PRESENTED TO:

Dr. SalehaPRESENTED BY:

Hadia TahirHina NazRida Abid

Sana IftikharSaba Hameed

Pharm D (4th Prof)(2012-2017)

PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT

Physical plant, refers to the necessary infrastructure used in support and maintenance of a given facility.

It refers to locations, physical space, equipments and their space allocation and furnishings of a particular structure.

Adequate pharmaceutical and administrative facilities is one of minimum required standard for pharmacies.

PLANNING OF PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT

It includes: Equipment planning Architectural design Controlled environment design Other architectural aspects e.g. plumbing finishing

Planning is done following:• Master Planning • Functional Planning• Architectural Planning

MASTER PLANNING:Dictates goals and objectives

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING:Set forth the operational demands and equipment planning

ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING:Translates mater planning and functional planning into physical space, equipment and furnishing.

Architect gather information on objectives and goals of pharmacy department by attending meetings with Hospital Administrator, Pharmacy Departmental Head, Hospital Pharmacist and Hospital Building Committee.

DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM

It includes following steps: Determination of Pharmacy objectives and plan of

operation. Determination of functions to be performed. Determination of workflow and procedures. Estimation of workload. Determination of work areas needed. Determination of personnel to be accommodated in each

work area.

Determination of space, shape , furniture, equipment and service needs of each work area.

Determination of interrelationship b/w work areas and b/w pharmacy and other departments.

Arrangement of work areas to maximize the performance functions.

Designing of schematic floor plans to meet requirements. Evaluation of effectiveness of each design for meeting

requirements. Review the above steps until an optimal design emerges.

LOCATION:Location of Pharmacy should be so as it can:• Conveniently provide services to many departments of

hospital and nursing stations.• Easily accessible to inpatients and outpatients as well.

Pharmacy should be located at first floor,in the center of activities. Basement of hospital is not desirable for location of Hospital Pharmacy

SUB PHARMACIESSATELLITE PHARMACY:A satellite pharmacy is defined as a pharmacy in an institution which provides specialized services for the patients of the institution and which is dependent upon the centrally located pharmacy for administrative control, staffing, and drug procurement.

Their no. depends diversity of clinical services and distance from main pharmacy.

ADVANTAGES Cut the cost on transportation. Being able to respond to clinical needs of pt. Enable the pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical services

to patient, physician and nurse. Pharmacist is available for taking pt. drug histories,

maintaining pt. drug policies and observing pt. for drug reactions and toxicities.

FLOOR SPACE

The method of space allocation to a floor is based on :• Number of beds • Work load of outpatients

The allocation on the basis of beds depends on basic estimates range from 10 sq feet per bed in 100 beds hospital, 6 sq. feet per bed in 200 bed hospital and on average of 5 sq. feet per in large hospitals . Area is measured in sq. foot or sq. inches exclusive of walls and partitions .

With the evolution of pharmacy profession and emergence of new role of clinical pharmacist as a centre of solution to all drug related issues, varied functions and services of current pharmacy practice are being provided,

• ranging from standard type dispensing to unit dose dispensing,

• intravenous additives programs’• Drug information centers • Extemporaneous compounding

All these demand for an effective method of space allocation. The space requirement of a hospital pharmacy is determined by following factors : Variety and scope of the services provided Type of equipment used in the program Expected future expansions

The floor space is provided for following areas:• Cleanup area• Nonsterile mixing and filling areas • Prepackaging area• Injection reconstitution area• Labeling and inspection area• Quarantine storage area

CLEAN UP AREAS:In such areas cleaning and steaming of packaging materials and utensils is done ,therefore it is the demand of pharmacy involved in compounding or manufacturing of extemporaneous preparations.it should have pass through windows and floor area with a floor drain.

NON-STERILE MIXING AND FILLING ROOM:Its nothing but a preparation area, where the formula is compounded but not necessarily aseptic.in this area , the mixing and filling of liquid must be separated form ointments, though both may be I the same room.

Adequate space must be provided for storage purpose.

PREPACKAGING AREA:

An area in pharmacy for the packaging of oral dosage form into containers

INJECTION RECONSTITUTION AREA:

Its a place for addition of water for injection for powdered injectable.

Area must be provided with laminar air flow hoods.

