 randomly
chosen branches in centre of plot.
Predatory bugs caught in beating tray
(min. 40 cm x 50 cm) + counted for each
plot. Number of larvae/adults registered
separately.
Assessment of mortality (side effect):
Formula Abbott (%): Side effect = ((C – T)/C) * 100
C = average degree of beneficial population in untreated object
T = average degree of beneficial population in treated object
Statistical analysis: homogeneity of variances
test(transformations), ANOVA: multiple comparisons
(Duncan, Newman–Keuls) or Friedman (two-way
ANOVA)
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 10 Zoology department
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
19-3 2-4 16-4 30-4 14-5 28-5 11-6 25-6 9-7 23-7 6-8 20-8 3-9 17-9 1-10 15-10
Psylla pyri adults Psylla pyri eggs Psylla pyri larvae
Anthocoris nemoralis & Cacopsylla pyri population dynamics
7 locations FLOWERING
First flowers
open: 07/04
Full bloom:
14/04
End of
flowering:
05/05
Psylla larvae 2nd gen
Psylla eggs 2nd gen
Numbers per 10 shoot/clusters or beatings
0
5
10
15
20
25
19-3 2-4 16-4 30-4 14-5 28-5 11-6 25-6 9-7 23-7 6-8 20-8 3-9 17-9 1-10 15-10
Anthocoris adults Anthocoris Larvae Orius adults
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 11 Zoology department
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE
2-4 23-4 13-5 9-6 17-6 23-6 10-7 4-8
Example of results for one location
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE
2-4 23-4 13-5 9-6 17-6 23-6 10-7 4-8
ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D)
DECIS (C) / ENVIOR + TREND 90 (D)
CALYPSO 480 SC + TREND 90 (C) /
ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D)
SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND
90 (D)
SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND
90 (D) / VERTIMEC (E)
ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D)
DECIS (C) / ENVIOR + TREND 90 (D)
CALYPSO 480 SC + TREND 90 (C) /
ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D)
SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND
90 (D)
SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND
90 (D) / VERTIMEC (E)
Check / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)
pyrethroid (C) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)
thiacloprid + adjuvant (C) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)
kaolin (AB) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)
kaolin (AB) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D), abamectin (E)
C
No statistical differences !
larvae
(dotted lines) adults
(solid lines)
Me
an
nu
mb
er
of A
nth
oco
ris la
rva
e o
r a
du
lts
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 12 Zoology department
Conclusion for IPM system pear
• No stastistical differences between check and thiacloprid objects in larvae of Anthocoris sp. in 5 large scale trials
• When statistical differences are found in the number of adults, no differences are found between thiacloprid and the selective IPM references
• thiacloprid can be used on a selective way when applied before flowering, before appearance of Anthocoris sp. in the orchard
= Selectivity based on timing of application
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 13 Zoology department
IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products
New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests
→ economic threshold
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 14 Zoology department
IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products
New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests
→ economic threshold
Stink bug damage !
Peribalus strictus
Pentatoma rufipes
Asopinae: beneficial !
Rhaphigaster nebulosa
Palomena prasina
Timing treatments /selectivity: which is causing
main damage? How is life cycle?
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 15 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Which species is mainly responsible for increasing damage?
P. rufipes
P. prasina
R. nebulosa
→ P. rufipes correlation - damage pears
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 16 Zoology department
IPM control method: beat and kill Location Method Total P. Rufipes
stink bugs Other stink bugs
% damage Mean % damage
Huldenberg Beat and kill 17 15 2 9.12 11.9
34 32 2 8.86
32 31 1 10.18
47 41 6 19.50
Total 130 119 11
Meensel Beat and kill 24 17 7 7.44 7.8
18 13 5 5.92
34 27 7 4.83
56 54 2 12.85
total 132 111 21
Abbott control
29.9 %
5.4 %
→ Very labor intensive:
variable efficacy results
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 17 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Population dynamics of Pentatoma rufipes ?
Life
stage
2012 2011
Huldenberg Ezemaal Assent Huldenberg Meensel Kerkom Assent
N2 15/3 1/3 20/3 < 15/4 15/3
N3 16/4 16/4 12/4 15/4 19/4 20/4 16/4
N4 5/5 2/5 8/5 5/5 3/5 13/5 1/5
N5 29/5 8/6 29/5 19/5 19/5 26/5 10/5
adult 16/7* 5/7 25/6 30/5 30/6 7/7 13/6
N1 <15/9 <15/9 <2/9
N2 15/9 15/9 2/9 (3/10)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
15/apr 5/mei 19/mei 30/mei 23/jun 11/jul 15/sep 13/okt
Aa
nta
l wa
nts
en
op
50
bo
me
n
Dynamica van P. rufipes (2011, Huldenberg)
adult N5
N4 N3
N2 N1
totaal
Methods March-November, population of true bugs in 4 pear orchards (cv. Conférence) was monitored by beating 3 times on 3 shoots of 50 trees twice a month. Collected bugs were identified (species, life stage, sex) and counted.
Overwintering as nymph !
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 18 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings
Methods - Randomized microplot
block design (6 trees/plot, 4 plots/treatment) in two pear orchards (cv. Conférence) using a motorized knapsack sprayer
- Assessments of P. rufipes in May and in June,
- Assessments of damaged fruit (%) in July
- Efficacy calculated as corrected mortality (%) according to Abbott (1925).
Obj Product Active
ingredient
Dose
rate App Application time
Check (untreated)
1 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3
l/LWA
1 March 15
(early season)
2 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3
l/LWA
1 April 1
(before bloom)
3 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3
l/LWA
1 April 19
(after bloom)
4 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3
l/LWA
2 March 15
+ April 19
5 naturabell
Bio insect 180 EC
Pyrethrum +
Piperonylbut
3 l/LWA 1 March 15
(early season)
6 naturabell
Bio insect 180 EC
Pyrethrum +
Piperonylbut
3 l/LWA 1 April 1
(before bloom)
7 naturabell
Bio insect 180 EC
Pyrethrum +
Piperonylbut
3 l/LWA
1 April 19
(after bloom)
8 naturabell
Bio insect 180 EC
Pyrethrum +
Piperonylbut
3 l/LWA 2 March 15
+ April 19
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 19 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
mid-March(early)
beforeflowering
mid-March+ after
flowering
afterflowering
(late)
mid-March(early)
beforeflowering
mid-March+ after
flowering
afterflowering
(late)
Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect)
% A
bb
ott
eff
icac
y
Mea
n n
um
ber
P. r
ufi
pes
(4
tre
es)
Presence of P. rufipes (Huldenberg 9/5/2011)
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 20 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
mid-March(early)
beforeflowering
mid-March +after
flowering
afterflowering
(late)
mid-March(early)
beforeflowering
mid-March +after
flowering
afterflowering
(late)
Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect)
% A
bb
ott
eff
icac
y
Mea
n f
ruit
dam
age
(4 t
rees
)
Stink bug mediated fruit damage (Huldenberg, 26/7/2011)
a ab b c bc bc b bc ab
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 21 Zoology department
Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings
a
ab
a
ab
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
after harvest after harvest +before flowering
after harvest after harvest +before flowering
Check spinosad pyrethrum
Da
ma
ge
fru
its / c
on
tro
l e
ffic
acy (
%)
Field trial: treatments after harvest 2011 and before flowering 2012
% damage unsellable % damage sellable % Abbott
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 22 Zoology department
Conclusion stink bug control pear (IPM/organic)
• Forest bug Pentatoma rufipes is main stink bug pest species in pear
• In contrast to many other stink bugs, P. rufipes overwinters on the fruit trees as small nymphs
→ become active early in the spring and cause damage to the fruits before and after bloom.
• Timing treatments crucial: directed on (more sensitive) nymphs !
• Control efficacy is depending on timing and products used.
spinosad: best efficacies around/after flowering
pyrethroid: best efficacies after harvest and before flowering
• IPM system: differences in side effects (pyrethroid = broad spectrum) on beneficial arthropods (predatory bugs etc..) have to be considered in timing of the treatments.
→ Timing of treatments = crucial aspect in IPM
IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 23 Zoology department
Thanks to
• Colleagues pcfruit vzw
• CRA-W
• FOD Volksgezondheid RF 10/6231 PENTA-in-TOMIDAE
• IWT LA/110778
• CCBT
• Phytopharmaceutical companies for support field trials / product development
• Fruit growers for trial orchards
• And you for your attention !
pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW