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Personality
Definition: The unique qualities of an individual and how
those qualities affect understanding of themselves and others
The Role of Heredity and the Brain External appearance – due to genetics Internal characteristics – nature vs. nurture –
Twin Studies show that 40% are fixed…60% developable
How would you describe it?
Is it inherited? Are you more like your mom or dad?
Does it change over time?
Does it change depending on who you are with?
Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits
Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior
Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual growth and improvement
Integrative Approach - describes personality as a composite of an individual’s psychological processes
The Four Perspectives on Personality
Perspective Behavior Springs From Assessment Techniques Evaluation
Psychoanalytic Unconscious conflicts Projective tests aimed at A speculative, hard-to-test between pleasure-seeking revealing unconscious theory with enormous cul-
impulses and social restraints motivations tural impact
Trait Expressing biologically (a)Personality inventories A descriptive approach crit- influenced dispositions, such that assess the strengths icized as sometimes under-
as extraversion or introversion of different traits estimating the variability (b)Peer ratings of behavior of behavior from situation patterns to situation
Humanistic Processing conscious feelings (a)Questionnaire A humane theory that about oneself in the light of assessments reinvigorated contemporary
one’s experiences (b)Empathic interviews interest in the self; criticized as subjective and sometimes naively self-centered and
optimistic
Social-cognitive Reciprocal influences between (a)Questionnaire assessments Art interactive theory that in- people and their situation, of people’s feelings of control tegrates research on learning,
colored by perceptions of (b) Observations of people’s cognition, and social behavior, control behavior in particular criticized as underestimating
situations the importance of emotions and enduring traits
How much of your personality was developed, learned, strengthened over time?
Socialization trains us how to act in relationship to others. Parents are our first teachers.
How much of personality is based on genetics?
30
30
40genetics
trained-permanent
trained-adjustable
Heredity
Environment
Situation
Challenging jobs Relevant Training Timely and consistent feedback Mentoring relationships Orientation programs Work group morale
Socialization does have a long run impact, but not on everything.
Extraversion Gregarious, assertive, sociable
Agreeableness Cooperative, warm, agreeable
Conscientiousness Hardworking, organized, dependable
Emotional stability Calm, self-confidant, cool
Openness to experience
Creative, curious, cultured
Souces: P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO-PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992); J. F. Salgado, “The Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community,” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997): 30-43.
Self-Esteem Your belief as to your competence and your image High self-esteem – positive attitudes, feelings, and
satisfaction Locus of Control
Generalized Self Efficacy
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Core Self Evaluation Traits
Self-EsteemFeelings of Self Worth
Success tendsto increaseself-esteem
Failure tendsto decreaseself-esteem
Locus of ControlInternal External
I control what happens to me!
People and circumstances
control my fate!
Learn ed He lp l essn essLearn ed He lp l essn ess
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
Impor tan t IssueImpor tan t Issue• Nursing Homes
• Prisons•Colleges
Generalized Self-Efficacy - beliefs and expectations about one’s ability to accomplish a specific task effectively
Sources of self-efficacy Prior experiences and prior success Behavior models (observing success) Persuasion Assessment of current physical & emotional
capabilities
High self monitors flexible: adjust
behavior according to the situation and the behavior of others
can appear unpredictable & inconsistent
Low self monitors act from internal states
rather than from situational cues
show consistency less likely to respond to
work group norms or supervisory feedback
Self-MonitoringBehavior based on cues from people & situations
Low-self monitors
High-self monitors
Get promoted
Change employers
Make a job-related geographic move
Accomplish tasks, meet other’s expectations, seek out central positions in social networks
Self-promote
Demonstrate higher levels of managerial self-awareness; base behavior on other’s
cues and the situation
Positive Affect - an individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in general
Negative Affect - an individual’s tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in general
A strong situation can
overwhelm the effectsof individual personalitiesby providing strong cues
for appropriate behavior
Strong personalities
will dominatein a weaksituation
Type A Personality
Extreme importance to time
Meeting deadlines
Highly ambitious
Do lots of task at the same time
Quick and fast in everything
Always in sense of urgency
Type B personality Maintains low profile
Do one thing at a time
Enjoys leisure time
Relaxed and calm
Projective Test - elicits an individual’s response to abstract stimuli
Behavioral Measures - personality assessments that involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situation
Self-Report Questionnaire - assessment involving an individual’s responses to questions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument measuring Jung’s theory of individual differences.
Based on Carl Jung’s work People are fundamentally different People are fundamentally alike People have preference combinations for
extraversion/introversion, perception, judgment Briggs & Myers developed the MBTI to
understand individual differences
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
A Meyers-Briggs score Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career
guidance
BUT Should not be used as a selection tool because it has
not been related to job performance!!!
Preferences Represents
Extraversion Introversion How one re-energizes
Sensing Intuiting How one gathers information
Thinking Feeling How one makes decisions
Judging Perceiving How one orients to the outer world
Big 5, MBTI Matter in:
Certain jobs (sales, leadership) At certain times (e.g., status quo, crisis) More than performance?
Honesty Theft Absenteeism Turnover Commitment/Satisfaction
Do you feel organizations should hire people based upon their personality characteristics?
What are the issues with this?
When people are hired into a job (e.g., engineering) do you think the personality is attracted to the job, or the job shapes the personality? Why?
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Review Exercise: Personality
Pragati arrives to class and realizes that she’s Pragati arrives to class and realizes that she’s
forgotten her homework to turn in. She says “Oh forgotten her homework to turn in. She says “Oh
man, it’s just not my lucky day today.” Pragati has man, it’s just not my lucky day today.” Pragati has
______________.______________.
Pragati has a high external locus of control. Pragati
believes that things outside of her control determine
what happens.
If Pragati works on a team with you, and you
have a very high internal locus of control, what
kinds of discussions do you think the two of you
might have? Discuss with a friend.
Prerna is known for being a go-getter.
She never leaves a task incomplete, and
is involved in a number of activities.
Moreover, she’s at the top of her class.
She’s so busy that sometimes, she forgets
to stop and eat lunch. Prerna can be
easily characterized as someone that
has/is a Type ____ Personality.
Review Exercise : Personality
A
Prerna is also likely to not be very
• Happy?
• Fun?
• Creative?
• Stressed?
Review Exercise : Personality
In general, Type A’s are rarely creative because they generally don’t allocate the necessary time for new solution development; they usually rely on past experiences to solve problems in order to be speedy.
Personality Types
• Realistic
• Investigative
• Social
• Conventional
• Enterprising
• Artistic
Personality Types
• Realistic
• Investigative
• Social
• Conventional
• Enterprising
• Artistic
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, 1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved.