Phil Rowe’s Legacy: Enabling Sustainable Banana Production ... · Randy Ploetz University of...

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International Banana Congress Sustainable Banana Production: Plant Breeding, Food Security,

Agronomy, Management and Carbon Neutrality and Carbon Neutrality

A tribute to Dr. Phillip Rowe

Phil Rowe’s Legacy: Enabling Sustainable Banana Production with Disease- and Pest-Resistant Hybrids Randy Ploetz University of Florida, Tropical Research & Education Center, Homestead FL USA

Chronology Late 1800s Panama disease begins to decimate export production of ‘Gros Michel’

1922 Banana breeding program begins in Trinidad (Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture) to develop Panama disease-resistant replacement for ‘Gros Michel’; entire program transferred in 1960 to Jamaica (1924)

1922 Banana breeding program begins in Trinidad (Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture) to develop Panama disease-resistant replacement for ‘Gros Michel’; transferred in 1960 to Jamaica

1959 Banana breeding program begun in Honduras by United Fruit Company (UFC); 1959-1961, Paul H. Allen and J.J. Ochse lead expeditions

to Western Pacific and Southeast Asia to collect banana germplasm

Paul H. Allen

1959 Banana breeding program begun in Honduras by United Fruit Company (UFC); 1959-1961, Paul Allen and J.J. Ochse lead expeditions

1960s Export trades complete conversion from ‘Gros Michel’ to Cavendish cvs

Ulua Valley Honduras

1971 Phil Rowe begins career as banana breeder with UFC

What challenges did Phil face as a banana breeder, and what were his accomplishments?

Requirements for export ideotype banana (challenges faced by banana breeders) Stover and Simmonds, 1987; Ortiz, Ferris and Vuylsteke, 1995

• Resistance to all races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Subtropical race 4 Tropical race 4

Race 1 Race 2

• Resistance to all races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Sigatoka leafspots

Mycosphaerella speckle M h ll

Eumusae leafspot M h ll

(yellow) Sigatoka Mycosphaerella musicola

Black leafstreak (black Sigatoka) Mycosphaerella fijiensis

• Resistance to all races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Sigatoka leafspots and nematodes

Radopholus similis Pratylenchus coffeae

Helicotylenchus multicynctus

• Resistance to all races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Sigatoka leafspots and nematodes

• Yield similar to Cavendish cvs, dwarfism and ratooning as for ‘Grand Nain’

• Regulated sucker development • Foliar characteristics and production efficiency not

inferior to ‘Grand Nain’ • Long fingers with shape and strengths similar to

Cavendish cvs • Acceptable flavor (analogous to Cavendish) • Post-harvest attributes similar to Cavendish

1970s With D.L. Richardson and Franklin Rosales, Phil evaluates UFC germplasm and utilizes it to develop superior male and female parents

‘Lidi’ ‘Sinwobogi’

= SH-1734 Musa acuminata

Philippines

Ortiz, Ferris and Vuylsteke, 1995

SH-1734

‘Pisang jari buaya’

SH-3142

Outstanding disease resistance and bunch characteristics of SH-3142 made it an extremely useful male and female parent , *, and a parent of a parent of an advanced hybrid, (*)

* * * * *

(*) (*)

SH-2095

‘Tja

‘Sin

ogi’

‘Guy

gaddaa

oboggg

yoodd’

Outstanding bunch and finger characters came from diverse sources…

SH-2095

-7272 = SH-3217

SH-3217

‘Calcutta 4’

SH-2989

…and when used with BLS resistant lines…

SH-2989

‘Calcutta 4’

SH-2989

…yielded parents with BLS resistance and large bunches

SH-3437

1959 Banana breeding program begun in Honduras by United Fruit Company (UFC); 1959-1961, Paul Allen and J.J. Ochse lead expeditions to Western Pacific and Southeast Asia to collect banana germplasm

1970s With D.L. Richardson and Franklin Rosales, Phil evaluates UFC germplasm and utilizes it to develop superior male parents

Late 1980s FHIA releases first disease-resistant, high-yielding hybrids

Genomes and pedigrees of FHIA hybrids FHIA-01 AAAB aka ‘Goldfinger’. ‘Santa Catarina Prata’ x SH-3142

FHIA-02 AAAA aka ‘Mona Lisa’. ‘Williams’ x SH-3393

FHIA-03 AABB aka ‘Sweetheart’. SH-3386 (‘Gaddatu’ x BB) x SH-2471) x SH-3320

FHIA-17 AAAA. ‘Highgate’ x SH-3362

FHIA-18 AAAB aka ‘Bonanza’ or ‘Bananza’. ‘Prata Ana’ x SH-3142

FHIA-20 AAAB. ‘AVP-67’ (French plantain) x SH-3437

FHIA-25 AAB. SH-3648 x SH-3142

SH 3436-9 AAAA. ‘Highgate’ x SH-3142

SH-3640 aka ‘High noon’

