Post on 24-Feb-2018
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Optimizing Crop Yield (Shokes, 2008)
• Absolute yield (genetics)
• Attainable yield (environmental and soil conditions)
• Affordable yield (crop value and cost of production)
• Actual yield (minimize stress and timely management)
Variety Selection
• Yield
• Quality
• Market appeal (demand)
• Disease reaction
How do we: Improve crop and soil productivity and increase the efficiency of production in order to enhance quality of life, while exerting minimal negative impact on natural resources and the environment
The power of host-plant resistance, and the power of crop rotation
Peanut Breeding – Dr. Tom Isleib
• Continue to monitor all advanced breeding
lines for their reactions to all four diseases
• Breed for resistance
• Make crosses among lines with different
resistances
• Select simultaneously for resistance to all four
diseases in segregating generations
• Use a winter nursery to achieve two generations
per year and hasten the approach to genetic
stability
Center of Origin
Cultivated peanut
Peanut germplasm
Symptoms in the field include yellowing, wilting and death. Diseased
plants tend to occur in runs within a row.
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)
August *1 to harvest
*may cause seedling disease
© 2008 Barbara Shew
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)
The rotted roots are black to dark brown and brittle.
Brick red fungal structures (perithecia, arrow) on stems or
pods indicate that CBR is present. Seeds may be speckled.
August 1 to harvest
© 2008 Barbara Shew © 2008 Barbara Shew
© 2008 Barbara Shew
© 2008 Barbara Shew
NC 8C – first CBR resistant cultivar Archive photo provided by Dr. Barbara Shew
CBR resistance screening circa 1980
Archive photo provided by Dr. Barbara Shew
This line may have been NC
Ac 18016 or NC 3033 – both
highly resistant to yield
Resistance in 2004 Photo provided by Dr. Barbara Shew
Perry VA 98R
CBR resistance in Bailey in 2009
Photo provided by Dr. Barbara Shew
Bailey Perry
CBR control: Host-Plant Resistance Photo provided by Dr. Barbara Shew
Use a resistant cultivar in any field with a history of disease and in
any field with a recent history of soybean production
Resistant cultivar Susceptible cultivar
Early Generation Selection Augmented by a Winter Nursery:
A Schematic Diagram of the Program (from Dr. Tom Isleib)
Increase seed at PRWN
Make crosses
Test families for disease resistance
Identify best families
Select for pod traits in best
families
Test for disease, yield, and quality
Feed into mainstream
variety testing program, continue
disease testing
Cycle until genetically
stable
PI
57
66
36
0
.22
55
VA
93
B 0
.73
41
NC
10
C
0.7
19
0
Per
ry
0.7
13
9
NC
9
0.7
08
1
NC
12
C
0.6
84
5
NC
7
0.6
78
6
VA
-C 9
2R
0
.56
17
N
C-V
11
0.5
51
6
Wil
son 0
.55
02
V
A 9
8R
0
.54
98
Geo
rgia
Gre
en
0.5
28
3
Gre
go
ry
0.4
74
5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
TSW
V In
cid
ence
High pressure Low pressure
Adjusted Mean TSWV Incidence Under Low (1997-1999) and High (2000-2002) Disease Pressure Source: Dr. Tom Isleib
Bailey
Brantley
CHAMPS
Florigiant
Gregory
NC 10C
NC 12C
NC 6
NC 7 NC 9
NC-V 11
Perry
Phillips
VA-C 92R
y = 40.03x - 76461R² = 0.292
y = 0.8806x2 - 3480.2x + 3E+06R² = 0.6008
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Po
d y
ield
(lb
/A)
Year testing initiated
Experimental lines Cultivars
Progress in Yield, 1970-2009 (Provided by Dr. Tom Isleib, NC State University)
Accelerating and Enhancing
Peanut Cultivar Development
Through a
Nationwide Marker-Assisted
Breeding Network
Early Generation Selection Augmented by a Winter Nursery:
A Schematic Diagram of the Program
Increase seed
at PRWN Make crosses
Test families for
disease resistance
Identify best
families
Select for pod
traits in best
families
Test for disease,
yield, and
quality
Feed into
mainstream
variety testing
program,
continue disease
testing
Cycle until
genetically
stable
Early Generation Selection Augmented by a Winter Nursery:
Locations Used for Different Phases of the Program
Crosses: NCSU greenhouses (Raleigh)
Winter increases: Illinois Crop Improvement farm at Juana Diaz, PR
Disease tests: TSWV at PBRS (Lewiston), 20” spacing, no insecticide
Leaf spot at PBRS, no fungicide
CBR at Chowan Co. (on-farm), no metam sodium
Sclerotinia at Gates Co. (on-farm), no fluazinam
Yield trials: PBRS, UCPRS (Rocky Mount), BBTRS (Whiteville)
Raleigh
SB site
CBR site
PBRS UCPRS
BBTRS
Table 13. Characteristics of commercially grown Virginia market type peanut Varieties.
