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APPENDIX – A
FACULTY OF PHARMACYGOMAL UNIVERSITY, DERA ISMAIL KHAN.
STATUTES AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO DEGREEOF
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY AND EXAMINATIONS
GENERAL STATUTES
1. The Doctor of Pharmacy shall be a five years course.
2. The examination shall be divided into five parts, i.e. Doctor
of Pharmacy, 1st Professional at the end of first year,
Doctor of Pharmacy, 2nd Professional at the end of second
year, Doctor of Pharmacy, 3rd Professional at the end of the
third year, Doctor of Pharmacy, 4th Professional at the end
of the fourth year, and final Professional at the end of final
year.
3. Instructions for the degree of PHARM-D course will be
given in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera
Ismail Khan. The medium of instructions and
examinations shall be English except in Islamic and
Pakistan Studies in which it can also be Urdu.
4. The following shall be the subjects to be covered in five
academic years.
1. Pharmaceutics
2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry
3. Physiology
4. Pharmaceutical Biochemistry
5. Pharmaceutical Microbiology
6. Pharmacology
7. Pharmacognosy
8. Pathology
9. Marketing & Management
10. Quality control
11. Clinical pharmacy
12. Islamic and Pakistan Studies
13. Mathematics and Bio-Statistics
5. An outline of subjects with the number of marks of the
Doctor of Pharmacy Examination (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and
Final Professional) is given in Appendix B. The outline
may be changed from time to time by the Academic
Council on the recommendation of the Board of Studies
in Pharmacy and the Faculty of Pharmacy.
5. The Courses of study are specified in the syllabus laid
down in appendix B (course details). This syllabus may
be modified from time to time by the Academic Council
on the recommendation of the Board of Studies in
Pharmacy and the Faculty of Pharmacy.
_______________________
DEANFaculty ofPharmacy
APPENDIX – B
OUTLINE OF SUBJECTS
FIRST PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-I ( Physical Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry-1 (Organic) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Physiology and Histology 75 50 125
Paper 4. Anatomy 75 50 125
Paper 5. Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 100 100 200
Paper 6. Pharmaceutical Mathematics &Biostatistics 50+50 100
TOTAL 950
SECOND PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-II (Pharm. Preparations) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmacology & Therapeutics -I 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmaceutical Microbiology 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmacognosy-I 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pak. Studies and Islamiat/Ethics 40+60 100
TOTAL 900
THIRD PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-III (Dispensing & CommunityPharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmacognosy-II (Phyto Chem) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II(Instrumentation) 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmacology-II (Clinical Pharmacology &Toxicology) 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pathology 50 50 100
TOTAL 900
FOURTH PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics -IV (Hospital Pharmacy) 100 - 100
Paper 2. Pharmaceutics -V (Clinical Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmaceutics-VI (Industrial Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmaceutics-VII (Bio Pharmaceutics) 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pharmaceutics-VIII (Quality Control) 100 100 200
TOTAL 900
FINAL PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III(MedicinalChemistry) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmaceutics-IX(Clinical Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Forensic Pharmacy 100 - 100
Paper 4. Pharmaceutical technology 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pharmaceutical Management &Marketing 100 - 100
Paper 6. Computer and its application inPharmacy 50 50 100
TOTAL 900
GROSS TOTAL 4550
_______________________
DEANFaculty ofPharmacy
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY(WRITTEN)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BASICBIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLESRole of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry in the health
profession.
Nature of biochemical reactions.
2. BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES
A. PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
Chemistry classification Proteins & Amino
acids,reactions of Amino Acids & proteins.
Organizational level of Proteins.
Biological and Pharmaceutical importance of Proteins
and Amino Acids
Macromolecular nature of Proteins.
B. CARBOHYDRATES
Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Classification, reactions
of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and
Pharmaceutical importance of Carbohydrates.
C. LIPIDS
Chemistry of Fatty Acids and Lipids, classification
(specifiable and non-saponifible lipids,
simple,complex and derived lipids) reaction of Fatty
Acids and other Lipids.
Essential Fatty Acids, Biological and pharmaceutical
importance of Lipids
D. ENZYMES
Chemistry,classification,Modeofaction,kinetics(Micha
elisMentenEquationandsome
modifications)Inhibition,Activation,Specificity,Alloster
ic enzymes, Factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-
catalyzed reaction, Biological and pharmaceutical
importance, Mechanism of action of some important
enzymes(Chymotrpsin,Ribonuclease)
E. NUCLIC ACIDS
Chemistry, Types (DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA),
Purine and Pyrimidine bases, Nuceloside, Nucelotide,
Structure of nucleic acid, Biological and important of
nucleic acids.
F. VITAMINS
Chemistry, Classification (Fat-soluble and water-
soluble Vitamins), Biological and important of
Vitamins.
G. HORMONES
Chemistry, Classification (Proteinous and non-
protenous Hormones, amino acids derivatives,
steroids), Biological and important of Hormones.
3. METABOLIC FATE OF BIOMOLECULES(ANABOLISMAND CATABOLISM)
A. CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the
digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, aerobic
and
anaerobicbreakdownofGlucose,Glycolysis,Pentosepho
sphatepathway,Glycogenolysis,Glycogenesis,Glyconeo
genesis, Citric acid cycle,Energetics of various
metabolic processes.
B. LIPIDS
Brief introduction to digestion and absorption of
Lipids.
Oxidation of fatty acids through B-Oxidation.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids.
Neutral lipids and cholesterol.
C. PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
Brief introduction to digestion and absorption of
Proteins and Amino Acids.
Metabolism of essential and non-essential Amino
Acids.
Biosynthesis catabolism ofHaemins and porphyrin
compounds.
D. BIOENERGETICS
Principle of Bioenergetics, Electron transport chain
and oxidative phosphorylation.
4. REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSESA. ROLE OF VITAMINS
Regulation role of fat-soluble vitamins(A,D,E and
K)and water –soluble
vitamins(Thimain,Riboflavin,Pantothenic
acid,Niacin,Pyridoxal phosphate,Biotin,Folic
acid,Cyanocoblamin,members of B-complex and
Ascorbic acid),Coenzymes and their role in the
regulation of metabolic processes.
B. HORMONES
Mechanism of action of Hormones.
Physiological role of various Hormones.
Site of synthesis and target site of Hormones.
C. SECONDRY MESSENGER
Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in
the regulation of metabolic processes.
D. GENE EXPRESSION
Replication,Transcription and Translation(Gene
expression),
Introduction to Biotechnology and genetic
engineering,
Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology,
Pharmaceutical application,B
alance of Catabolic,Anabolic and Amphibolic process
in Human metabolism,
Acid-Base and Electrolyte balance in Human body.
PRACTICAL
a. Qualitative analysis ofAmino acids, Peptides, Proteins and Carbohydrates.
Lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol).
Bile Salts and billirubin.
Blood analysis – sugar,Uric acid,Billirubin,Cholestrol and
Createnin.
b. Quantitative analysis of
Carbohydrates-Glucose(reducing sugar)and any other
carbohydrate using Bendict and Anthrone method,Amino
acids
Proteins and peptide using Biuret and
ninhydrin(spectrophotometric) method.
Analysis of normal and abnormal components of
Urine,Sugar,Uric acid,Billiurin,Cholestrol and Creatinin.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. M N Chaterjea Medical Biochemistry,Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publisher New Delhi 2003.
2. Robert Murray,Daryl K,Ganner ,Peter A Mayes,Victor W
Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry,Appleton and Lange ,Lange
Medical Publications New York 2000.
3. Albert L Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS
Publisher, Dehli 1993.
4. Lubert Stryer Biochemistry,W H Fareeman and company
2002.
5. Pamela C Champe,Richard A Harvery ,Illustrate
Biochemistry,J Lippincot Company 1994.
6. Harper’s Biochemistry,Print Hall,New Jersy1996.
7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore
1st Ed.
8. Montogomary Clinical Chemistry the C V Mosby company
5th Ed.
9. Conn and Stumpf,Outlines of Biochemistry,John Willy &
sons New York 5th Ed,1999.
10. Lehninger, Biochemistry Worth publisher Co, New York.
11. Ahmed M Essential of Medical Biochemistry,Merit
publisher Faisalabad.
12. West E S,Todd R W and Van Bruggen T J,Text Book of
Biochemistry, the MacMillan Co1996.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
1. BASIC CONCEPTConjugation, hyper conjugation, Hydrogen – Bonding
Resonance theory and rules of Resonance, Resonance Effect,
Stearic Effect, Inductive Effect, Solvent Effect,Mesomeric
effect,effect of structure onreactivity of compounds,Tautamerism
of carbonyl compounds.
2. NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILICSUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALEPHATIC ANDAROMATIC SYSTEMS
3. ORIENTATION IN ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONREACTION OF BENZENE RING
4. ORGANIC REACTIONS:Metal hydride reduction, Baeyer-villager oxidation; Friedel craft
reaction; wolf-Kishner reduction, Dials Alder reaction; Grignard
Reaction,Perkin reaction and Cannizzaro reaction.
5. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENT:Pinacol Pinacolone, Wagner Meerwein Rearrangement,
Beckmann, Hofmann, Wolff Rearrangement.
6. CARBONIONS:Condensation reaction(Aldole condensation,Favorskii
rearrangement,Witting reaction.
7. STEREOCHEMISTRY:Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism, Molecules with more than
one chiral center, Geometerical isomerism, Resolution of racemic
mixture, Conformational Analysis.
8. FREE RADICALS:Introduction, Stability and Structure, Preparation and
properties.
9. GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATION,PROPERTIES,IDENTIFICATION TEST ANDPHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWINGCLASSES AND THEIR ANALOUGES:
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Amines
and Anilines.
10. PREPARTION AND PROPERTIES OFHETROCYCLIC COMPOUNS: such as:
pyrrole, furan, thiophene, Imidazole, Oxazole, Thiazole Pyridine,
Pyrnidime.
PRACTICALNOTE:
Practical of the sub ject shall be designed from time to time
on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of the facilities,e.g
1. Organic analysis,Identification of unknown simple
organic compounds.
2. Organic preparations :Benzoic acid, Aspirin,Acetanilide,
Iodoform,Nitrophenol,3-nitrophthalic,Benzhydrol and
2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED1. A guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry by
peter Sykes New York 1st Ed 1991.
2. E L Eliel Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds Tata
McGraw- Hill,New Dehli 1992.
3. Rehamn and M Younis Organic Chemistry for B.Sc
students,llmi Kitab Khana Lahore 1997.
4. L Finar Organic Chemistry Vol 1,Person Education Asia
6th Ed New Dehli 2001.
5. Raj K Bansel Oraganic Reaction Mechanism Tata
McGarw-Hill New Dehli 1992.
6. Furaiss Brain,Practical Organic Chemistry 5th Ed ELBS
London
7. Sykes A P Guide Book to mechanism in organic
chemistry 5th Ed Lonsmen Co,UK 1970.
8. Ropert J D and Caserio M C Basic Principle in Organic
Chemistry 1990.
9. Naser-ud-Din Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor
stationary Mart Peshawar.
10. Bhal B S Text Book of Organic Chemistry S Chand &
Co, New Dehli 14th Ed 1995.
PHARMACEUTICS – I(GENERAL PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PRINCIPLES)SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
1. PHARMACY ORIENTATIONIntroduction and orientation to the professional of
pharmacy in relation to Industrial pharmacy, Hospital
pharmacy, Retail pharmacy,Forensic and clinical
pharmacy, pharmaceutical Education and Research.
2. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF PHARMACYa) A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient
Greek and Arab periods with special reference to
contribution of Muslim Scientists to Pharmacy and
allied sciences.
b) An introduction to various official and unofficial
books.
3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLESa) SOLUTIONS
Introduction, types, concentration expression, Ideal
and real solution, Raoult’s law, Henry’s law,
colligative properties of solutions,their mathematical
derivatives, lowering of vapor pressure, its
determination, elevation of boiling point, its
determination osmotic pressure and osmosis, its
determination, molecular weight determination.
b) SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILIZATION ANDDISTRIBUTION PHENOMENON
Definition of solubility, solubility expression, factor
affecting solubility, (solubility curves) solubility
product, salting-in, salting-out, distribution of
solutes between solvents, applications of distribution
law.
c) IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
Acid-base equilibrium, ionization of week acids,
ionization of weak bases, ionization of water,
Sorensen’s pH scale, ion product of water, ionization
constant PK and POH.
d) BUFFERS AND BUFFERED ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS:
Buffer equation for a weak acid and its salt, for weak
base and its salt, buffer action and types, drugs as
buffer, buffer capacity, pH indicators, buffers an
pharmaceutical and biological system,
pharmaceutical buffers and their preparation,
buffered isotonic solution, applications of osmosis.
e) HYDROLYSIS
Ionic and molecular hydrolysis, protection against
hydrolysis.
f) MICROMERTICS
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions,
their measurement, capillary rise method, DuNouy’s
tensiometer, Applications in pharmacy.
