Personality

Gordon Alport defined personality as the;

“Dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustment to the environment”

Personality = temperament + character + intelligence

Basic functions of personality are :

to feel,

to think, and

to perceive, and

to incorporate these into purposeful behaviors.

Regarding BEHAVIOUR:

TemperamentHOW

CharacterWHAT

WHY

Four major temperament traits have been identified:

Harm avoidance از دوریخطرNovelty seeking طلبی تنوعReward dependence نظر به وابستگی دیگران

Persistence مداومت

Ancient four temperaments:

Melancholic (harm avoidance),

Choleric (novelty seeking),

Sanguine (reward dependence), and

Phlegmatic (persistence).

Character

CharacterSelf – directedness

Cooperativeness

Self - transcendence

DSMIV-TR defines personality disorders as:

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual`s culture.

Personality disorder is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:

1. Cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)

2. Affectivity (i.e.the range, intensity, liability and appropriateness of emotional response)

3. Interpersonal functioning4. Impulse control

The pattern is stable and of long duration

and its onset can be traced back at least

to adolescence or early adulthood.

It is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

Cluster A (detachment, reward dependence)

Schizoid

Paranoid

schizotypal

Cluster B (impulsivity, novelty seeking)

Borderline

Antisocial

Histrionic

Narcissistic

Cluster C (fearfulness, harm avoidance)

Avoidant

Dependent

Obsessive - compulsive

Personality disorders are

ego-syntonic and Alloplastic

Schizoid p.dSocial detachment and restricted

range of expressed emotions

Men> Women

7.5% of general population

may progress to delusional disorder or schizophrenia

Paranoid p.dExcessive suspiciousness and distrust of

others

Men > Women

0.5-2.5% in general population

may progress to delusional disorder

Schizotypal p.d.Social and interpersonal deficit plus

cognitive and perceptual disturbances and eccentric behavior

Sex. Ratio is unknown

3 percent of gen.pop

May progress to schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder

Borderline p.d

Instability of affects , self – image, interpersonal relationships + marked impulsiveness

Female > male

2 percent of g.p.

are at increased risk M.D.D , substance abuse and eating disorder

Antisocial p.d

Disregard for and violation of rights of others

Male > Female

1-3 percent of g.p.

Narcissistic p.d

Sense of grandiosity, need for admiration lack of empathy, chronic intense envy

M>F

1% of g.p.

Histrionic p.d.

Self – dramatization , excessive emotionality and attention seeking

F>M

2-3% of g.p.

Avoidant p.d

hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.

F=M 0.5-1 of g.p.

Dependent p.d

Excessive need to be taken care, clinging behavior, submissiveness, fear of separation, interpersonal dependency.

F=M

most frequent of p.d.s

Obsessive – compulsive p.d.

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism mental and interpersonal control.

M>F

1% of g.p.

Treatment:Psychotherapy

pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy:

AggressionLow dose antipsychoticLithiumSSRISAuticonvulsantsB-Blockers

Emotional liabilityLithiumantipsychotics

DepressionAntidepressants

Emotional detachmentAtipical antipsychotics

Anxiety SSRIS

MAOIS

BZDs

B-Blockers

Low dose antipsychotics

Psychotic symptomsAntipsychotics