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PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PCP):AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO ENHANCE SAFETY,
LIVABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN PUERTO RICOBenjamín Colucci Ríos, PhD, PE, PTOE, FITE, API, JD
Dr. Ramón L. Carrasquillo Fellowship ProgramStructural Repairs: Innovative Solutions
Friday, April 8, 2016College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico (CIAPR)
AgendaPart I: Introduction to PCPPart II: How Safety is Enhanced?• Highway Safety Benefits• Mixture Composition and Proportioning• PCP Thickness DesignPart III: How Livability and the Environment is Enhanced?• LEED CreditsPart IV: Do’s and Don’ts in PCP ConstructionPart V: PCP Experience at UPRMPart VI: Potential PCP Applications and Future Research NeedsPart VI: PCP References
Source: NRMCA
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Introduction: Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) Definition
• Material with interconnected voids, allowing the passage of water from precipitations and other sources.
• It is weaker than ordinary concrete pavement for high speed, heavy traffic facilities, with a compressive strength from 400 to 4000 psi.
Source: FHWA
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Introduction: (cont.)Historical Background of PCP
• Early concepts from the 1970s• Invented by John J. Medico, Jr.• U. S. Patent 3870422, granted
March 1975• Originally proposed application
for hydrology applications• Pavement surfaces: parking,
streets, airfields and roadways• Runoff mitigation and pollution
control
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US Patent Office, 1975
PCP: A Balance of Interest…Environment vs. Existing Traffic
Open-GradedMixture
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Heavy TruckTraffic???
Stiff/Dry Consistency(Near-Zero-Slump)
AASHTO Standards for Slump of Hydraulic Cement and Self-Consolidating Concrete
• T 119M/T 119 – Standard Test Method for Slump of
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
• T 347 – Slump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
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Source: http://blog.kryton.com/2013/08/concrete-workability-measurements-the-slump-test/
ASTM C143/C143M-05: Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement
Concrete (EN 12350-2 in Europe)
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Source: http://blog.kryton.com/2013/08/concrete-workability-measurements-the-slump-test/
ASTM C143/C143M-05: Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement
Concrete (EN 12350-2 in Europe)
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Source: http://blog.kryton.com/2013/08/concrete-workability-measurements-the-slump-test/
PCP Comparison of Compressive Strength• Compressive strength tested at 28 days of curing:
• PCC for highways with heavy traffic: 5000 psi
• PCP: 400-4000 psi
Source: PRHTA Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, ACI 522R-10
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PART IIPervious concrete pavement (PCP):How Safety is Enhanced?PCP Mixture composition, proportioning and thickness design
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Highway Safety Benefits: Reduction of Hydroplaning Potential• Reduce, splash and spray
and hydroplaning potential, primarily in rural highways.
• Hydroplaning:• caused when a film of water is
present at the concrete pavement surface and a complete loss of traction occurs between vehicle tires and pavement surface.
• Can be expected to occur in rural highways when:• A film of water of 1/10 inch deep is
present over the pavement surface,
• Longitudinal distance of at least 30 feet and,
• Vehicles running speeds are 45 mph and above.
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Source: Glennon, J.C.(www.crashforensics.com)
(http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif13006/index.cfm)
PCP Mixture Composition
• PCP combines coarse aggregates, cement and water.• Big aggregates produce a rough finish, but optimum
permeability.• Fine aggregates provides great
mechanical strength and smoothfinishes, but compromiseits permeability.
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PCP Typical Properties
Pervious concrete properties are primarily a function of:• Porosity• Cementitious content• Water-to-cementitious materials • Compaction level• Aggregate gradation and quality
Source: ACI 2010
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PCP Mixture MaterialsCementitious Portland cements or blended cements
Coarse aggregate
ASTM C33/C33M (size 7, 8, 67 and 89)
Size 89 is often used for parking lots and pedestrian applications.
Water w/cm range varies from 0.27 to 0.34
High w/cm allows cement paste to fill the voidsLow w/cm reduces durability and difficult its placement
AdmixturesSet retarders and hydration stabilizers are commonly used, and if applicable, air-entraining as specified in ASTM C457.
Source: FHWA 2012
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PCP Hydrologic Design Considerations• PCP capacity to infiltrate, store and release the expected
inflow water depends of:• Precipitation intensity levels• Thickness and permeability characteristics of pervious concrete
pavement• Cross slopes and geometrics• Characteristics of underlying base, subbase and subgrade
materials
Source: FHWA 2012
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Structural Pavement Design•Open-graded subbase is commonly used•Treatment is required for the subgrade design
•Open-graded subbase is commonly used•Treatment is required for the subgrade design
Subgrade Subbase
• Most designs of pervious concrete are considered for low-truck traffic roads based on the 18,000-lb single-axle load repetitions.
• Most designs of pervious concrete are considered for low-truck traffic roads based on the 18,000-lb single-axle load repetitions.
Traffic Loading
• Currently there are no thickness standards, but many PCP in low-volume streets are 6-12in thick.
• Currently there are no thickness standards, but many PCP in low-volume streets are 6-12in thick.