4. DISPERSIONS:a) COLLOIDS
Types, method of preparation properties (optical,
kinetic, electrical ) Dialysis and artificial
Kidney,stabilityn of colloids,protection and
sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids
in pharmacy.
b) EMULSIONTypes and theory of Emulsification,Emulsifying agents
their classification and stability of Emulsion.
c) SUSPENSIONTypes, method of preparation,properties,suspending
agent their classification and stability.
5. RHEOLOGYViscosity, Newton’s law of flow, kinematic viscosity,
Rheology-Non-Netonian system, plastic flow,
pseudoplastic flow, dialatant flow, Thixotropy
measurement, thixotropy in formulation,
determination of viscosity, choice of viscometers,
capillary viscometer, psychorheology, applications of
rheology in pharmacy.
6. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSa) PRECIPITATION
Process of precipitation and it is application in pharmacy.
b) CRYSTALLIZATION
Types of Crystals, Mechanism and methods of
Crystallization and its application in pharmacy.
c) DISTILLATION
Simple distillation, Fractional Distillation, steam
Distillation,Vaccum distillation and destructive
distillation and their application in pharmacy.
d) SUBLIMATION AND LYOPHILIZATION
Principles, freeze – drying, stages of drying process,
primary drying, secondary drying, packaging.
Applications in pharmacy.
e) MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSEfflorescence and exsiccation, dessiccation, decantation,
deliquescence and hydroscopicity, levigation, ignition,
fusion,
elutriation,Lyophillization,Sublimation,Calcination,Adsorpt
ion,Evaporation,Vaporization,Centrifugation and
Tituration.
6. RATE AND ORDER OF REACTION7. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING
THEORATIC CONSIDERATION: Degradation:a) PHYSICAL FACTORS
Influence of Ph, Temperature,Ionic strength,acid-base
catalysis,U.V light.
b) CHEMICAL FACTORS
Complex chemical reaction,Oxidation-reduction and Hydrolysis.
PRACTICAL
NOTE
Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of the facilities.
1. Experiments to demonstrate some of physico-chemical
processes like simple distillation, steam distillation,
crystallization, dialysis.
2. Demonstration of Emulsion system.
3. Determination of particle size.
4. Preparation of Buffer solutions and isotonic solution.
5. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific
gravity method.
6. Partition-Coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.
TEXT AND RECOMMENDED BOOK
1. Martin Physical Pharmacy B I Waverly PVT,Deehli 4th Ed
1994.
2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy CBS
Publisher&Distribution New Dehli 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics all India traveler book seller New
Dehli 1996.
4. Martin p Bustamante P & Chun Physical &Chemical
Principles of Pharmaceutical Science AHC 4th Ed 1999 New
York.
5. Martin AMN Banker G S&Chun AHC Advances in
Pharmaceutical Sciences.Academic press London.
6. Mill C C Casson,N Rheology of dispress system pergamon
press New York 1975
7. Rienger M&Scott-Blair.G W,Rheology Academic press
London 1990.
8. Barry B W Advance in Pharmaceutical Sciences Academic
press London 1990.
9. Sherman P Emulsion Science Academic press London
1972.
10. Martin A Swarbrick J & Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy
3rd Ed,Lee&Febiger,Philadelphia 1983.
11. Attwood D and & Flocence A T Surfactant
System.Chapman & Hall Ltd,London 1982.
ANATOMYSESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)50 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
1. INTRODUCTION:ANATOMICALTERMINOLOGY
Definition, Cell, Tissue, Organ system
2. STRUCTURE OF CELLCell Membrane,Cytoplasm,Organcells,Nucleus,Cell cycle.
3. TISSUE OF BODYTypes of Tissues with example:
a. Epithelial tissue:General character,classification.
b. Connective tissue:structure,type(connective tissue proper
cartilage.Bones structure&typesof bones &joints).
c. Muscles:Structure of Skeletal muscles, smooth
muscles,cardiac muscles.
4. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.
a. Skin: Structure(Epidermis,Dermis)
b. Glands of Skin(Sweet,Sebaceous)
c. Hair: Structure, Function
d. Nail.
5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
a. Heart: structure of Heart, location of Heart andBlood supply
to the Heart.
b. Blood Vessels:Main Blood vessels araising&entering the
Heart types of Blood vessels with examples.
6. ELEMENTARY SYSTEM.
Name and structure of different parts of elementary system and
their inter relationship.
7. URINARY SYSTEM.
Name and structure of organs of Urinary system and their inter
relationship.
8. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
Male & Female reproductive system, name, structure and
association of the organs.
9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
a. Pituitary gland: structure and relation to hypothalamus.
b. Thyroid gland: structure.
c. Adrenal gland: structure.
10. NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Introduction cell of Nervous system (Neuron), Accessory cells of
Nervous system & organization of Nervous system.
a.Brain__Maninges(cerebrum_cerebralLobes,Ventricals.Cerebellum
_Anatomyofcerebellum,Brainstem_MidBrain.Pons Medulla
Oblangata,Diencepalon,Thalamus, Hypothalamus & central
nerves)
b. Spinal cord_ Maninges(C.S.F.internal structure,sensory &
motor pathway,spinal reflexes,peripheral spinal
Nerves,Auttonomic Nervous system includes Sympathetic
Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System).
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Romanes G J Cunningham's manuual of practical
Anatomy Humphary Kalfom,Oxford University press
London 3 volume,1996.
1. Gray's Anatomy Descreptive and Applies Longman's
Green and Co, London 1996
2. J G Romanes London, Cunningham's Textbook of
Anatomy Oxford University press 1996
3. Snell R S,Clinical Anatomy,Boston,Little,Brown and
Company,1996.
4. Keith L More and TVN Persaud, Philadephia, Clinically
Oriented Human Anatomy. W B Saunders 1996.
5. B Grant A Method of Anatomy, Bailliere Tinal and Co,
Ltd, London.
6. W J Hamilton A Textbook of Anatomy Macmillan and Co
London.
1. R J Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, J and A
Churchill Ltd, London.
PHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGYSESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
1. BLOODComposition of blood, Function of blood, fate and
functions of RBC, Blood groups: O-A-B. The Rh-h types,
Hemostasis and blood coagulation,, anemia, polycythemia,
the leukocytes: Genesis of leukocytes, life span of WBC,
properties of WBC, Reticuloendothelial system,
Eosinophils, Basophiles, lymphocytes, agranulocytosis,
leukemia.. Homeostasis and blood coagulation: Events in
homeostasis,. Mechanism of blood coagulation.
Introduction to hematology., , the red blood cells: size,
volume, thickness, stages in the development of RBC life
span,. Formation of hemoglobin, destruction of RBC.
2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEMProperties of cardiac muwcle,origin and conduction of
heart beat,ECG,Heart sounds,cardic output, stroke
volume and heart rate, nerve supply of the
heart,coronary,pulmonary,circulationnts .Blood
pressure, vasomotor system, Arterial pulse, Venous
pulse, capillary circulation, Axon reflex, triple
response,Haemorhage,circulatory changes in
exercise,copmosion and circulation of
lymph.Haemorhage and shock.
3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mechanism of
respiratory,Intrathoracic,Intrapulmonary
pressure,pulmonary ventilation.Lungs volume and
capicities,Compositon of inspired AirExpired Air and
Alvolar Air,Carrige of O2 and CO2 by the
Blood,Regulation of breathing(Nervous and Chemical
control),Respiratory changes in
excerse,Pneumonias,Emphysema,Bronchial Asthma.
4. SKINStructure,Functions of skin,Temperature regulation by
skin.
5. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMMastication, Degulation, Digestive, juices, saliva,
Gasteric juice Pancreatic juice, Bile and intestinal
juices, their compositon, function and mechanism
of secreation, Movements of the Stomach and
Intestine.Defecation, functions of Liver and gall
bladder.
6. URINARY SYSTEMUrine formation, compositon of Urine, GFR Urea
clearance, formation of concentrated and diluted
Urine.
7. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSLEChemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action
potential. Of blood coagulation. Introduction to
8. NERVOUS SYSTEMSpinal reflex regulation of movement and
posture.Cerebal cortex functions.Voluntary
movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal
ganglia, Cerbellum.Autonomic Nervous
system.Thalamus.CSF.Mechanism of blood
coagulation. Introduction to
9. SPECIAL SENSEElementary knowledge of structure and functions of
the special sense.
10ENDOCRINOLOGYDefination of Hormone,Nature of different types of
Hormones and Mechanism of action of Hormones.
a. PituitaryHormones:
GrowthHormone,Prolactin,ACTH,TSH,ADH,Oxytocin,Acromeg
aly,Giantism,Panhypopiutrism.
b. Thyroid gland:
Thyroxin,Tri-iodothyronin,format and functions of
thyroid hormones,Hypertheroidism,Myxocdene.
c. Adrenal gland:
Mineralcorticoids,Glucocorticoids,Anabolic
steroids,Adrenalin,Noradrenalin,Cushing
syndrome,Addison disease.
d. Para thyroid Hormone:
e. Pancreatic Hormone:Insulin,Glucagon,Diabetes Mellitus.
f. Sex Hormones:mMale sex hormones,structure and functions,Female
sex hormones,structure and function,Male devolepment
of secondary sex
charactristics,spermatogenesis,compostion of
semen,Devlopment of seconday characters in
female,Menstrution,(ovarian
cycle),Oogenesis(Dysmanorrhea).
HISTOLOGYA.Underlying principle of histological techniques and
staining specific tissue should be explained.
B. Staining of parrafin and frozen sections will be given to
the studens.
C. Most of the teaching should be done on stained and
mounted sections and every type of normal tissued will be
covered.
PracticalMinimum Fifteen Practical as Designed by the Teacher
RECOMMENDED BOOKSPHYSIOLOGY:
1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Textbook of Medical Physiology, W
B Saunders Company,9th Ed,1996.
2. William F Ganong Review of Medical Physiology,prentice
Hgall Intenational Inc,17th Ed,1995.
3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology,Medical
allied agency,1994.
4. Samon Wright's Applied Physiology,Revised by Cyril A
Keele and Eric Neil.
5. Spence A P and Mason E B Human Anatomy and
Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming publishing Inc, California,
3rd Ed.
6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for medical Students,Litle
Brown&Co Inc,USA,1992.
ANATOMY:1. Bradbury S, Hewer's Textbook of Histology, ELBS, London,
1984.2. Reference book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks.
Publisher Oxford at the Clarendom press, London.
3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology: color atlas ofMicroscopic Anatomy, Lee&Febijer Co, Pennsylvanias,1985.
PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS ANDSTATISTICS
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
1ST PROFESSIONAL
MATHEMATICS(40Marks)
1. ALGEBRA :i. Sets and functions: Elementary concepts of sets,
concept of functions, Domain and range of functions,
different types of functions, Graphical representation
of a function. Some applications of functions.
ii. Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations:
Equations reducible to Quadratic form, solution of
simultaneous Equations.
iii. Arithmetic Geometric and Harmonic progressions.
Arithmetic Geometric and Harmonic means.
iv. Permutation & Combination: Simple application.
v. Binomial Theorem: Simple application.
2. TRIGONOMETRY:
Measurement of angles in radian and degrees, difinitions of
circular functions, Derivation of circular function for
simple cases.
3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY:
Coordinates of points for plane.distance between tow
points in plane,Locus,Equation of straight line,Equation of
parabola,Circule and Ellips.
4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCUULUS:
Concept of Derivation ,rule of differentiation,examples on
the evaluation of Derivation,Derivatives of of exponential
and Logarithmic functions,partial Derivation,Higher order
derivatives,Maxima and Minima points of Inflection.
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS:
General term, some observation. Properties of binomial Co-
efficient simple application.
4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUSConcept of Integration, rules of Integration,Integration of
Algebaric and Trignomatric Functions by using different
techniques.
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUSConcept of Integration, rules of Integration,Integration of
Algebaric and Trignomatric Functions by using different
techniques.
BIOSTATISTICS (60MARKS)
1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS:Descriptive statistics,what is statistics?Importance of
Biostatistics.what is Biostatistics? Application of statistics
in Biological and pharmaceutical sciences. How samples
are selected?
2. ORGANIZING AND DISPLAYING DATA:Variables, Quantitative and qualitative variables,Univariate
data,Bivariate data,Random variables,Freguancy
table,Diagrams,Pictograms,Simple Bar Charts,Multiple Bar
charts,Histogram.
3. SUNNARIZING DATA AND VARIATION:The Mean, the Median, the Mode, the Mean deviation, the
variance and standard deviation, Coefficient of Variation.4. CURVE FITTING:
Fitting a straight line.Fitting of parabolic or higher degree
Curve.
5. PROBABILITY:Definitions, probability rules, probability distributions
(Binomial Normal Distribution).
6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION:Introduction, simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation
co-efficient.
7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS:Statistical Hypothesis, Level of significance. Test of
significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial
and normal distribution.
8. STUDENT "t","f-" AND CHI-SUAREDISTRIBUTION:Test of significance based on"t","f" and Chi-Square
Distribution.
9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE:One way classification,two way classification,partitioning of
some squares and degrees of freedom,multiple compression
Tests such as LSD,the analysis of variance models.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED1. C H Edwards. Jr and David E Penny,Calculus and Analytic
Geometry,Prentice-Hall,Inc,A division of Sinon & Schustor
Eglwwood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632,Usa.1995.
2. Daniel W W Biostatistics,Fundation for analysis in Health
Science 3rd Ed.1983.
3. Zar J H,Biostatical analysis,Francis HJ,NJ,USA.
4. Nilton,J S and Tsokos, J D, Statistical Methods in Bilological
and Health Science,McGrew-Hill,1983.
5. Chudary S A Kamal S ,Introduction to Statistical Theory,part-
I and part-II,Iimi Kitab Khana Urdu Bazar,Lahore,1996.
6. Samules M Statistics for the life Science,Dellen Pub Co
SF,USA,1991.
7. Walpole R E,Introduction to statistics,Macmillam Pub
Co,NY,1982.
8. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathematics for Pharmacists, Arslan
Paper Mart,Multan,1993.
SECOND PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-II (Pharm. Preparations) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmaceutical Microbiology 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmacology & Therapeutics –I 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmacognosy-I 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pak. Studies and Islamiat/Ethics 40+60 100
TOTAL 900
_______________________
DEANFaculty ofPharmacy
PHARMACEUTICS –II(PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION)
SESSION (2004-2009)DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)
100 Marks2ND PROFESSIONAL
1. INTRODUCTION:Dosage form,Ingredients.
2. PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS:Some fundamentals of Measurement and calculations,The
Metric system, The common
systems,Conversions,Calculation of doses, Reducing and
Enlarging Formulas,Density,Specific Gravity & specific
volume, Weight and volumes of liquids, percentage
preparations, Isotonic solutions,HBL values Dosage
forms,Ingeredients.
3. GALENICAL PREPARATIONS:Infusions, Decoctions,Extracts,Fluid Extracts,Tinctures,Aromatic
Water
4. EXTRACTION PROCESSES:Maceration, Purpose and process, Percolation purpose and
process, liquid extraction, Large Liquid extraction, Solvents
used in pharmaceutical preparations.
5. ORAL SOLUTIONS, SYRUPS, ELIXIRS & SPIRITS:Solution and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution,
oral rehydrate solution, oral colonic leverage solution
syrup. (Components and preparation of syrups, elixirs.
preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated
elixirs).
6. ORAL SUSPENSIONS, EMULSIONS, MAGMAS &GELS:
SUSPENSIONFormation of suspension Physical properties of dispersed
Particles, formulation of suspension, Official suspension.
EMULSIONEmulsion types, theories of emulsification, formation of
emulsion, preservation of emulsion, emulsifying Agents,
Selection of Emulsifying Agents, HLB system stability of
emulsion, Rheology of Emulsions, Special Emulsion
system.
MAGMAS & GELSPreparations, examples and Importance.
7. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments,
Topical gels, Topical tinctures collodions topical solutions,
Topical powders, percutaneous absorption, Transdermal
systems in use.
8. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS:Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointments inserts,
Contact lens solutions, Nasal decongestant solutions,
decongestant inhalers.
Ear preparation: Anti-infective, anti-inflammatory and
analgesic, preparation.
9. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS:Official types of injection solvents and vehicles for
injection, added substances.
10. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL PASSERIES:Semisolides preparation Suppository bases, preparation
packing and storage,Solution/Enemas.
11. AEROSOLS INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS:Aerosol: Principle, systems, packaging, container value
assembly, filling, testing,Propellents packaging, labeling
and storage.
12. POWDERS, CAPSULES, TABLETS, DOSAGEFORMS:Preparation of powder, mixing of powders, uses and
packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated
salts.
Hard gelatin capsules, sizes, preparation of filling
materials for hard gelatin capsules, sizes, soft gelatin
capsules, preparation and its application.
Tablets: Types, characteristics tablets components,
dilvats, binders and adhesines disintegrants, lubricants,
colors, flavors and sweeteners, methods of preparation.
13. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ORAL HYIEGENPRODUCTS:Definitions,Mouth Washes,Tooth Powder
14. SOLVENTS USED IN PHARMACEUTICALPREPARATIONS:
PRACTICAL
Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to
time on the basis of the above mentioned thoeratical topics
and availabilty of the facilities e.g. Preparation of simple
syrup, orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod liver oil
emulsion, liquid paraffin emulsion, Methyl Salicylate
ointment, sulpher ointment, calamine lotion, Iodine
tincture, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint) Broglycerine,
turpentine liniment, tannic acid glycerin, Spirit ammonia
aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite, Poultice of Kaolin,
Effervescent granules, Distilled water for injection.
(A minimum of twenty practical will be conducted).
TEXT BOOKS
1. Michel E Aulton,Pharmaceutics,ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone,London,1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics,CBS Publishers &
Distributors,New Delhi,1986.
3. Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage FormDesign 2nd Ed.
HowCourt publisher,2002.
4. E A Rawlins Bredley's Text Book of Pharmaceutics,edited
by 8th (or recent Ed.)1977.Macmillam publishing Co
Inc,New York.
5. Sprowl's(Dittert L W;Ed.) American Pharmacy,7th Ed. J B
Lippincott Co 1990.
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
2ND PROFESSIONAL
A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION:
History,Pharmacology and its classification,Drug
and their sources.
2. ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION:Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral
routes,advantages and disadvantages of Parenteral
routes and advantages and disadvantages of Topical
routes.
3. PHARMACOKINETICS:Drug solubility and passage of drug across the body
membranes,plasma concentration of drug and
various factors affecting it(Absorption and factors
influencing the rate of absorption(GIT and other
routes)of drug,the Distribution and factors factors
influencing the rate of distribution of
drug,Biotransformation and and factors factors
influencing the rate of Biotransformation of
drugs,Excretion,channels of excretion and The and
factors f influencing the rate of Excretion of drugs,
Definition of(Bioavailability &
Bioequivalence,Therapeutic index,Plasma Half
life(t1/2),Dose Response Curve,Area under
thecurve(AUC),Volume of Distribution.
4. PHARMACODYNAMICS:Drug reseptors and theories,Mechanisms of drug
action,specificity of drug action and factorsmodefying yhe action and dosage of drugs.
B. DRUGS ACING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Organization of ANS it is subdivisions and
innervations.
2. Neurotransmitters in ANS,their synthesis,release
and fate.
3. Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve
Blockers,Arenoceptor antagonists(Alpha
adrenergic blockers and Beta adrenergic
blockers).
4. Sympathetic agonist drugs Catecholamines and
Non-catecholamines.
5. ParaSympathetic(Cholinergic)agonist and
antichlinestrase inhibitors.
6. ParaSympathetic antagonists.7. Drugs acting in Gangilia (Gangilian stimulants and
Gangilion blockers).
8. Neuromuscular blocking drugs.
C. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:1. Antacids:
i. Systemic antacids: Sodium
bicarbonate, sodium citrate.
ii. Non-systemic antacids: Aluminum hydroxide,
magnesium trisilicate, calcium carbonate.
iii. Drug used for treatment of peptic ulcer:
Cimetidine, ranitidine.
2. Purgatives and LaxativesAnthraquinone droup, castor oil, magnesium salts,
sodium tartrate, bulk laxatives, emollient laxatives,
liquid paraffin.
3. Emetics and AntiemetiesApomorphine, sodium chloride, metchlopramide,
antihistamines: chlorpromazine, promazine,
promethazine, cyclizine, cinnarizine.
4. Anti-DiarrhoeaialsKoalin and pectin, diphenoxylate, loperamide,
attapulgite.
D. DRUGS ACTIG ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:1. Angina pectorus and it is drug treatment.
2. Congestive Heart Failure and it is tretment.
3. Anti-arrhythmic drugs.
4. Agents used in Hyperlipideima.
5. Coagulants and Anti-coagulants.
6. Antihypertensive.
7. Diuretics.
E. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM1. Drug used forCough:
Antitussive,Expectorant and Mycolytic agents
2. Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma:(Brochodlators,Cromoglcate,Nedocromil,Cortecosteroids and other
Anti-inflommatory drugs and Muscarinic reseptor antagonists.
F. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR AGONISTS:Histamine and Anti-histamine,Serotenin and Seroyenin Antagonists and
other Autacoids.
G. ANTI-ANREMIC DRUGS:
NOTE1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and
obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be
laid to the group action of related drugs and only
important differences should be discused of the
individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introduced drugs sholud be included in the
Syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic
values ought to be excluded from Syallbus at any
time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest
edition of the recommended books.
PracticalNOTE :
Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned thoeratical topics and
availabilty of the facilities e.g.Preparation of standard
solution,Ringer solution, Tyrode solution,Kreb
solution,Normal saline solution, To demonstrate the effects
of sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol)on Frog's heart,To
demonstrate the effects of Parasympatholytic(Atropin)and
Parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) drugs on Frog's
heart,To demonstrate the effect of unknown drugs on Frog's
heart,Route of drug administartion, To demonstarte the
effects of vasoconistrictor drugs on Frog's blood vessels.To
demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit's
intestine.(Acetylcholine, Barium chloride)To demonstrate
the effects of depressent drugs on Rabbit's
intestine(Atropine),To deffrentiate the effects of unknown
drug on Rabbit's intestine and identify
the(unknown)drug.To study the effects of Adrenaline on
Rabbit' eyes,To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit'
s eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit' s eyes.
To study the effects of Local Anethetic drugs(Cocain) on
Rabbit' s eyes.To identify the unknown drug & differentiate
its effects on Rabbit' eyes.
NOTEMinimum Tewnty Practicals will be conducted.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Goodman Gillman Pharmacological basis of
Therapeutics.McGraw-Hill Book company,New York,1996.
2. Wingurd and Brody,Human Pharmacology,Mosby Year
book,Boston,1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis,A Text book of Clinical
Pharmacology,Oxford University Press,New York,1995.
4. R S Statorkar and S D Bhandarak, Pharmacology and
Therapeutics popular Parkashan,Bomby,1993.
5. J D Tripathy Essential of Medical Pharmacology,Japees
Brother,New Delhi,4th Ed.2000.
6. D R Laurance,Clinical Pharmacology,ELBS,London,6th
Ed.1987.
7. Katzung B G Basic and clinical Pharmacology,McGraw-Hill
Medical publishers,NewYork,8th Ed.2001.
8. Lippincott,Pharmacology,Lippincott William &
Willkin,USA,2001.
9.Manuchair Edabi,Pharmacology,Little
Brown&company,London,1993.
10. Prof.Dr A Qayum,Fundamentals of Expermental
Pharmacolog.11. Bertram G K,Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,paramount
publishing Business&Professional Group,USA,6th Ed.,1995.
12. William F Ganong, W F,Review of Medical
Physiology,prentice Hall International Inc,New Jersey.
13. Qayum A Fundamentals of Expermental
Pharmacolog.Ghandhara University,Peshawar,2004.
PHARMACOGNOSY-I
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
2nd PROFESSIONAL
THEORY
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION:History and Historical development, scope and
Terminology used in Pharmacognosy.Microscopic structure
of plant cell and its function, Brief Account of Tissue and
Tissue System and Anatomy as detailed below:-
i. Brief description of leaf, bark, wood, fruit, seeds,
roots and rhizomes.
ii. Anatomy of leaf, bark, wood, root and
rhizomes.Evaluation of Crude Drugs.Detailed
discussion on Cultivation, Collection, Drying and
storage of Crude Drugs.
ii. Production and Commerce of Crude Drugs.
2. General introduction of various methods of classification of
crude drugs like Alphabetical, Texonomical, Morphological,
Chemical and Therapeutical.
3. Plant Growth Regulators:
Definition and General Description of the plant growth
regulators, Details of the following Growth Hormones.
AUXINS, GIBBERRELLINS AND CYTOKININS
7. The study of the:-
iii. Allergens and Allergenic preparation.
iv. Testing Methods for Irritancy allergy.
v. Types of Allergens such as Inhalant, Ingestant,
Injectant, Contactant, Infectant and Infestant
Allergens.
8. Enzymes
vi. Introduction Classification and General Properties of
Enzymes.
vii. Enzymes obtained from plant sources.
Papin and Bromelain or Bromeline.
viii. Enzymes obtained from Animal Sources.
Pepsin and Rennin.
9. Poisonous Plant.
General Introduction, source and toxic manifestation of
poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan.
1. Gastro Enteric Irritants:-
Podophylium, Solanum and Colchicum.
2. Cardiovascular Disturbance producing plans:
Digitalis and Aconitum.
3. Plants producing Nicotine Like action:
Nicotiana and Lobelia.
4. Atropine Containing Plants.
Atropa, Datura and Hyoscyamus.
5. Plants Acting on CNS
Cannabis.
6. Cyanogenetic Plants:
Prunus amygdolis, Manihot utilissima.
10. Drugs of Animal Origin:
General Introduction and discussion with special reference
to:-
Honey Gelatin, Cod Liver oil, Cantharides, cochineal and
spermacetes.
11. Pesticides:
Definition, types of pests requiring control, methods of
control of pests and chemicals used in pest control.
12. Fibers and Surgical Dressings:
Definition and general description, preparation, structure,
Diagnostic characters, Tests, Constituents and uses of the
following fibers.
Cotton, Rayon, Wool, Absorbent cotton etc.
PRACTICALS
Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of above mentioned theoratical topics and availability
of the facilities,e.g.Introduction of the entire and broken parts of
the plant drug(Macro and Organoleptic characters).Microscopic
examination of powders and sections of plant drugs.
(Note: Aminimum of 20 practicals will be conducted).
A study tour will be an inegral part of the syllabus and will be
arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal
plants from Northten Areas of the country.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and G E Robbers,Pharmacognosy
9th ED. Lea and Febiger, Philadelpia 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharamcognosy,W B
Sanunders Philadelphia,Toronto 2002
3. K Usmanghani Topics inPharmacognosy,University
Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad
pp74,1985
4. T E Wellis, Text bok of Pharmacognosy CBS publishers
and distributors New Delhi 1986.
5. Varro E Tayllor Pharmacognosy Lee Febiger Philadelpia
9th Ed.
6. Muhammad Ali Introduction to Pharmacognosy CBS
publishers and distributors New Delhi 1986.
7. K Usmanghani Chemical Pharmacognosy University
Grants Commission , Islamabad ,1985
8. Younking H W, Text book of Pharmacognosy the
Blakistone Co Toronto 6th Ed,1984.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)MARKS: 100
2ND PROFESSIONAL
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY:
Historical introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special
reference to pharmaceutical sciences, Nomenclature and
classification of Micro-Organisms.
2. ORGANISM:THE BACTERIA: General and Cellular Morphology,structure
and function,classification of bacteria,Growth curve,growth
factors and growth characteristics,Nutrition requirements and
Nutrition factors affecting growth, Culture Media,Bacterial
culture and staining methods.
THE VIRUSES: Introduction,Classification(and detail of at least
one species from every group),Cultivation and Replication.
3. THE FUNGAL/YEAST/MOLDS4. THE NORMAL FLORAMicrobiology of Air,Water and Soil(general introduction and
normal of Air,Water and Soil.
5. THE PROTOZOA6. INDUSTERIAL MICROBIOLOGYIntroduction to sterilization/Disinfection. fermentation
,pharmaceutical products produced by fermentation process
(Pencillins,Cephalosporins,
Gentamycin,Erythromycin,Tetracyclines,Rifampicin,Griseofulvin).
7. IMMUNOLOGYIntroduction,types of immunity,Specific and non-Specific(cellular
basis of immune
response.immunity,autoimmunity,tolerance,Antigen,Antibodies),
Antigen-Antibody reaction and their clinical and diagnostic
applications,Hypersensitivity and Allergy.Drug Allergy
mechanism,Vaccination.Introduction and aims,type of
Vaccines,Current Vaccine practices.
8. FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOODMANUFACTURRING PRACTICE(GMP)Introduction, control of Microbial Contamination during
Manufacture,Manufacture of sterile products, A Guide to
current Good Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Practices.
PRACTICALS:NOTE:
The practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time
on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of the facilities. e.g: Sterilization of Glassware and
pharmaceutical products by various methods,Microbiological
assay of Antibiotics and Vitamins, Preparation of general and
selective media and micro-organisms,Total and viable counts of
micro-organisms,Morphological and selective biochemical
characterization of some specimen,Staining of bacteria,gram
method,acid fast,Gimasas staining,Casule staining,Flagella
staining and Spore staining,Microbiological analysis of air,water
and soil.
NOTE: (A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted).
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Jawetiz ,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed
Churchill Livingstone, London 1998.
2. W B Hugo and A D Russel Pharmaceutical Microbiology,
Black Well Science Ltd London 6th Ed. 1998.
3. Lippicott, Microbiology by Lippincott, William and Willkin,
USA 2001.
4. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology John Bartlett
publishers 6th Ed 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes Microbiological Methods Vutterwoth
Heineman,Oxford 1995.
6. M Mekallee Microbiology Essential and Application,
McGraw-Hill Inc 2nd Ed.
7. Singletone and Sainbury Dictionary of Microbiology and
Molecular Biology, John Willey and sons,New York 2000.
8. Pelczar Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley Microbiology 2nd Ed, Klein Wm ,C Brown
publishers 2001.
PAKISTAN STUDIES AND ISLAMICSTUDIES
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)MARKS 100
2ND PROFESSIONAL
PAKISTAN STUDIES MARKS 40
1. IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTANa) The purpose for the creation of Pakistan.
b) Ideology of Pakistan
i) Its meaning and scope.
ii) Ideology of Pakistan in the light of the sayings of Allama
Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam.
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PAKISTANIDEOLOGY
c) Reformation and Educational Movements.
i) Islamic Reformation Movements, Sheikh Ahmad
Sarhindi and Waliullah and their successors
ii) Educational Movements (Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwa,
Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam, Sind, Madrassa and the
Islamia College, Peshawar.
d) Educational Struggle
i) Constitutional Reforms and Muslims separate Electrode
ii) Khilafat Movements.
3. PAKISTAN MOVEMENTSi) Muslim Nationalism and the Evolution of the two nations
Theory.
j) The Indian independence and the Muslims.
k) Allahabad address of Allama Iqbal (1930)
l) General Elections of 1937 and the attitude of Congress
Government towards the Muslims.
m) Pakistan Resolution, 1940.
n) General Elections of 1916 and the transfer of power.
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTANEarly problems and significant events.
5. EFFORTS TO INTRODUCE ISLAMIC SYSTEM INPAKISTAN
i. The objective resolution.
ii. Islamic provisions in the constitutions of 1956, 1962 and
1973.
iii. Initial steps for the introduction of sariah.
iv. Our Destination: Introduction of complete Islamic system.
6. LAND OF PAKISTAN
i. Geography: Locations and Geographic importance,
Rural and Urban Areas.
ii. Natural Resources.
iii. Agriculture.
iv. Industry
v. Manpower (Education)
7. PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM WORLD
i. Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC)
ii. Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
ISLAMIC STUDIES (One Separate Sheet)
Marks 60
THIRD PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-III (Dispensing and Hospital Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmacognosy-II 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Insrumentation) 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmacology & Therapeutics-II 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pathology 50 50 100
TOTAL 900
_______________________
DEANFaculty of Pharmacy
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II(ANALYTICAL &INSTRUMENTATION)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
3RD PROFESSIONAL
1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROMAGNETICRADIATION
2. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPYIntroduction, Absorption Law, Theory of Electronic
spectroscopy, type of electronic transition, the
chromophoric concept, Auxochroms, absorption and
intensity shift, solvent effects, instrumentation,
application.
3. INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction Basic principles, type of st-retching and
bending vibration, vibrational frequency, Instrumentation,
sampling techniques, applications, Factors which influence
the vibrational frequencies.
4. NUCLEAS MAGNETIC RESONENCE (NMR )
Introduction, Basic principles, chemical shift, spin-spin
ionpling, instrumentation, applications.
5. MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Basic principle, theory, instrumentation, Isotopes
abundance, Metastable ion & peaks, Fragmentation
process, application.
6. FLORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Theory, Instrumentation, analytical applications.
7. HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY8. GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY9. ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY10. ELECTROPHORESIS11. POTENTIOMETRY
Introduction, potentiometric titration with reference to
acids-bases, precipitation, complexometric and oxidation
reduction titration.
PRACTICAL
Practical of the subject sahll be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of Chemicals and Apparatus. E.g: Determination
of the purity and composition of unknown drugs by using at
least each of the above techniques.
(NOTE: Minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted).
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid
Chromatography(HPLC) ,Blacki Academic press New York
1996.
2. William Kemp,Organic spectroscopy,Ellsi Horwood,London
1990.
3. M Aminuddin and Javed Iqbal Theory and Practice of
Chromatography,University Grants Commission,Islamabad
Pakistan 2000.
4. A H Beckeet and J B Stennlake Practical pharmaceutical
chemistry Part I and Part II. The Aulton press London.
5. A M Knvel and F D Digani, Jenkins's Quanititative
Pharmaceutical Chemistry.Mc Graw-Hall book company,
New York.
6. A Birathwaite and F J Smith Chromatographic
Method,Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography,Von Nostrond Reinheld Co,
New York 1975.
8. A Pryed and M J Gilbert Applications of High Liquid
Performance Chromatography Chapman and Hall London
1979.
9. E Stahl,Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlage,
Berlin 1969.
10. R Hamilton Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell,Chapman
and Hall, London 1982.
PATHOLOGYSESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)50 Marks
3rd PROFESSIONAL
1. SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY AND CONCEPT OF DISEASES:2. DEFFINTIONS AND TERMINOLOGY:
Ischemia,Hypoxia,Necrosis,Infraction,Atrophy,Hypertrophy,
Hyperplasia,Metaplasia,Aplasia,Anaplasia.
3. RESPONSE OF BODY TO INJURY AND INFECTIONS:Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, Immunity,
Allergy, Hypersensitivity.
4. SPECIFIC:Ulcer (Peptic and Duodenal), Hypertension, Leukemia or
Blood cancer (Malignant Carcinoma, Sarcoma and
Lymphoma),Diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in general,
fate, survival and prognosis with tumor.
PRACTICALS
Study of pathological slides of various pathological conditions:
Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, Chronic specific
Inflammation, different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis,
Embolism, Infraction, Necrosis, Gangren,Hyperplasia, Metaplasia,
pigmentation, Calcification, CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma,
Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Adenocarcinoma,
Fibrocarcinoma, Rhadomyosarcoma, Leomyosarcoma,
Lymphosarcoma,Liposarcoma, Reticular cell Sarcoma, Hodgkings
disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteocalstoma.
Examination of different body fluids in various pathologicalconditions:Urine complete Examination, Stool Examination, Blood complete
Examination, Semen Examination, Cerebrospinal fluid Examination
(CSF),Pericardial fluid Examination, Pleural fluid Examination, Ascetic
fluid Examination, Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Cholesterol etc.
Test for various specimens of clinical Importance:Technique of clinical Blood examination for various diseases, Gastric
analysis, Test for Liver function, Renal Function test, test for
Endocrine abnormalities, Biopsis and cytologic techniques.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:1. Kumar Cotran Robins, Basic Pathology 6th Ed. W B Saunders
Company, Philadelpia 1992.
2. Walters and Israel, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone,
London 1998.
3. Peter S Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Collander Pathology
Illustrated, Chuchill, Livingstone London 1998.
4. Robbins Pathology W B Saunders Co London 2nd Ed. 1962.
5. Walter G B General Pathology, Chuchill Living stone New York
1996.
PHARMACEUTICS – III
(DISPENSING & COMMUNITY PHARMACY)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)MARKS 100
3RD PROFESSIONAL
A. DISPENSING (40 MARKS)1. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF COMPOUNDING AND
DISPENSING INCLUDING:Weight and measures, calculation for compounding and
dispensing, Fundamental operation in compounding,
Containers and closure for dispensed products,
Prescription-Handling(parts of prescription, filling,
interpretation pricing) and labeling of dispensed
Medication.
2. EXTEMPORANEOUS DISPENSING OF:Solutions, Emulsions, Ointments, Creams, Pastes and Gels,
Suppositories and pessaries, powders and granules and oral unit
dosage forms.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES:Definition, Physical, chemical and therapeutics
incompatibilities in prescription such as due to
insolubility order of mixing, change in solvent
system, oxidation – reduction, acid-base reaction,
hydrolysis, combination reaction, Manifestations,
correction and prevention with reference to typical
examples.
4. INTRODUCTION OF CLASSICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Definitions, Classification, advantages, disadvantages
and preparations, lozenges, magmas, pastille, throat
paint, inhalation, glycerite.
5. RADIO PHARMACY TECHNIQUES ANDAPPLICATIONS
6. I.V ADMIXTURERES
B. COMMUNITY PHARMACY (60 MARKS)
1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND:2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY
PHARMACY:Epidemeology and it is control, preventive health(EPI
& CDC), Family Planning and health policy and
national drug policy.
3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT:4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG
THERAPY:General and socio-economic aspects.
5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION:6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSLLING:7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE:8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST AS:
A Public health Educator in the community of drug
monitoring and drug information.
PracticalPractical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of the facilities. E.g. Practical introduction to
prescription labeling, handling, interpretation and filling.
Mixtures: Dispensing of simple mixture containing soluble
substances only, mixtures containing diffusible substances in
diffusible substances and mixture forming precipitate.
Powders: Dispensing of simple powders, compound powders and
effervescent powders for external use.
Incompatibility: Practical importance of incompatibilities.
Ointments and Creams: Dispensing of Iodine and Methyl
Salicylate ointment, dispensing of cold and vanishing creams.
Cosmetics: Lipstick, Talcum powder, after shave lotions,
shaving creams.
(NOTE: A minimum of 20 Practical will be conducted).
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Cooper and Guns Dispensing CBS Publishers and
distributors New Delhi 1986.
2. Hussa’s Dispensing.
3. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the
Community: A Practical Hand Book.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack publishing
company USA 2001.
5. Martindale’s Extra Pharmacopeia.
PHARMACOGNOSY-IISESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)Marks 100
3rd PROFESSIONAL
1. Extraction Methods, separation, fractionation and isolation
techniques of bioactive plant constituents such as:
i. Column adsorption chromatography
ii. Thin layer and thick layer chromatography.
iii. Paper chromatography
iv. Column partition chromatography
2. Sources, Geographical distribution, collection constituents,
Adulteration and pharmaceutical application of the
following classes/groups of Naturally Occurring Drugs.
1. ALKALOIDSGeneral description of alkaloids, classification of alkaloids
detail study of the following classes of alkaloids.
i. Pyridine alkaloids Tobacco
ii. Tropane alkaloids Hyoscyamus, Datura and
Belladonna
iii. Imidazol alkaloids Pilocarpus
iv. quinoline alkaloids Cinchona
v. Isoquinoline alkaloids Opium Ipecac curare
vi. Indole alkaloids Erqot Rauwolfia, Nux-vomica
vii. steroidal alkaloids veratum
viii. Diterpene alkaloids Aconite
ix. Phenethylamine group Ephedra colchicum
(Alkaloidal amines)
x. Purine basis Coffee
2. GLYCOSIDESGeneral description classification of glycosides detail study
of the following Glycosidal plants.
i. Cardio active (Steroidal) Digitalis
strophanthus
ii. Anthraquinone glycosides Senna, aloe,
Rhubarb
iii. Saponins Glycosides Glycyrrhiza
iv. Cyanophore glycosides wild cherry
3. TANNINSGeneral description of the Tannins with detail study of the
following drug plants.
Gambir, Nutgall and hamamalis
4. VOLATILE OILSIntroduction Significance methods of obtaining Volatile oils
classification and uses of the following plant products.
a. Hydrocarbon Volatile oil: turpentine oil,
b. Alcoholic Volatile oils: Peppermint, coriander and
cardamom
c. Aldehydic volatile oils: Cinnamon, Bitter almond oil
d. Ketonic Volatile oil: Camphor spearmint
e. Phenolic Volatile oil: Clove Fennel
f. Oxide volatile oil: Eucalyptus
g. Ester volatile oil: Rosemary
5. Resins and resin combinationsa. Glycoresins: Podophyllum, colocynth, jalap,
Ipomoea.
b. Oleoresins: Turpentine, ginger
c. Oleogumresins: Asafoetida
d. Balsams: Storax Tolubalsm, Benzoin
6. Fixed Oils ,Castor oil, shark liver oil, linseed oil, olive oil,bees wax.7. Study of antitumor agents from natural sources.
8. Study of herbal drugs used in traditional practice inPakistan unani and Aurevadic system of medicine.
PRACTICAL
NOTE: Practicals shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and
availability of the facilities, E.g: Extaction of the active
constituents of the crude drugs and chemical tests for
their identification , Isolation and separation of the
active constituents of the crude drugs by paper and
thin layer Chromatography.
(NOTE: Aminimum of 20 practicals will be conducted).
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Varo E Tyler, L.R. Brady and Roberts Pharmacognosy 9th
Ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B
Saunders Philadelphia, Toront 2002.
3. K Usmanghani Topics in Pharmacognosy, University
Grants Commission Monograph series, Islamabad pp
74., 1985.
4. T E Wi\ellis text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS
Publishers and distributors New Delhi 1986.
5. Mohammed Ali Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS
Publishers ans Distributors New Delhi 1986.
6. K Usmanghani Chemical Pharmacognosy University
Grants Commission Islamabad 1986.
7. Younking H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy the
Blakiston Co, Toronbto 6th 1948.
PHARMACOLOGY –II(CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)
Marks 100
3rd PROFESSIONAL
1. DRUGS ACTING ON CNS:A. CNS Depressants: Sedatives & Hypnotics and
Analgesics(narcotic analgesics and opiod antagonists,
analgesics Antipyretics and Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs(NSAIDs) including Disease modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs and Drugs treatment of Gout).
b. CNS Stimulants: Cerebral stimulants, Modularly
stimulants, Spinal Cord stimulants, antidepressants,
psycohtomimetics or Hallucinogenic, Psychotherapeutics
agents (Anxilytics and ati-psychotics0, Drug treatment of
Epilepsy and drug treatment of Parkinsoism and other
movements disorders.
2. ANAESTHETICS:i. Anesthesia and its clinical importance.
ii. General Anesthesia ,Mechanism of action and its
application.
iii. Geeneral Aneshesia.
iv. Local Anesthesia.
v. Spinal Anesthesia and drugs used.
vi. Techniques of Local Anesthesia.
3. CHEMOTHERAPY:i. Classification of Drugs.
ii. Anti-Microbial: Sulphonamides, Anti-Virals, Anti-
protozoals (treatment of Malaria ane Ameboiasis) Anti
Fungals, Antheilimintics, Antineoplastic and
Immuinosupressent drugs,Drugs treatment of
Leprosy and Anti-Biotics(Pencillins, Cephalosporins,
Aminoglycosides,Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol,
Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneouss
antibiotics)
iii. Anti-hypertensive drugs.
iv. Steriods and antisteroid drugs.
4. HORMONES,ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTSAFFECTING ENDOCRINE FUNCTIOS:i. Endocrine functions and dysfunctions
ii. Drugs used in the therapy of Diabetis
Mellitus:Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.
iii. Corticosteroids.
iv. Thyroid Hormones and anti-thyroid drugs.
5. TOXICOLOGY:i. Pollution and its types(Water, Air and Food).
ii. Poison and principle for treatment of poisoning.
iii. Poisoning (sign & symptoms and treatment): Ethanol,
Barbiturates, Digitalis, Salicylates, Strychnin,
narcotics, Nicotine, Paracetamol, Benzodiazebines
and Organophosphours compounds.
iv. Chelating agents and their role in poisoning:
Dimercaprol, Calcium disodium edentate,
Pencillinamine and Defroxamine
NOTE:
1.Only introduction will be given of the banned and
obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with pharmacology strees should be
laid to the group actions related drug and only
important differences should be discussed of the
individual drug placed in same group.
3. Newly introduced drugs should be included in the
syallbus while drugs with no clinical therapeutic
values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any
time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest
edition of recommended books.
Practical
NOTE: Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to
time on the basis of the abobve nentioned theoretical topics and
the availability of the facilities. E.g: To study convalusant effects
of strychnine and picrotoxin in fogs and determine the site of
action, To identify the unknown(convalusant) drug and
determine its site of action, To study the effects of Adrenalin on
Human Eyes, To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes,
To study the effects of Homatotropine on Human Eyes. To
identify and obseve the effects of unknown drugs on Human
Eyes, To study the effects of local Anesthetics drugs on Human
and the nerve Plexus of Frogs, To identify and differentiates the
effects of unknown drugs on Human and the nerve Plexus of
frogs, abdominas muscle of frog and competitive
pharmacological antagonism by neuromuscular blocking agents
e.g Gllamin. To identify the unknown drugs by performing
pharmacological competitive antagonism on Rectus abdominas
muscles of frogs, To study the anticoagulant drugs using
Rabbits, To Demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curves.
(NOTE: Aminimum of 20 practicals should be conducted).
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Goodman Gillman Pharmacological basis of
Therapeutics.McGraw-Hill Book company,New York,1996.
2. Wingurd and Brody,Human Pharmacology,Mosby Year
book,Boston,1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis,A Text book of Clinical
Pharmacology,Oxford University Press,New York,1995.
4. R S Statorkar and S D Bhandarak, Pharmacology and
Therapeutics popular Parkashan,Bomby,1993.
5. J D Tripathy Essential of Medical Pharmacology,Japees
Brother,New Delhi,4th Ed.2000.
6. D R Laurance,Clinical Pharmacology,ELBS,London,6th
Ed.1987.
7. Katzung B G Basic and clinical Pharmacology,McGraw-Hill
Medical publishers,NewYork,8th Ed.2001.
8. Lippincott,Pharmacology,Lippincott William &
Willkin,USA,2001.
9.Manuchair Edabi,Pharmacology,Little
Brown&company,London,1993.
10. Prof.Dr A Qayum,Fundamentals of Expermental
Pharmacolog.11. Bertram G K,Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,paramount
publishing Business&Professional Group,USA,6th Ed.,1995.
12. William F Ganong, W F,Review of Medical
Physiology,prentice Hall International Inc,New Jersey.
13. Qayum A Fundamentals of Expermental
Pharmacolog.Ghandhara University,Peshawar,2004.
FOURTH PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutics-IV (HospitalPharmacy) 100 - 100
Paper 2. Pharmaceutics-V (Clinical Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Pharmaceutics-VI (Industerial Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 4. Pharmaceutics-VII(Biopharmaceutics) 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pharmaceutics-VIII (Pharmaceutical QualityControl)
100 100 200
TOTAL 900
_______________________
DEANFaculty ofPharmacy
PHARMACEUTICS-V(CLINICAL PHARMACY)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 MARKS
4TH PROFESSIONAL
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICALPHARMACYTerminology, definition of clinical practice. Basic
components, scope i.e drug distribution system, drug
information, drug utilization and formal education and
training.
2. PATIENT DRUG PROFILE.a. Patient disease profile.
b. taking case history.
c. Drug profle of 25 Drugs( Adrenalin, Aminoglycosides,
Anti-TB, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazebines,
Chepkalosporin, Chloramphenramine, Cemitidine, Digoxin,
Doubtamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolones, Furesmide,
Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide,
Morphine/Pehedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDs, ORS,Pencillins
Prednisolone, Salbutamole and Vancomycin)
3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES.Designing of clinical trials, types of trials, choice of
patients, exclusion of patients, monitoring a clinical trial.
4. DRUG INTERACTIONS AND ADVERSE DRUGREACTIONS.a) Drug interactions mechanism physiological factors
affecting interaction, Types of drug interactions, Role
of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions.
b) Adverse drug reactions: Classification, Excessive
pharmaceutical response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary
pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions,
General Toxicity, Toxicity following drug withdrawal.
5. UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATUREIntroduction, Drug literature selection, Drug literature
evaluation, Drug literature communication.
6. USES OF COMPUTER IN CLINICAL PHARMACYBiopharmaceutics, Generic equivalence,
bioavailability, bioequivalence, drug disposition,
therapeutics pharmacokinetics, biotransformation,
therapeutic equivalents.
7. DRUGS INDUSING DISEASES:8. EMERGANCY TREATMENT
PRACTICALS
Clerkship in the clinical setting project related to the clinical
Pharmacy practices will be completed by the students and will
be evaluated by the External Examiner.
RECOMMANDED BOOKS
1. Roger Walker Clinical Pharmacy and therapeutics,
Churchikk Levinstone London 3rd Ed.2003.
2. Guard Paul A Behavirol Approach to Pharmacy practice,
Black Well USA 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics,
William and Willkings London 1992.
4. A J Winfield pharmaceutical practice Churchill Levistone
London 2nd Ed. 1998.
