PERIODIC TABLE, CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL CHANGES, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, & ENERGY

We’re all looking forward to this SOL Test…or at least looking forward to it being over!

How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?

Atomic Mass & Atomic Number

Atomic Number = The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom Whole number found on the periodic table

Atomic Mass = The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Also known as the atomic weight or mass number

Group 1: Alkali Metals

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 17: Halogens

Group 18: Noble Gases (Inert)

Metals

Good conductors of heat and electricity Shiny Ductile: can be stretched into thin wires Malleable: can be pounded into thin sheets Reacts with water which results in

corrosion (rust!) Examples: gold, zinc, silver, aluminum,

copper & bronze

Non-Metals

Poor conductors of heat and electricity. NOT ductile or malleable Solid non-metals are brittle and break

easily Dull Many non-metals are gases Examples: wood, cloth, plastic, air

(insulators)

Metalloids

Have properties of metals & non-metals

Solids that can be shiny or dullDuctile & malleableConduct heat & electricity better than non-metals BUT not as well as metals

Physical Change A change that alters the form or appearance of a material

but does not convert the material into new substances Examples:

Chopping woodRipping paperWater – changing from ice, liquid water, water vapor

Crumbled aluminum foilThe mixture of yellow sulfur powder and iron fillingsAdding salt to waterSharpening a pencil Adding food coloring to water

Chemical Change Chemical Reaction A change in matter that produces new substances The new substance is made up of the same elements as

the original substance, but the atoms are rearranged in new combinations Examples:

Burning a candle wick Rusting metal Burning wood The compound between iron and sulfur – called iron

sulfide or pyrite or fool’s goldChemical reaction between vinegar & baking soda

Equations: Reactant & Products

NaCl + NaOH NaCl + H2OReactants Products

Count Number of Atoms in a Given Molecule

How many atoms are in each of the following molecules?

O3

N2

H2O CO2

NH3

Count Number of Atoms in a Given Molecule

How many atoms of each of element are in each of the following molecules?

O3 = 3 Oxygen = 3 total N2 = 2 Nitrogen = 2 total H2O = 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen = 3 total CO2 = 1 Carbon, 2 Oxygen = 3 total NH3 = 1 Nitrogen, 3 Hydrogen = 4 total

Identifying a Balanced Equation 2CaCl Ca + 2Cl CaCl2 + H2O Ca + ClH + O2

CaCl2 + Cl Ca + Cl3 CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2HCl + NaOH 2H2O + NaCl HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl HCl + 2NaOH H2O + 2NaCl 2HCl + 2NaOH H2O + 2NaCl

Identifying a Balanced Equation 2CaCl Ca + 2Cl CaCl2 + H2O Ca + ClH + O2

CaCl2 + Cl Ca + Cl3

CaCl2 Ca + Cl2

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2HCl + NaOH 2H2O + NaCl HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl HCl + 2NaOH H2O + 2NaCl 2HCl + 2NaOH H2O + 2NaCl

Understanding Chemical ReactionsElectrons in the highest occupied energy level of the atoms are responsible for chemical reactions

When two elements react, they chemically combine to form a new compound

What factors increase Solubility?

For Example: Solute = salt, Solvent = water Grinding salt to make the salt crystals smaller Stirring the water after adding the salt Increasing the temperature of the water

So, we’re looking for things that will help things dissolve faster:

Examples of Potential & Kinetic Energy

Classify the following as potential or kinetic energy: A glass jar sitting on a shelf A flag waving the wind A ball rolling along a sidewalk Water stored behind a dam A train moving down a track Electric charges moving in a straight path A plate sitting on the edge of the table A baseball moving from the pitcher to the

catcher A rock sitting on the top of a large hill A pendulum at the top of its swing

Potential & Kinetic Energy

A glass jar sitting on a shelf Water stored behind a dam A pendulum at the top of its

swing A rock sitting on the top of

a large hill A plate sitting on the edge

of the table

A flag waving the wind A ball rolling along a

sidewalk Electric charges moving

in a straight path A train moving down a

track A baseball moving from

the pitcher to the catcher

Potential Kinetic

Units for Electricity in our HouseKilowatt-hour = unit for electricity

Electricity is the typical form of energy that we use in our homes

Energy Transformations: BatteriesDescribe the energy transformation involved with a battery operated flashlight

Describe the energy transformation involved with a car battery causing headlights to shine.The answer for both of the above:chemical electrical light

Energy Transformations: Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal

have what kind of energy? Chemical Energy

What is the energy transformation that occurs first in a coal-burning power plant? Chemical energy to thermal energy

Fossil fuels are important for what that we use nearly everyday?

Cars

Examples of Energy Transformations Describe the energy transformation

involved in a burning candle.

Describe the energy transformation involved in a toaster.

Chemical energy light & heat

Electricity Heat

Energy Transformations: Photosynthesis

Describe the energy transformation in photosynthesis:

Light energy chemical energy

Renewable Energy Transformations What form of energy does a windmill use to turn?

Mechanical Energy

What is a limitation of windmills?

The strength of the wind varies.

Describe the energy transformation involved in solar panels.

Light energy into electricity