Factors
Bai
ley
CH
AM
PS
Gre
go
ry
NC
-V 1
1
Per
ry
Ph
illi
ps
Su
gg
Growth habit
(R=runner; SR=semi-runner)
SR
R
R
R
SR
SR
SR
Heat unit requirement
(Approximately 15 HU per day
in September
2,480
2,450
2,525
2,510
2,585
2,510
2,495
Comparative days to optimum
maturity
-3
-5
+1
0
+5
0
-1
Seed coat color
Tan
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Seed per pound
600
535
450
625
525
545
545
Need for calcium
(M=moderate; H=high)
M
M
H
M
M
M
M
Table 14. Peanut (lbs./acre) as influenced by variety, planting date, and
digging date at Lewiston-Woodville during 2009, 2010, and 2011.
Planting date Digging date CHAMPS Perry
May 5 September 8 3284 3257
May 25 September 8 2958 2798
June 8 September 8 1889 1762
May 5 September 20 4087 4313
May 25 September 20 3691 3725
June 8 September 20 2814 2682
May 5 October 7 4332 4238
May 25 October 7 4514 4506
June 8 October 7 3921 3570
May 5 October 20 3351 4086
May 25 October 20 3931 4564
June 8 October 20 3693 3604
Irrigating Peanut
Growth stage Plant indicator Drought susceptibility
Germination (1-2 weeks) Planting to emergence High
Vegetative growth (5-6 weeks) Emergence to flowering/pegging
Low
Pod development (8-9 weeks) Flowering/pegging to pod formation
High
Maturation (5-6 weeks) Pod formation to harvest Moderate
Table 1. Crop response to sub-surface drip irrigation
Yield increase over non-
irrigated (%)
Crop Years Trials Average Range
Peanut 2001-04, 2010-11 6 21 6 to 34
Cotton 2001-09, 2011 9 30 1 to 54
Corn 2008-11 4 47 34 to 59
Ratio 1.25 to 1.43 (SSD plus rain/rain) (ave. 1.30) when response was not
observed and 1.42 to 4.67 (ave. 2.04) when response was observed
(response in 14 of 19 crop/year combinations from 2001-2011). Rainfall of
18.9 to 24.9 inches (ave. 20.6) when response was not observed and 3.6 to
19.9 inches (ave. 12.2) when response was observed.
Peanut Response to Rainfall (inches of rain.) Data are from Suffolk, Virginia (Dr. Pat Phipps)
June July Aug Sep Total Yield (lb/A)
Bad season
1985 5.20 2.95 3.03 2.96 14.14 2325
1997 0.69 10.74 1.25 1.99 14.66 2550
2002 1.66 5.53 2.22 2.96 12.37 2100
2007 3.00 1.71 5.00 0.43 10.17 2500
Good season
2004 5.10 12.53 11.00 5.15 33.78 3250
2006 10.08 3.66 2.50 9.16 25.04 3200
2008 1.56 5.58 2.18 6.01 15.33 3350
2009 3.40 4.86 3.38 7.69 19.33 3500
2010 1.35 1.60 - - - -
Rainfall threshold
Normal 4.21 5.79 5.71 4.49 20.20 -
75% normal 3.16 4.34 4.28 3.36 15.15 -