What do you see?

Now what do you see?

“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE,

WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

Perception is Perception is YOURYOUR

interpretation of interpretation of “reality” “reality” after information/stimuli is after information/stimuli is ……

FF iltered out iltered outSS elected electedOO rganized rganizedDDefinedefined

…….using .using YOURYOUR existing… existing…KK nowledge nowledge

NN eeds eedsBBeliefseliefsVV alues alues

AA ssumptions ssumptionsAAttitudesttitudes

The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.

DEFINING PERCEPTION

INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTIONINFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION

• PhysiologyPhysiology: Differences in sensory abilities: Differences in sensory abilities

• AgeAge: Changes attitudes on time; more experience the : Changes attitudes on time; more experience the older we getolder we get

• CultureCulture: Different beliefs: Different beliefs

• Social RolesSocial Roles: Different roles we take on during our : Different roles we take on during our lives (sister, brother, wife, husband, student, lives (sister, brother, wife, husband, student, instructor, etc.)instructor, etc.)

• Cognitive AbilitiesCognitive Abilities: Think multi dimensionally about : Think multi dimensionally about different situationsdifferent situations

Characteristics of the perceiver:Characteristics of the perceiver:

– The perceptual process is influenced by the The perceptual process is influenced by the

perceiver’s:perceiver’s:

• Past experiences.Past experiences.

• Needs or motives.Needs or motives.

• Personality.Personality.

• Values and attitudes.Values and attitudes.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION

Characteristics of the perceived:Characteristics of the perceived:

The perceptual process is influenced by The perceptual process is influenced by

characteristics of the perceived person, object, characteristics of the perceived person, object,

or event, such as:or event, such as:

• Contrast.Contrast.

• Intensity.Intensity.

• Figure-ground separation.Figure-ground separation.

• Size.Size.

• Motion.Motion.

• Repetition or novelty.Repetition or novelty.

STAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESSSTAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Information attention and selection:Information attention and selection:– Selective screening.Selective screening.

• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information that bombards a person.information that bombards a person.

– Two types of selective screening.Two types of selective screening.• Controlled processing.Controlled processing.• Screening without perceiver’s conscious Screening without perceiver’s conscious

awareness.awareness.

Information interpretation:Information interpretation:

– Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are

grouped.grouped.

– People may interpret the same information People may interpret the same information

differently or make different attributions about differently or make different attributions about

information.information.

Information retrieval:Information retrieval:

– Attention and selection, organization, and Attention and selection, organization, and

interpretation are part of memory.interpretation are part of memory.

– Information stored in memory must be Information stored in memory must be

retrieved in order to be used.retrieved in order to be used.

Response to the perceptual Response to the perceptual

process:process:

– Thoughts.Thoughts.

– Feelings. Feelings.

– Actions.Actions.

WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:by focusing on how people attempt to:

– Understand the causes of a certain event.Understand the causes of a certain event.

– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event.event.

– Evaluate the personal qualities of the people Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.involved in the event.

ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORY

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine

whether it is internally or externally caused.whether it is internally or externally caused.

observationobservation InterpretationInterpretation Attribution of causeAttribution of cause

ConsistencyConsistency

ConsensusConsensus

DistictinctivenessDistictinctiveness

Individual behaviorIndividual behavior

InternalInternal

ExternalExternal

InternalInternal

ExternalExternal

InternalInternal

ExternalExternalHH

LL

HH

LL

HH

LL

H –high L- LowH –high L- Low

THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESSTHE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

1.1.SensationSensation– An individual’s ability An individual’s ability

to detect stimuli in the to detect stimuli in the immediate immediate environment.environment.

2.2.SelectionSelection– The process a person The process a person

uses to eliminate some uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that of the stimuli that have been sensed and have been sensed and to retain others for to retain others for further processing.further processing.

3.3.OrganizationOrganization– The process of The process of

placing selected placing selected perceptual stimuli perceptual stimuli into a framework for into a framework for “storage.”“storage.”

4.4.TranslationTranslation– The stage of the The stage of the

perceptual process perceptual process at which stimuli are at which stimuli are interpreted and interpreted and given meaning.given meaning.

•

Receiving StimuliReceiving Stimuli(External & Internal)(External & Internal)

Selecting StimuliSelecting StimuliExternal factors : Nature,External factors : Nature,Location, Size, contrast,Location, Size, contrast,

Movement, repetition, similarityMovement, repetition, similarityInternal factors : Learning,Internal factors : Learning,

needs, age, Interest,needs, age, Interest,

Organizing Organizing Figure Background ,Figure Background ,Perceptual GroupingPerceptual Grouping

( similarity, proximity,( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)closure, continuity)

ResponseResponseCovert: Attitudes ,Covert: Attitudes ,

Motivation,Motivation,FeelingFeeling

Overt: BehaviorOvert: Behavior

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSPERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Interpreting Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping,Attribution ,Stereotyping,

Halo Effect, ProjectionHalo Effect, Projection

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONFACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

Factors in the perceiverFactors in the perceiver• AttitudesAttitudes• MotivesMotives• InterestsInterests• ExperienceExperience• ExpectationsExpectations

PerceptionPerception

Factors in the TargetFactors in the Target• NoveltyNovelty• MotionMotion• SoundsSounds• SizeSize• BackgroundBackground• ProximityProximity• SimilaritySimilarity

Factors in the situationFactors in the situation• TimeTime• Work SettingWork Setting• Social SettingSocial Setting

16.01.2010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB

THANK THANK YOU !!!!!YOU !!!!!

Amanpreet Singh MakkarAmanpreet Singh Makkar