5. Kaving Taylor Pharmacy practice, Taylor and Francis,
New York 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun Clinical Research Coordinator Hand
Book 2nd Ed. Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina USA.
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Manegnment, Apractical
Quide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited West
Sussex UK.
8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy
Marcel Dekker publishing 2003.
9. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist talking with bpatients
1997.
10. Smith GDG and Aronson J K Oxford Text Book of clinical
Pharmacology and Drug Therapy Oxford University
Press, UK 1990.
11. Hansten P and Horn J Drug interactions, Lee and
Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1998.
PHARMACEUTICS-IV(HOSPITAL PHARMACY)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 MARKS
4TH PROFESSIONAL
2. INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL PHARMACYDefinition of hospital pharmacy, minimum standard
for Pharmacies in hospitals, administration facilities,
drugs distribution, drug information, and abilities
required for hospital pharmacist, management of
pharmacy department in an institution, participation
in research, participation in educational activities,
responsibilities and duties of hospital pharmacist.
3. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATIONDefinition, classification, organization,
administration, medical staff, clinical department,
nursing services, dietetic service,Radiology and other
supportive services medical record department, blood
bank, pathology service.
4. PHARMACY,ITS ORGANIZATION &
PERSONNELSupportive personnel, performance requirement for
pharmacist, departmental activity chart, charting of
pharmacy organization, organization of a large
hospital pharmacy operation, control of personnel.
5. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEEDefinition, purpose, function and scope of committee,
policies of committee, membership, committee’s
agenda, committee’s role in adverse drug action, drug
reaction, drug utilization review, emergency drug
lists.
6. PURCHASING AND INVENTORY CONTROLPurchasing, agent vs. pharmacist, role of pharmacist
in drug procurement, purchasing procedure, store
room arrangement.
7. IN – PATIENT DISPENSINGGuide – lines for hospital drug distribution system,
charge and non – charge floor stock drugs, drug
basket method, mobile dispensing unit, unit dose
dispensing, self medication programs.
9. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTPharmaceutical services to ambulant patient, location
of out - - patient dispensing area, types of
prescription received, dispensing routine.
9. HOSPITAL FORMULARYA. General principles and Guidelines to develop
formulary.
B. Format.
C. Preparation of the Formulary and Role of the
Pharmacist.
D. Benefits and Problems.
E. Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
F. Contraceptives.
10.DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES11.DISPENSING DURING OFF HOURS12.SAFE USE OF MEDICATIONS IN HOSPITAL
(a) Medication errors.
(b) Evaluation and precaution of Medication errors.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in control of medication
errors.
13.MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE14.THE PHARMACY-CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLYROOM15.ASEPTIC DISPENSING16.ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN SMALL HOSPITALS17.NUCLEAR PHARMACY18.THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPEMENT19.INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS20.HEALTH ACCESSORIES21.SURGICAL SUPPLIES22.INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFRENCE TODRUG STORAGE AND ADMINSTRATION23.MANEGEMENT OF ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCYPHARMACY(A&E)24.COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT 100 DRUGS
REGISTERED BY M.O.H GOVERNMENT OFPAKISTAN
RECOMMANDED BOOKS
6. William Hassan Hospital Pharmacy, Lee and Febiger,
Washington, 5th Ed. 1986.
7. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot,
Lahore, Pakistan 2000.
8. Martin Stephen, Hospiotal Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical
press London, 2003.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII(PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY CONTROL)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)Marks 100
4th PROFESSIONAL
1. SCOPEAn understanding of the testing, quality control
program and methods adopted in the pharmaceutical
industry, dosage form control, process control, testing
program and methods, physical, chemical and
biological tests and specification.
2. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR TABLETSPhysical tests-hardness, thickness and diameter,
friability, disintegration, weight variation, chemical
tests content uniformity, assay of active ingredient,
dissolution.
3. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR CAPSULES:Disintegration test, uniformity of weight, assay of
active ingredient.
4. EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTIONPRODUCTS (TABLETS)Stability of availability rate during storage, in vivo
evaluation, in vitro evaluation of sustaining action.
5. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FORSUPPOSITORIES:Disintegration test, uniformity of weight, assay of
active ingredient, melting rang test, liquefaction time
test and breaking test.
6. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR STERILEPRODUCTS (PARENTERALS)Leaker’s test, clarity test, pyrogen test, sterility test for
parenterals and other sterile preparations, and assay
for active ingredient lab test.
7. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYSBiological methods, standard preparations and units
of activity, bioassay of antibiotics, insulin injection,
prepared digitalis, and vitamin D.
8. ALCOHOL DETERMINATIONAlcohol metric method, problems during distillation of
alcohol, method for liquids containing less than 30%
or more than 30% alcohol, and special treatment
before distillation.
9. ALKALOIDAL DRUG ASSAYWeighing for assay, extraction of drug maceration,
percolation, continuous extraction, purification, of
alkaloids, and determination of alkaloids.
10. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS ANDTESTSDetermination of weight per milliliter, water, moisture
content, loss on drying, toxicity test, and identification
test.
12.GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDCESATTACHED TO B.P, BPC AND USP13.STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUALITYCONTROL, CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
PRACTICAL
Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned thoeratical topics and
availabilty of the facilities. E.g. Asssay of various spirits,
Tinctures, Extracts, Syrups and Elixirs, Assay of Onitments and
Suppositories, Assay of tablets and Capsules, Test of Alkalinity
of glass, Detrmination of alcohol contents in the pharmaceutical
preparations and Pyrogen test, Sterility test,, Determination of
Ash contents, Determination of Moisure contents, Determination
of total solides, Determination of Viscosity of Syrup, gels, etc,
Determination of Emulsion types.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. A H Bekett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, part-II and II, The Alton press, London.
2. A M Knevel and F E Digani, Jenkin's Quantitative
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill book company,
New York.
3. K A Connors a text book of pharmaceutical analysis, John-
Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. A Braithwaite and F J S mith Chromatographic Methods,
Chapman and Hall, London.
5. G D Chiristian Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and sons
New York.
6. Karamt A Javeed Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in
class, Industry and Market, Aziz publishers Lahore-
Pakistan 1993.
7. Gil Bismuth and Sosh Neumann, Cleaning, Validation, a
practical approach, CRC press, LLC USA 2003.
8. J T Cartersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability, principles
and practices 3rd Ed.(revised and expanded) Mercel Dekker,
New York 2000.
9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for
Pharmaceuticals, Marcel D ekker publishing.
10. Brynat R the Pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand book,
Aster publishing corporation, Eugene 1989.
11. Braun R E, Introduction to Industerial Analysis, McGraw-
Hill book Co New York 1987.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIINDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)Marks 100
4th Professional
1. DRYINGDefinition, purpose of drying, psychrometry, non-thermal
methods of drying, theory of drying, drying of solids loss on
drying, moisture content, Equilibrium Moisture Contents
(EMC), behavior of solid during drying, classification of
solids based on drying behavior, static bed system, moving
bed system, mobilized bed system, spray during system,
pneumatic system.
2. EVAPORATIONGeneral principle of evaporation, evaporators, evaporation
under reduced pressure.
3. LYOPHILIZATIONDefinition, pharmaceutical applications, pressure
temperature phase diagram, essential components of freeze
drying system, modification in the process and equipment.
4. MIXINGDefinition, purpose of mixing, types of mixing-liquids
mixing-flow characteristics, mechanism of mixing,
equipment for batch and continuous mixing, mixer
selection, solid mixing: mechanism of mixing, equipment for
batch and continuous mixing, mixing of solid with liquids,
mixer selection.
5. MILLING AND MICROMERITICSDefinition, pharmaceutical applications, theory of
comminuting, particle size and size distribution,
determination of particle size, particle volume
measurement, particle shape and surface area,
determination of surface area type of mills; hummer mill,
ball mill, fluid energy mill, cutting mill, roller mill, colloid
mill, selection of mill, techniques of milling.
6. HEAT TRANSFERMethods of heat transfer, heating of fluid jackets and coils,
heat exchangers, design of heating equipment, heat transfer
with change of phase, steam as a heating medium,
properties of steam, practical aspects of use of steam.
7. MASS TRANSFERBrief account of solid/fluid mass transfer and fluid/fluid
mass transfer.
8. FILTRATION AND CLARIFICATIONDefinition, theory of filtration, filter media and filter aids,
filter selection, non-sterile and sterile operation, testing of
filter, filtration equipments-plate and frame press, cartridge
filters, edge filter, continuous rotary vacuum filter, disk
filter, leaf filter, membrane filtration.
9. REFRIGERATIONIntroduction and basic principle of refrigeration.
10. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTIONa. Solid on interface, angle of response, flow rates,
mass volume relationship, Hackle plot, Consolidation.
b. Compression (Dry method, Wet method, slugging)
physics of tableting, tablet mechanics and other
equipment required, problem involved in tableting,
tablet granulation, basic characteristics, granulation
properties.
11. TABLET COATINGEquipments used for coating, coating processes, sugar
coating, film coating, enteric coating, air suspension
coating, coating defects.
12. CAPSULESEquipment used for the filling of hard gelatin capsule, Lilly
& Park Davis, Names of different capsule filling machines,
punch method, extemporaneous filling, formulation,
finishing, imprinting.
13. SUSTAINED ACTION DOSAGE FORMSThe sustained release concept, practical formulation drug
complexes, encapsulated slow release granules, tabletted
slow release granules, matrix tablets, controlled release
technology.
14. MANUFACTURE OF SUPPOSITORIESSuppositories for systemic effect, suppository for local
effect, specify problems in formulating suppositories.
15. PARENTERALSProduction facilities, arrangement area, clean-up area,
preparation area, air cleaning-laminar, flow environment,
U.V. radiations, production procedures, cleaning containers
and equipments, product preparation preservation,
filtration, filling liquids, solids, sealing vials and bottles,
ampoules.
16. PACKAGING MATERIALSGlass containers, plastic containers and their types, drug
plastic consideration permeation, leaching, sorption,
chemical reactivity modification, collapsible tubes and
lamination, closures, film wrapper, blister package, strips
package, shrink banding foil, paper or plastic pouches,
bottle sealing.
17. LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURE OF EMULSIONSUSPENSION AND SEMSOLIDS
18. PILOT PLANT SCAL-UP TECHNIQUEPrinciples of pharmaceutical Formulation and product
Development.
19. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTINGTHEORETIC CONSIDERATIONDegradation:
a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic
strength, acid base classis, UV Light.
b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reaction
oxidation reduction, hydrolysis.
c) Influence of packaging components: Glass, plastic and
other materials.
20. STUDY TOURTo visit the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral
part of syllabus.
NOTE: The candidates are required to work for 300 hours in
Factory, Hospital, shop or dispensary, during summer
vacation. They must maintain a diary of work signed
daily by the manager.
PRACTICAL
1. Study of different parts of single punch machine.
2. Preparation of tablets by direct compression.
3. Preparation of aspirin tablets by dry granulation methods.
4. Preparation of chewable pediatric aspirin tablets.
5. Preparation of mineral oil emulsion with the help of
homogenizer.
6. Evaluation of suspending agent against control.
7. Determination of angle of repose.
8. Filling of hard gelatin capsule with hand operated capsule
filling machine.
9. Preparation of glycerin suppositories.
10.Preparation of glycerinated gelatin suppositories.
11.Determination of particle size, determination of granule
powder.
12.Evaluation of suspending and flocculating agents individually
against control.
13.Preparation of 40% cod liver oil emulsion.
14.Provided sample of powder.
15.Determination of displacement value in suppositories.
16. Determination of moisture cont (MC) and loss on drying of
various samples of drugs.
RECOMMANDED BOOKS
1. Lackman, Theory and practice of industrial
pharmacy,Verghese publishing House, Bombay 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn's Tutorial pharmacy CBS Publishers
and distributors New Delhi 1986.
3. Bentley's Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers and
distributors New Delhi 1986.
4. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack publishing
company, USA 2001 .
5. John Sharp Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Practice, Rational and Compliance.
PHARMACEUTICS-VII(BIOPHARMACEUTICS)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 MARKS
4th PROFESSIONAL
1. DEFINITIONS AND TECHNOLOGYBiopharmaceutics, Generic equivalence,
bioavailability, bioequivalence, drug disposition,
therapeutics pharmacokinetics, biotransformation,
therapeutic equivalents.
2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION ANDPHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONForces which help intransmembrane movements. pH.
Partition theory, lipid solubility, Factors affecting
bioavailability.
3. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICSDetermination through Plasma drug level studies.
Application pharmacokinetics in clinical situations.
4. CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT (S) MODELSOne compartment open mode. Two compartment
open model. Three compartment open model. Non-
compartmental method of analysis.
5. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OFDISTRIBUTIONConcept, Methods of Determination.
6. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIESPurpose, relative and absolute bioavailability.
Determination of bioavailability.
7. DRUG CLEARANCEMechanism, determination and relationship of
clearance with half-life.
8. ELIMINATION OF DRUGSa) Hepatic Elimination
Percent of drug metabolized, drug
biotransformation reactions (Phase I reaction
and phase II reactions).
First pass effect. Hepatic clearance of protein
bound drugs. Billiary excretion of drugs.
b) Renal Excretion of Drugs.
Renal clearance. Tubular secretion. Tubular
reabsorption.
c) Elimination of Drugs through other organs.
Pulmonary excretion. Salivary excretion.
Mammary excretion. Skin excretion. Genital
excretion.
9. PROTEIN BINDINGDetermination of plasma protein binding. Clinical
significance of drug protein binding.
10. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION INRESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITYMethods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate
of dissolution.
11. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGIMEN12. INTRAVENOUS INFUSION13. BIOPHARMACEUTCAL AND PK ASPECTS INDEVELOPING DOSAGE FORM14. APPLICATION OF PK AND B.A IN CLINICALSITUATIONS15. APPLICATION OF PK IN DISEASE STATES.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS1. Leon Shargel applied Pharmacokinetics and
Biopharmaceutics, Appletone and Lange New York 4th Ed. 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer Clinical
pharmacokinetics, William and Willkins London 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics
Marchel and Dakker Inc New York 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ
and Hall London 1986.
5. Robert E Notari Biopharmaceutics and Clinical
Pharmacokinetics, Marchel and Dakker Inc New York 1988.
6. Stephan H Curry Drug Dispostion and Pharmacokinetics
Black Well Scientific publishing Oxford 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development,
Paramount press, New York 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi Text book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical
Pharmacokinetics, Appleton-Century-Crofts, new York 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics
of Orally administred Drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited London
1995.
10.Albert P Li, Invitro Approaches for Evaluation of Drug Efficacy
and Toxicity, CRC press, LLC USA, 2004.
11.Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery
and Development, CRC, Press, LLC, USA,2002.
PRACTICALS
Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on
the basis of the above mentioned thoeratical topics and
availabilty of the facilities.
12.Blood Sampling Techniques: In laboratory animals like dog,
rabbits, mice etc. in human beings.
13.Plasma level time curve: Determination of pharmacokinetics
parameters.
14.Optional dose determination.
15.Measurement of rate of bioavailability.
16.Determination of plasma protein binding.
17.Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability.
18.Urinary sampling Techniques: In laboratory animals, In
humans, Renal excretion of drugs or drug disposition.
FINAL PROFESSIONALMARKS
Theory Practical Total
Paper 1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (MedicinalChemistry) 100 100 200
Paper 2. Pharmaceutics-IX(Clinical Pharmacy) 100 100 200
Paper 3. Forensic Pharmacy 100 100
Paper 4. Pharmaceutical Technology 100 100 200
Paper 5. Pharmaceutical Management &Marketing 100 100
Paper 6. Computer and its application inPharmacy 50 50 100
TOTAL 900
GROSS TOTAL 4550
_______________________
DEANFaculty ofPharmacy
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY–III(MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY)SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)Marks 100
5th PROFESSIONAL
1. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND BIOLOGICALACTIVITYIntroduction, the effect of certain structural features, Alkyl
groups, Amines, Alcohols and Phenols, Aldehydes and
Ketones, Acids, Halogens
2. ALKALOIDSGeneral character, classification, methods of extraction.
Special study of Atropine, morphine and related compounds:
Papaverine, cocaine, ephedrine and reserpine, Ergotamine.
3. CYCLIC COMPOUNDSMenthol, Camphor, Santonin, Carotene, Cyclopropane
4. PROTEINOUS AND STEROIDAL HORMONES:
Portentous Hormones: Brief Description, Basic Chemistry.
Mechanism of Action: Insulin Growth Hormone,
Follicular-stimulating hormone,
Luteinizing hormone, thyroid
stimulating hormone.
Steroidal Hormones: Brief Description, Basic
Chemistry, mechanism of
action, structure activity
relationship, and uses.
Natural Sex Hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone,
Androgens.
5. ANTIBIOTICSIntroduction, classification, chemical structure, and
mechanism of action, structure activity relationship and uses
of: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol,
Tetracycline, Oxytetracyclin , and Kanamycin.
6. VITAMINSGeneral character, synthesis and uses of Vitamin A, B
Complex, C, D & Folic Acid.
7. SYNTHETIC DRUGSBrief description, basic chemistry, mechanism of action, SAR
Synthesis and uses of:
SEDATIVE AND HYPNOTICS: Barbiturates (Phenobarbitone)
Phenothiazines (Chlorpromazine).
GENERAL AND LOCALANAESTHETICS:
Cyclopropane, Halothane, Procaine,
Novacaine.
ANTIPYRETIC AND ANALGESICS: Salicylates (Aspirin), Aminophenol
derivatives (Acetanilide),
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) and
Phenacetin.
Miscellaneous , Indomethacin ,
Mefenamic acid , Ibuprofen.
ANTISEPTICS: Alcohol (Ethanol), Nitrofurazone,
Gentian Violet , Chloroxylenol,
Iodoform.
SULPHA DRUGS: Sulphonamides (Sulphanilamide,
sulphadizaine , Sulphacetamide).
ANTIMALARIALS: 4-Aminoquinolines (Chloroquine,
Amodiaquine).
8- Aminoquinoline (primaquine).
ANTHELMINATICS: Piperazine, Thiabendazole.
DIURETICS: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
(Acetazolamide).
High Ceiling Diuretic. (Furosemide) ,
osmotic Diuretic.
ANTITUBERCULARS: Isoniazid, Ethambutol.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE: Methyldopa, Hydralazine.
ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS: Aromatic Nitrogen Mustards,
(Chlorambucil , Cyclophosphamide).
Fluropyrimidines
(5-Fluorouracil), Antimetabolites,
Methotrexate.
PRACTICALPractical of the subject shall be designed on the basis of the
above mentioned theoretical topics and the availability of the
facilities. E.g. Estimation of function groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy,
Amino and Nitro groups; Determination of Molecular weight of
Organic compounds. Synthesis of Paracetamol, salicylic Acid,
Methy1 salicylate, Azobenzene, P-nitrosophenol,
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. A. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry.
2. Wilson’s Textbook of Organic Medicinal & Pharmaceutical
Chemistry.
3. Salerni Natural & Synthetic Organic Medicinal Compounds.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia.
6. Quick Index of Medical Products (QIMP).
PHARMACRUTICSY-IX(CLINICAL PHARMACY)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
5th PROFESSIONAL
1. RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS:Rational prescribing, rational dispensing, problems of
irrational drug use, learning about drug use problem,
sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use.
2. INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIAL DRUGS:Criteria for selection, usage and advantages.
3. DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW AND EVALUATION:
Development of protocol of use of few very low therapeutic index
drug group like, Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine.
New technologies in drug delivery system.
4. DRUG ABUSE AND MISE:
5. PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS:Therapeutic drug monitoring of Digoxin,
Gentamycin, Lithium, Vancomycin,
Phenobarbitone, Valporic Acid etc.
6. PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES:
7. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE:
8. ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY IN COMMUNITYPHARMACY:
9. CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS:
a. General strategy: Terminology of Disease, Management and
treatment, drug selection.
b. Basic introduction of some clinical situations, their clinical
features, etiology, pathphysiology and treatment of causes:
Common Cold, Phayngitis, Tonsillitis, Pneumonia, TB,
Diarrhea, Malaria, Meningitis, Tetanus, Typhoid, Measles,
Rabies, AIDS, CCF, Conjunctivitis, Anemia, Gout, Asthma,
Ulcer, DM, Hypertension, Hepatitis, Dermatology(Scabies,
Fungal diseases)
10. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY:a. General information, Role of Pharmacist in treatment
of poisoning and general management of poisoning
and over dosage, Role and status of poison control
center.
b. Antidotes and their mechanism of action.
11. SAVE I/V THERAPY & HAZARDS OF I/V
THERAPY:
12. NON-COMPLIANCE:Definition, Introduction and importance, Extent of
non0compliance, Method of assessment, Reason for
non-compliance, Strategies for improving and
designing of compliance trails.
PracticalClerkship in the Clinical Setting / A project related to Clinical
Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will
evaluate by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
Pharmaceutical Care Practice by Robert J. Cipolle (Author) Peter
C Morley (Author), Linda M. Strand (Author) (2006).
International Pharmaceutical Services: The Drug Industry and
Pharmacy practice in Twenty-Three Major Countries of the
world.
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY(WRITTEN)
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
5th PROFESSIONAL
1. PRINCIPLE OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
AND DOSAGE FORM DESIGN:a. Product Formulation b. Need for Dosage form
c. Preformulation studies
2. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT:a. Pharmaceutical Aerosols b. Ophthalmic Preparations
c. Parenteral Preparations.
3. ADVANCED FORMULATION TECHNIQUES:
Development of a formulation methodology and flow plan for the
new product.
New technologies in drug delivery system.
4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:a. Introduction to Drug Carrier
i.Liposomes as a Drug Carrier
ii. Niosomes as a Drug Carrier
iii. Biodegradable pholymers as a Drug
Carrier
b. Active and Passive Drug Delivery System.
c. Other Novel GIT Systems.
5. MODEFIED DRUG RELEASE DOSAGE FORM:a. The concept of sustained Release
b. First Order Release approximation
c. Multiple Dosing
d. Implementation of Designing
e. Approaches based upon dosage form modification
f. Product evaluation and testing
g. Matrices tablets.
h. Control Release Technology
i.Micro encapsulation
ii. Method of particle coating
iii. Instrumentation in granule
manufacturing
6. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:a. Biotechnical aspect in the product development
b. Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering and its
application in Medicine
c. Principle synthesis and Application of Monoclonal
Antibodies
d. Introduction to Gene Therapy
e. Immobilized Enzymes and their application in
Medicine
f. General Principle and Methods of Microbial Assay
PRACTICAL
The practical of the subject shall be designed from time to
time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics
and the avaiulability of the facilities. E.g:
1. Various techniques to develop the formulation.
2. Granulation technology.
3. Study of drug delivery system.
4. Biotechnological aspect of product development
5. In-vitro quality control of various dosage forms.
6. Microbial Assay
7. Particle size analysis using various methods.
8. Stability studies of pharmaceuticals.
9. Coating of particles.
10. To prepare, examine and control specifications of
packaging materials
Note: A minimum of 20 practical will be conducted.
Recommended Books:
1. Drug delivery and targeting by Anya M. Hellery
2. Controlled drug delivery by Joseph R. Robinson
3. Pharmaceutical design and development by T.V.
Ramabhadran
4. Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design by
M.E.Aulton
5. Modern pharmaceutics by Banker
6. Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms
by John A. Bontempo
7. Controlled and Novel drug delivery by N.K. jain.
8. Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System by
Ansel.
FORENSIC PHARMACYSESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)Marks 100
5th Professional
2. STUDY OF DRUG LAWS:A. The drugs act 1976 and Rules framed there under.
B. Provincial drug Rules(Respective Drug Rules will be
taught in the relevant Province)
C. Advertisement rules.
D. Other related rules and Legal aspects.
3. THE PHARMACY ACT 1967:4. THE DANGERUS DRUGS 1930:5. THE FACTORY LAW 1934:6. SHOPS AND STABLISHMENT ORDINANCE:7. THE POISON ACT 1919:8. CONTROL OF NARCOTICS SUBSTANCES ACT 1997:
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. R Z Hussain, The Mannual of Drug Laws in Pakistan,
Irfan Book house Lahore Pakistan.
2. The Pharmacy Act 1967.
3. The Poison Act 1919.
4. The Dangerous Act 1930.
5. The Factory Law 1934.
6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969.
7. Control of Narcotics Substances 1977.
PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT ANDMARKETING
SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
5th PROFESSIONAL
1. MANAGEMENT:a. Nature and principle of management.
b. Types and functions of Manager.
c. Planning, Purpose and types of planning, steps in planning.
d. Organization.
e. Management control system, purpose, steps in control
process, forms of operation control, requirements for adequate
control, critical control points and standards.
f. Motivation.
g. Innovation and creativity.
h. Communication.
2. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT:
Material Management
3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT:
Marketing Channls, Promotion and Advertisement and sales
man ship
4. SALES MANAGEMENT:Personal, Buying, Receiving, Pricing, Sales promotion
and customer services.