Thickness
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Relevant Details for Implementation
Determine the application:
Know when not to implement PCP
Sidewalks Roads Parking lots
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PCP Construction Process• Provide formwork or ordinary PCC containment border
• PCP has low slump, pumping not suitable. Use instead:• Raking
• Manual compaction rollers
Source: MerchantCircle.com
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Other Relevant Benefits
Traffic safety by eliminating wet pavement
hazards
Acoustic barrier
properties from void structure
Sub-surface detention
ponds save land space
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Other Relevant Benefits
Reduction of heat island
effect
Reductions in tire-
pavement noise
emissions
PCP generates
more credits than
conventional concrete
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PART IIIPervious concrete pavement (PCP):How Livability and the Environment is Enhanced?LEED Credits
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LEED Credits and PCP• LEED Certification does
not include specific provisions for use of pervious concrete
• Properties of PCP however do contribute to attainment of LEED points
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LEED Credit SS C6.1
The intent is to limit disruption of natural water hydrology by:• Reducing impervious cover• Increasing on-site infiltration• Reducing or eliminating pollution from stormwater runoff
and eliminating contaminants
Source: usgbc.org
One Point:• Case 1: Existing imperviousness is ≤ 50%• Case 2: Existing imperviousness is > 50%
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LEED Credits SS-C7.1• Heat Island Effect-non-Roof
• Pervious concrete absorbs less heat from solar radiation than darker pavements due to its open pore structure and light color.
Source: perviouspavement.org
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LEED Credit WE C1.1
Water Efficient Landscaping• The intent is to reduce or eliminate the use of
potable water to irrigate landscaping.
Two Points• Reduce its usage by 50% in the highest
irrigation demand
Four Points• Completely eliminate its usage
Source: usgbc.org
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Environmental BenefitsRenews groundwater suppliesRenews groundwater supplies
Reduces sortmwater runoffReduces sortmwater runoff
Reduces contaminants through soil chemistry and biology processReduces contaminants through soil chemistry and biology process
Captures first-flush of rainfall with higher contaminant concentrationCaptures first-flush of rainfall with higher contaminant concentration
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• Do’s• Work on landscapes
before placing the PCP to avoid pore clogging.
• Don'ts• Avoid implementing PCP
near exposed terrain (cut section susceptible to erode).
Source: ACI/educationSource: ACI/education
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Proper Design• Provide backup drainage
• Trench drains, swale with elevated drain
• Isolate potential sediments• Sediment traps, French drains
Source: ACI/education
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Incorrect Designs• Used in areas where impervious concrete pavement
predominates since all the runoff from the impervious area will flood the pervious one.
Source: ACI/education
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PCP Limitations
Needs higher maintenance because the voids tend to fill
with sand, dirt, vegetation, and other debris
Limited information of PCP in high trafficked roadways
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ervious Concrete Experience at UPRM
Project Description
• Low impact development for bicycle parking
• Reduction of flash flooding downstream
• Water quality enhancement
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ervious Concrete Experience at UPRM
• Enhancementof student’slivability andsafety on UPRMcampus
• UPRM Campusgreeningwith eco-friendly, economical and engineered pervious concrete
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ervious Concrete Experience at UPRM
roject Description:Elimination of puddles/ ponding waterEnhancement of student’s ivability and safety on campusCampus greening with eco-friendly, economical and engineeredperviousconcrete
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otential Applications and Future Research NeedsPervious concrete is experiencing ample research in terms of applications and overcoming its current imitationsChallenges in standardized and non-destructive testing are still prominent
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otential Applications and Future Research Needs(Cont.)
Non-destructive testing: examples of ongoing research• X-Ray Computerized Tomography (strength, void
structure, maintenance)
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otential Applications and Future Research Needs(Cont.)
Unconventional additives for strengthening• Synthetic fiber reinforcement• Supplemental cementitious materials (fly ash,
blast furnace slag, silica fumes, volcanic ash)
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otential Applications and Future Research Needs(Cont.)
Development of field tests for pervious concrete• ASTM C995: Inverted Slump Test
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Referencesmportance of Site Design to Pervious Concrete Pavements. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 7, 2016, from https://www.concrete.org/education/freewebsessions/completelisting/coursepreviews.aspx?id=51687985
Pervious Concrete. (n.d.) Retrieved March, 2016, from http://www.cemexusa.com/ProductsServices/PerviousConcrete.aspx
TechBrief: Pervious Concrete. (2012, December). Retrieved March, 2016, from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif13006/index.cfm
Fiber-Reinforced Pervious Pavement. Moody, G. RMC Research and Education Foundation. Retrieved April 4, 2016 from http://www.rmc-oundation.org/images/PCRC%20Files/Mix%20Design/Fiber%20Reinorced%20Pervious%20Pavement.pdf
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References (cont.)American Concrete Institute, ACI Report 522R-10: Report on Pervious Concrete, March 2010, Revised 2011. Print
Products. (n.d.). Retrieved March, 2016, from http://www.starreadymixpr.com/index.php/products
El Puente Newsletter, Vol. 29, No. 4. Retrieved on April 1, 2016 from http://prltap.org/eng/?p=5664
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