Adoption and production of FHIA hybrids occurs in over 50 countries, especially in Cuba

Genomes, pedigrees and attributes of FHIA hybrids FHIA-01 AAAB aka ‘Goldfinger’. ‘Santa Catarina Prata’ x SH-3142

• Good tolerance to:

• black leaf streak (black Sigatoka) • Fusarium wilt (including TR4) • Radopholus similis • crown rot

• Exceptional yield of subacid dessert fruit

• Produced in over 50 countries; one of IDRC’s original “organic” bananas; adapted to a wide range of climates, including subtropical conditions and high altitudes.

• Resistant to BLS, but susceptible to races 1 and 4 of Fusarium wilt in Australia

• High bunch weights over relatively short cycle times

• IDRC’s second “organic” banana in Canada

• Tolerance to black Sigatoka, Fusarium wilt, Moko disease, and nematodes

• Grown commercially in Cuba (where it is eaten primarily as a ripe dessert banana) and Grenada.

• Adapted to a wide range of climates, including subtropical conditions and high altitudes

• Tolerance to race 1 of Fusarium wilt, Cosmopilites sordidus, and BLS

• Performs well in subtropics and at higher altitudes

• Fruit ripens naturally to a golden yellow without the gassing

FHIA-21 AAAB. ‘AVP-67’ (French plantain) x SH-3142 • Tolerant to race 1 and 2 of Fusarium wilt and BLS

• Grown commercially in Cuba, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, México, Dominican Republic and Colombia.

• Double the yield of traditional French plantain

FHIA-25 AAB. SH-3648 x SH-3142

SH 3436-9 AAAA. ‘Highgate’ x SH-3142

SH-3640 aka ‘High noon’

Disease performance

G. Walduck and A. Daly

Characteristics of germplasm tested against tropical race 4 in Northern Territory, Australia

R R SS R SS R

FHIA-25 FHIA-01 FHIA-18

G. Walduck and A. Daly

Characteristics of germplasm tested against TR4 in NT, Australia

FHIA-17 FHIA-23 SH-3640

VS VS VS VS VS VS

Characteristics of germplasm tested against tropical race 4 in Northern Territory, Australia

Bingzhi et al 2004 South China

Accession OriginCountry Institutea Genome Type Pedigree/Derivation

CRBP 39 Cameroon CARBAP AAAB Plantain hybrid French Clair (AAB) x M53 (AA)FHIA-02 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert Williams (AAA) x SH-3393 (AA)FHIA-17 Honduras FHIA AAAA Dessert Gros Michel (AAA) x SH-3362 (AA)FHIA-18 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-23 Honduras FHIA AAAA Dessert banana Highgate (AAA) x SH-3362 (AA)PA 03-22 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x Calcuta 4 (AA)PA 12-03 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x Lidi (AA)PITA 16 Nigeria IITA AAB Plantain hybrid TMPx 4479-1 (AAAB) x SH 3362 (AA)PV 03-44 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x Calcuta 4 (AA)PV 42-320 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)PV 42-53 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)PV 42-81 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)SH 3640 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3393 (AA)Grand Nainb Puerto Rico Local selection AAA Dessert Cavendish mutant selectionMaricongob Puerto Rico Local selection AAB True Plantain Dwarf mutant of CongoYangambi km 5b D.R. Congo Local selection AAA Dessert/Ibota -FHIA-01c Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-21c Honduras FHIA AAAB Plantain hybrid AVP-67 (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-25c,d Honduras FHIA AAB Cooking banana SH-3648 (4x) x SH-3142 (AA)TMB2x 9128-3c Nigeria IITA AA Diploid hybrid Tjau lagada (AA) x Pisang lilin (AA)

Germplasm tested for response to black leaf streak and yield over two cropping cycles in Isabela, Puerto Rico (Irish et al.

manuscript in review)