5. PHARMACY LAYOUT DESIGNED:Objectives of layout design , types of community
Pharmacies(Pharmaceutical center, Prescription-oriented
pharmacies, Traditional pharmacies and the super drug
Store), Consumer goods and purchases, classes of layout
designs, principles and characteristics of layout design and
traffic flow analysis.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. M A and N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and
Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2002.
2. C Patrick Tharp and Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy
Management for students and practitioners, the C V
Mosby company, st. Louis, Toronto London 1979.
3. Harry A Smith Principle and Methods of Pharmacy
Management, Lea and Febiger Philadelphia 1986.
COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONPHARMACY (WRITTEN)SESSION (2004-2009)
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY (PHARM-D)100 Marks
5th PROFESSIONAL
1. FUNDAMENTALS BASIC CONCEPT OF COMPUTERS
History of Data Processing
Types of Computers
Computer System and Business Computer System
Backing Storage Devices
Unit of Memory
Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues
2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
What is a System
Steps in system life cycle
Data Gathering and Data Analysis
Designing a New System
Development and Implementation of New System
Documentation
3. DATA PROCESSING
Data Processing
The Data Processing Cycle
The Collection and Computing of Data
Manual collection of data
The main methods of data input
Devices used to collect data
Data verification
Data validation
Output and Recording of data
Types of data processing systems
Types of Computer Operation
Batch Processing and Real-Time Processing
4. DATA COMMUNICATION:
Application of Data Communication
Components of Data Communication System
Rate of data Transmission
Computer Networks
Network Topology
Gateway
E-mail/Internet Concepts
Practical
1. Introduction to Microsoft Windows and its different
packages like word, Excel, Power Point etc.
2. Internet and E-mail
Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5
Addresses, Kinds and Downloading
Searching the Internet
E-mail and Newsgroups
Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer
3. Web Page Development
Introduction to Front-page
Creating a First Web site
Basic Formatting Techniques
Manipulating Tables within Front-page
Front-page, Picture and Multimedia
Hyper linking, bookmarks and Image Maps
Introducing Front-page “components”.
Front-page and Frames
Managing your web
Good site design, Publishing and publicizing
4. Complete Statistical Package like SPSS.
5. Languages: At least two prevailing languages will be
taught.
Books Recommended
1. Introduction to computers
2. Comprehensive computer studies
3. Windows-XP 2002
Note: The candidates are required to work for a minimum of 300
hours in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing unit, Retail/
Community Pharmacy/Hospital setting after the final year
examination. They must maintain a diary of work signed daily by
the manager.
GENERAL REGULATIONS
The following general regulations will be applicable for
students of PHARM-D.
1. The PHARM-D First, Second, Third, Fourth and Final
Professional Examination shall be held twice a year on such
dates as many are fixed by the University authority every
year.
2. A student who completes the required percentage of
attendance as per University rules in theory and practical
shall be allowed to join the next higher class provisionally.
However if such a candidate fails to qualify at least two
subject excluding Islamic & Pak. Studies in the 1st
Professional PHARM-D Supplementary examination or any
two subjects in 2nd/3rd/4th/5th Professional PHARM-D
Supplementary examination his/her provisional promotion
to (the present) higher class shall automatically stand
cancelled.
3. A student who is promoted to next higher class
provisionally on the basis of attendance will be considered
as regularly promoted if he passes at least two subjects in
the annual/supplementary examination. However this
category of student shall not be allowed any further
promotion to next higher class unless he/she passes the
lower examination. A candidate shall not be permitted to
appear in the higher examination unless he passes the
lower examination.
4. The minimum number of marks required to pass the
examination shall be 50% in theory and 50% in practical
examination concurrently in each subject. Any candidate
failing practical exam shall be deemed to have failed in
theory exam as well and vice versa.
5. A candidate who passes in one or more subjects, but fails in
the examination may be given exemption from appearing in
that subject. However, he may appear in any subsequent
examination on payment of the prescribed fee as per
University rules. If he/she obtains pass marks in the failing
subject/subjects according to regulation 4 above, he/she
shall be deemed to have passed the examination provided
that candidate who comes under exemption must complete
the whole yearly examination within four consecutive
attempts including the first annual examination fixed for
that class.
A candidate who fails to appear in the annual examination,
or fails to pass any subject or subjects of the examination,
before being permitted to reappear at a subsequent
examination shall produce evidence of having pursued such
a course of studies in that subject or subjects as the Board
of Studies may determine.
6. Candidates who have obtained 80% of the marks in any
subject shall be deemed to have obtained distinction in that
subject, provided that no candidate who does not pass in all
subjects of the examination at one time shall be declared to
have passed with distinction in any subject.
7. The practical shall be conducted by a Board of Examiners,
one external and a maximum of three and a minimum of
two internal examiners of concerned subject.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION1ST PROFESSIONAL
REGULATIONS
1. Doctor of Pharmacy 1st Professional Examination shall be
open to any student who:-
(i) Has been enrolled during the academic year preceding
the examination in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
(ii) Has passed not less than one year previously after the
Intermediate Examination with premedical group of
subjects of any of the Board of Intermediate and
Secondary Education in Pakistan. Or any other
examination recognized by the Gomal University as
equivalent to this examination.
(iii) Has his name submitted to the controller of
examinations by the Chairman/Dean, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
2. Those students, who fail to qualify PHARM-D 1st
Professional Examination in four consecutive attempts from
the date of 1st annual examination fixed for that class, shall
not be allowed to remain on the rolls of the Faculty of
Pharmacy and they shall not appear in any Pharmacy
Examination. However, in the case of hardship the Vice
Chancellor may give such students one special chance (5th)
on the recommendations of the Board of Faculty in
Pharmacy. This special chance is meant only for 1st
Professional students. Student struck-off from the
Pharmacy roll because of failure in allotted number of
chances will not be considered for readmission on any merit
or against any reserved seat.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION2ND PROFESSIONAL
REGULATIONS
Doctor of Pharmacy 2nd Professional Examination shall be
open to any student who:-
(i) Has been enrolled during the academic year preceding
the examination in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
(ii) Has previously passed the 1st Professional
Examination for the Doctor of Pharmacy of Gomal
University or any examination considered equivalent
for the purpose by the Academic Council on the
recommendations of the Board of Studies in
Pharmacy.
(iii) Has his/her name submitted to the controller of
examinations by the Chairman/Dean, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION3RD PROFESSIONAL
REGULATIONS
Doctor of Pharmacy 3rd Professional Examination shall be
open to any student who:-
(i) Has been enrolled during the academic year preceding
the examination in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
(ii) Has previously passed the 2nd Professional
Examination for the Doctor of Pharmacy of Gomal
University or any examination considered equivalent
for the purpose by the Academic Council on the
recommendations of the Board of Studies in
Pharmacy.
(iii) Has his/her name submitted to the Controller of
Examination by the Chairman/Dean, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION 4th
PROFESSIONAL
REGULATIONS
Doctor of Pharmacy Fourth Professional Examination shall
be open to any student who:-
(i) Has been enrolled during the academic year preceding
the examination in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
(ii) Has previously passed the 3rd Professional
Examination for the Doctor of Pharmacy of Gomal
University or any examination considered equivalent
for the purpose by the Academic Council on the
recommendations of the Board of Studies in
Pharmacy.
(iii) Has his/her name submitted to the Controller of
Examinations by the Chairman/Dean, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION 5th
PROFESSIONAL
REGULATIONS
Doctor of Pharmacy Final Professional Examination shall be
open to any student who:-
(i) Has been enrolled during the academic year preceding
the examination in the Faculty of Pharmacy.
(ii) Has previously passed the 4th Professional
Examination for the Doctor of Pharmacy of Gomal
University or any examination considered equivalent
for the purpose by the Academic Council on the
recommendations of the Board of Studies in
Pharmacy.
(iii) Has his/her name submitted to the Controller of
Examinations by the Chairman/Dean, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
INTERPRETATION OF RULES OF ANNUALSYSTEM NUMBERED AS PER ORIGINAL
REGULATIONS AND STATUTES
1. GENERAL STATUTES NO .1
Maximum duration for completion of PHARM-D degree will
be ten calendar years starting from the date of admission
2. GENERAL STATUTES No. 2
Foreign and non-Muslim students who choose to substitute
Islamic studies with Ethics can do so.
3. GENERAL REGULATIONS NO.1
Students of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th professional promoted
provisionally on the basis of attendance will be reverted back to
previous professional, if they are unable to pass at least two
subjects in the first two chances of annual and supplementary
examination. However, attendance will not be required again in
the lower professional.
4. GENERAL REGULATIONS NO.2
Seventy Five present (75%) attendance is necessary for the
promotion to next class. Students while talking supplementary
examinations will not be considered present. The production of
medical certificate will not be counted towards presence but only
to defer cancellation of admission. Continuous absence in all the
classes for ten days will result in the cancellation of admission.
Readmission on the payment of the required fee in each
professional is perishable under the university rules.
5. GENERAL REGULATION NO.3
If the student appears in the annual examination and fails
all subjects, or does not appear at all. But he / she passes all the
subjects of that professional in the supplementary examination,
the students is eligible to appear in the examination of the next
professional if he/she fulfills the attendance requirements.
6. GENERAL REGULATIONS NO.4
The students will not be allowed to appear in theory or
practical alone. In case a student is allowed to miss practical as a
special case on the basis of unavoidable circumstances (Prior
permission necessary), his first chance, whichever may be, will be
considered his only chance to pass the practical in order to avail
the results of curlier theory exam, otherwise his theory results
will stand cancelled. Out of nine (9) questions set in theory
examination, the students will be required to attempt five (5)
questions, thus availing a choice of eighty percent.
7. GENERAL REGULATIONS NO.5
Students appearing first time in supplementary
examination after clearing the previous examination will be
considered as availing the first chance on the payment of annual
free, even though this is the supplementary examination. The
future chance will be considered as they appear.
8. GENERAL REGULATION NO.6
The number of chances allowed to a student in any
professional will be counted consecutive (continuous) Even if the
students avails any chance or not.
9. GENERAL REGULATIONS NO.7
The students of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5thprofessional must
clear all the subject of the respective professional in 6
consecutive chances including the original, subject to the total
period of graduation, i.e. ten calendar years. The case of such
students not passing the aforementioned examination in 6
chances will be considered in the board of students meeting for
final decision.
10. INCREASE IN EXAMINATION TIME
The board of study meeting held on December 2, 1995
decided to increase the theory examination time to 3 ½ hours.
ITEMS FOR CONSIDERATION OF THEBOARD OF STUDIESDOCTOR OF PHARMACY EXAMINATION 1ST
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
RULE-2Those students who fail to qualify PHARM-D 1st professional
examination in four consecutive attempts from the date of 1st
annual examination fixed for that class shall not be allowed to
remain on the rolls of faculty of Pharmacy and they shall not
appear in any pharmacy examination.
However, in case of hardship, the Vice Chancellor may give on
special chance on the recommendations of the Board of Studies
in Pharmacy. This special chance is meant only for first
professional.
NOTEFURTHER EXPLANATION OF GENERAL
REGULATIONS
1. A student who completes there required %age of attendance
as per university rules, in theory and practical, shall be
allowed to join the next higher class provisionally. However,
if such a candidate fails to pass at least two subject,
excluding Islamic and Pak. Studies, in the First Prof.
PHARM-D, supplementary examination, his/her provisional
promotion to the 2nd Professional shall automatically stand
cancelled.
A candidate whose provisional promotion to 2nd class has
been canceled, his/her attendance in 2nd professional shall
be canceled automatically. He/She will appear in the next
coming PHARM-D 1st Professional examination with new 1st
professional. Again he will be promoted provisionally to 2nd
professional with new 1st professional class. Again he/she
will be treated under the above mentioned rules.
2. A student who is promoted to 2nd professional provisionally
on the basis of attendance, will be considered as regularly
promoted, if he/she passes at least two subjects in the
annual/supply exam:. However, this category of students
shall not be allowed any further promotion to the 2nd
professional examination unless he/she passes first
professional.
3. A candidate who has passed at least two subjects in 1st
professional annual/supplementary examination and clears
all remaining subjects in the annual exam. He is eligible to
appear in 2nd professional supply exam. After appearing in
2nd professional supply examination, he/she will be
promoted provisionally to 3rd year class. Now if such a
candidate pass all subjects 2nd professional in the supply
exam, he/she will provided his attendance in 3rd
professional class are up to the required %age. If he/she
clear at least two in 2nd professional supply/annual will
considered a regularly promoted to 3rd professional. If a
candidate fails to pass at least promotion will cancelled
automatically.
4. The same mentioned rule will be applied for next higher
classes.