Periodic Table Project

transcript

Landon Stokes & Sydney Hight

Group 18 Trends• Atomic radii: Atomic radius decreases from left to right within a period because of

effective nuclear charge. As you move from left to right in a period, you are still in the same energy level, which means the electron is still the same distance from the nucleus.

• Ionic Radii: The Noble Gases do not have an ionic radius. This is because they don't form ions.

• Reactivity: Noble Gases are extremely unreactive. This is because non-metals gain electrons. Since the noble gases do not need to gain any electrons because of their "stable octet", they don't react often.

• Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to gain an electron. Since electronegativity measures the amount of attraction between an atom and an electron, noble gases do not have electronegativity.

• Ionization Energy: Noble Gases have a very stable electron configuration, therefore, they have the highest amount of ionization energy within their periods. It decreases down a family because electrons farther from the nucleus are easier to remove.

• Valence Electrons: The noble gases contain eight valence electrons.

INTERESTING FACT: Most Noble Gases are used for lighting around the world.

Group 18 Elements

1. Helium (He)2. Neon (Ne)3. Argon (Ar)4. Krypton (Kr)5. Xenon (Xe)6. Radon (Rn)

Helium

Noble gas configuration: 1s2

Lewis dot: State of matter: GasBoiling point: -268.6 °CMelting Point: -272.0 °CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Noble gas configuration: [He] 2s2 2p6

Lewis dot: State of matter: GasBoiling point: -246.1 °CMelting Point: -248.6 °CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Noble gas configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p6 Lewis dot: State of matter: GasBoiling point: -186.0 °CMelting point: -189.3 °CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Krypton

Noble gas configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 Lewis dot: State of matter: GasBoiling point: -153.4 °CMelting point: -157.2 °CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Noble Gas Configuration: [Xe]6s25d6p6

Lewis dot:

State of Matter: GasBoiling Point: -62°CMelting Point: -71°CMetallic Character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Period 6 Elements1.Cesium (Cs) 13. Thallium (Tl)2. Barium (Ba) 14. Lead (Pb)3. Lutetium (Lu) 15. Bismuth (Bi)4. Hafnium (Gf) 16. Polonium (Po)5. Tantalum (Ta) 17. Astatine (At)6. Tungsten (W) 7. Rhenium (Re)8. Osmium (Os)9. Iridium (Ir)10. Platinum (Pt)11. Gold (Au)12. Mercury (Hg)

Period 6 Trends• Atomic radii: distance from nucleus to boundary of outermost electron level general

decrease from Cesium Radon • Ionic radii: distance of nucleus to outermost electron level of ions; when an atom is an

anion, the electrons are more attached to the nucleus making the atom smaller, and a cation makes the electrons repel against the nucleus’ charge and make the atom bigger; general decrease from Cesium Radon

• Reactivity: outer electron levels try to gain electrons to fill them to the highest capacity and be “stable,” like the Noble Gases; metals have the most “room” for more electrons, while non-metals and Noble Gases do not. Radon is the most unreactive element in Period 6 because its outer level is full; increase from Cesium Radon

• Electronegativity: an ability of an atom to gain electrons; high electronegativity means the atom attracts many electrons, therefore forming a negative ion; metals on the left side of the table do not have the energy levels filled completely, attracting electrons while the non-metals and noble gases are almost completely/completely filled; general increase from Cesium (least electronegative element) Radon

• Ionization Energy: energy needed to remove 1+ electrons from an ion; alkali metals only have 1 valence electron so it’s hard to give them up, while noble gases have closed shells so they give no electrons up; general increase from Cesium Radon

• Valence Electrons: general increase from Cesium Radon

Cesium

Noble gas configuration: [Xe] 6s1 State of matter: solidBoiling point: 671 ºCMelting point: 28.5 ºCMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Barium

Noble gas configuration: [Xe] 6s2

State of matter: solidBoiling point: 1897ºCMelting point: 727ºCMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Lutetium

Noble gas configuration: [Xe] 6s2 5d1

State of matter: solidBoiling point: 3402°CMelting point: 1663°CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Hafnium

Noble gas configuration: [Xe] 6s2 5d2 State of matter: solidBoiling point: 4603°CMelting point: 2233°CMetallic character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

• Noble gas configuration: [Xe] 6s2 5d5

• State of matter: solid• Boiling point: 5596°C• Melting point: 3186°C• Metallic character: trend decreasing going

from left to right

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Noble Gas Configuration: [Xe]6s25d8

State of Matter: SolidBoiling Point: 3800°CMelting Point: 1772°C

Metallic Character: trend decreasing going from left to right

Metallic Character: trend decreasing from left to right

Mercury

State of Matter: LiquidBoiling Point: 356.6°CMelting Point: -38.9°C

Thallium

State of Matter: LeadBoiling point: 1755°CMelting Point: 327°C

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

State of Matter: SolidBoiling Point: 337°C (estimate)Melting Point: 302°C

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