Accession OriginCountry Institutea Genome Type Pedigree/Derivation

CRBP 39 Cameroon CARBAP AAAB Plantain hybrid French Clair (AAB) x M53 (AA)FHIA-02 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert Williams (AAA) x SH-3393 (AA)FHIA-17 Honduras FHIA AAAA Dessert Gros Michel (AAA) x SH-3362 (AA)FHIA-18 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-23 Honduras FHIA AAAA Dessert banana Highgate (AAA) x SH-3362 (AA)PA 03-22 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x Calcuta 4 (AA)PA 12-03 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x Lidi (AA)PITA 16 Nigeria IITA AAB Plantain hybrid TMPx 4479-1 (AAAB) x SH 3362 (AA)PV 03-44 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x Calcuta 4 (AA)PV 42-320 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)PV 42-53 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)PV 42-81 Brazil EMBRAPA AAAB Dessert/Pome Pacovan (AAB) x M-53 (AA)SH 3640 Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3393 (AA)Grand Nainb Puerto Rico Local selection AAA Dessert Cavendish mutant selectionMaricongob Puerto Rico Local selection AAB True Plantain Dwarf mutant of CongoYangambi km 5b D.R. Congo Local selection AAA Dessert/Ibota -FHIA-01c Honduras FHIA AAAB Dessert/Pome Prata Aña (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-21c Honduras FHIA AAAB Plantain hybrid AVP-67 (AAB) x SH-3142 (AA)FHIA-25c,d Honduras FHIA AAB Cooking banana SH-3648 (4x) x SH-3142 (AA)TMB2x 9128-3c Nigeria IITA AA Diploid hybrid Tjau lagada (AA) x Pisang lilin (AA)

Germplasm tested for response to black leaf streak and yield over two cropping cycles in Isabela, Puerto Rico (Irish et al.

manuscript in review)

TMB2x 9128 3 Nigeria IITA AA Diploid hybrid gadaTjau la da xx(AA) lilinPisang n (AA)

Seven advanced FHIA lines were evaluated (FHIA-01, FHIA-02, FHIA-17, FHIA-18, FHIA-21, FHIA-23, and FHIA-25)

Gauhl’s modification of Stover’s scoring system was used to rate BLS severity, where: 0 = no symptoms; 1 = 1%; 2 = 2 to 5%; 3 = 5 to 15%; 4 = 16% to 33%; 5 = 34 to 50%; and 6 = > 50% of leaf area affected. A disease severity index was calculated as: [( nb) / (N-1)T] x100, where n = number of leaves with a given rating, b = rating, N = number of ratings/grades in the scale and T = total number of leaves scored

Germplasm tested for response to black leaf streak and yield over two cropping cycles in Isabela, Puerto Rico

Accession

Disease severity index (%)Cycle 1

Cycle 2

Flowering Harvest Flowering Harvest

CRBP 39 22 cc 79 bc 09 defc 52 efFHIA-02 02 f 25 i 07 def 16 jFHIA-17 18 cd 41 h 10 bcde 32 ghiFHIA-18 04 f 47 gh 03 f 26 ijFHIA-23 12 de 37 hi 10 bcde 29 hijPA 03-22 46 a 64 def 24 a 42 fghPA 12-03 05 ef 73 cd 17 abc 49 efPITA 16 32 b 98 a 12 bcde 89 abPV 03-44 02 f 56 fg 06 ef 29 hijPV 42-320 07 ef 91 ab 10 bcde 59 dePV 42-53 07 ef 78 c 07 def 37 fghiPV 42-81 07 ef 98 a 10 bcde 68 dcSH 3640 16 cd 91 ab 14 bcd 77 bcGrand Nain 21 c 99 a 18 ab 95 aMaricongo 34 b 68 cde 23 a 63 cdeYangambi km 5 38 b 60 ef 17 abc 47 efgYangamngammgammbi kmbimFHIA-01d 06 23 03 22FHIA 011A 0111FHIA-21d 05 15 09 25TMB2x 9128-3d 24 88 18 88

The FHIA lines routinely exhibited excellent BLS tolerance at flowering and at harvest (which translates directly to functional leaves at harvest)

Accession

Disease severity index (%)

Harvest dataCycle 1

Cycle 2

Flowering Harvest Flowering Harvest Bunch weight (kg), cycle 1

Bunch weight (kg), cycle 2

CRBP 39 22 cc 79 bc 09 defc 52 ef 15.0 f 17.4 fgFHIA-02 02 f 25 i 07 def 16 j 23.6 bc 33.6 bFHIA-17 18 cd 41 h 10 bcde 32 ghi 43.1 a 39.7 aFHIA-18 04 f 47 gh 03 f 26 ij 24.1 b 28.5 cFHIA-23 12 de 37 hi 10 bcde 29 hij 44.2 a 36.4 abPA 03-22 46 a 64 def 24 a 42 fgh 6.9 h 7.0 hPA 12-03 05 ef 73 cd 17 abc 49 ef 11.2 g 19.8 efgPITA 16 32 b 98 a 12 bcde 89 ab 25.0 b 27.4 cPV 03-44 02 f 56 fg 06 ef 29 hij 10.7 g 19.7 efgPV 42-320 07 ef 91 ab 10 bcde 59 de 15.6 ef 22.0 defPV 42-53 07 ef 78 c 07 def 37 fghi 17.5 ef 26.5 cdPV 42-81 07 ef 98 a 10 bcde 68 dc 15.2 f 22.4 deSH 3640 16 cd 91 ab 14 bcd 77 bc 18.3 de 25.7 cdGrand Nain 21 c 99 a 18 ab 95 a 20.7 cd 24.3 cdeMaricongo 34 b 68 cde 23 a 63 cde 16.5 ef 15.5 gYangambi km 5 38 b 60 ef 17 abc 47 efg 17.1 ef 28.5 cFHIA-01d 06 23 03 22 30.6 41.7FHIA-21d 05 15 09 25 28.4 27.2TMB2x 9128-3d 24 88 18 88 13.3 13.5

High bunch weights

Accession

Disease severity index (%)

Harvest dataCycle 1

Cycle 2

Flowering Harvest Flowering HarvestDays planting to harvest of

cycle 2

CRBP 39 22 cc 79 bc 09 defc 52 ef 635.3 bc 15.0 f 17.4 fgCRBP 3BP 3P 3399393FHIA-02 02 f 25 i 07 def 16 j 533.1 ef 23.6 bc 33.6 bFHIAA 020202020FHIA-17 18 cd 41 h 10 bcde 32 ghi 754.5 a 43.1 a 39.7 aFHIAA 171717171FHIA-18 04 f 47 gh 03 f 26 ij 659.9 b 24.1 b 28.5 cFHIAA 181818181FHIA-23 12 de 37 hi 10 bcde 29 hij 755.4 a 44.2 a 36.4 abPA 03-22 46 a 64 def 24 a 42 fgh 624.1 bc 6.9 h 7.0 hPA 12-03 05 ef 73 cd 17 abc 49 ef 499.8 f 11.2 g 19.8 efgPITA 16 32 b 98 a 12 bcde 89 ab 596.8 cd 25.0 b 27.4 cPV 03-44 02 f 56 fg 06 ef 29 hij 532.1 ef 10.7 g 19.7 efgPV 42-320 07 ef 91 ab 10 bcde 59 de 563.3 de 15.6 ef 22.0 defPV 42-53 07 ef 78 c 07 def 37 fghi 569.1 de 17.5 ef 26.5 cdPV 42-81 07 ef 98 a 10 bcde 68 dc 593.5 cd 15.2 f 22.4 deSH 3640 16 cd 91 ab 14 bcd 77 bc 574.8 de 18.3 de 25.7 cdGrand Nain 21 c 99 a 18 ab 95 a 557.7 de 20.7 cd 24.3 cdeMaricongo 34 b 68 cde 23 a 63 cde 626.3 bc 16.5 ef 15.5 gYangambi km 5 38 b 60 ef 17 abc 47 efg 631.1 bc 17.1 ef 28.5 cYangamngammgammbi kmbimFHIA-01d 06 23 03 22 625.4 30.6 41.7FHIA 011A 0111FHIA-21d 05 15 09 25 681.3 28.4 27.2TMB2x 9128-3d 24 88 18 88 456.8 13.3 13.5

High bunch weights, but over longer cycle times

Viaene et al. 2003

“We have lost the best American who ever came to Honduras.” Billy Pena, El Tiempo

Although he left us too soon, Phil left behind important contributions: 1) hybrid parents that combined necessary disease resistance with vast improvements in finger and bunch characters

“We have lost the best American who ever came to Honduras.” Billy Pena, El Tiempo

…Phil left behind important contributions: 1) hybrid parents that combined necessary disease resistance with vast improvements in finger and bunch characters, and 2) hybrid lines that combined these characters and performed well in under marginal conditions.

What would Phil be doing now?

He would be addressing problems

• Utilizing TR4 tolerance in SH-3142 in new hybrid progeny

• Addressing erosion of BLS tolerance in ‘Calcutta 4’ – derived lines

• Helping understand BSV issues in hybrids with B genomes

= SH-1734

= SH-3142

FFHIA-17

• Grappling with “new” disease problems (e.g. eumusae leaf spot, XBW, phytoplasma problem in PNG)

• Improving post-harvest and organoleptic qualities of FHIA hybrids

Although much needs to be done to continue improving this crop, future work will benefit greatly

from Phil’s contributions

QUESTIONS?

Phil Rowe’s Legacy: Enabling Sustainable Banana Production ... · Randy Ploetz University of...

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