LABELING AND INSPECTION ROOM:The labeling and inspection room of hospital pharmacy –manufactured products is to be located adjacent to filling areas

Pass through windows are used for the transfer of unlabeled products

Area must be provided with labeling accessories

QUARANTINE STORAGE AREA:An area where the manufactured or filled products in the pharmacy are detained until declared pass the chemical and biological quality control testing.

 

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED STORAGE

FACILITIESThe drug storage temperature requirements are any of the following: Refrigerator Cold place Cool place Excessive heat

REFRIGERATOR: Temperature- (2°C – 8°C)

COLD PLACE: Temperature- (not exceeding 8°C)

COOL PLACE: Temperature- (8°C – 15°C)

ROOM TEMPERATURE:

Temperature- (15°C – 30°C)

EXCESSIVE HEAT: Temperature- (above 40°C)

‘Avoid excessive heat’

Drug storage and safety is the responsibility of a pharmacist.

In larger hospital, the refrigerator is too small to accommodate the inventory requiring refrigeration.

For this purpose a cold room is constructed. The cold room is artificially cooled area with a regulated

temperature of 12 – 15°C.

FEATURES OF COLD ROOM ARE:• The walls of room may be constructed of concrete,

concrete blocks or bricks.• The door should fit tightly, no larger than necessary.• The windows are double-paned.• The switch controlling the light should be on the outside

wall near to the entrance.• An electric motor-driven air cooled Freon compressor

unit is required for refrigeration.

• The blower is mounted in the cold room.• The room can be equipped with necessary shelving,

storage binds, cabinets and work bench.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLLED FACILITY-

VENTILATION Air conditioning of the pharmacy is desirable for: It provides ventilation even when doors and windows are

closed. The use of various autoclaves, ovens and steam kettles

may render the working environment too hot. It permits maintenance of a temperature compatible with

official storage requirements for drugs irrespective of climate conditions.

Adequately removes strong odors characteristic of the chemicals used.

Since the doors and windows can be kept closed, there can be effected a saving in the cost of housekeeping service in the pharmacy.

EQUIPMENT PLANNING

The equipment planning and subsequent purchase of major equipments for pharmacy is the joint responsibility of hospital administrator, pharmacist purchasing agent of the material management department and an architect.

The equipment planning will largely dependent on the: Number Varieties and Per day duration of services offered from the hospital

pharmacy.

TYPE AND NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT

The type & number of equipments can be evaluated on the basis of determinants of their relative significance and rating by classifying them into: Deserving essential considerations, Requiring further study before being included or

excluded and Can be included.

PARAMETERS

The following are the parameters, which will dictate the equipment planning: Service options Choices of internal activities Work load and work flow Automation Work area Ways of communication & transport Environmental control requirements

EQUIPMENT SELECTION CRITERIA

Each equipment is carefully selected on the basis of some criteria as mentioned below:• Efficient provision of services.• Affordable operating cost.• Requiring minimal maintenance.• Offering maximum safe performance

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Equipment required for the pharmacy are categorized into: Fixed equipment & Movable equipment

FIXED EQUIPMENT

“The equipment requiring installation and is to be attached to the building is called fixed equipment.”

Examples:• Cabinets• Counters• Sinks• Elevators etc.

SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE COUNTER TOPS AND THESE MUST:

1. Offer resistance to corrosion and abrasion.

2. Withstand impact without flaking or peeling.

3. No or little effect of high humidity.

4. High color retention quality if colored to resist appreciable discoloration.

5. Must have the abrasion resistant finish-coat.

6. Reagent resistant finish-coat to acids, alkalies, oils and solvents.

MOVABLE EQUIPMENT

“Movable equipments are capable of being moved and are not intended to be permanently affixed to the building.”

Examples:• Carts• Desks• Balances• Mixers etc.

OTHER UTILITIES

Electric lighting and services Transport system Plumbing FINISHESo Work counterso Floorso Walls

ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND SERVICES

Smooth and safe functioning of any activity require the appropriate electric lighting and sufficient number of ground outlets.

Lighting is based on the location ,operation and environment.

For critical work areas such as prescription dispensing area, manufacturing area, I/v admixture area.

Ground electrical outlets should be provided in all areas in which use of electrical equipment may be indicated.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM From pharmacy to various destinations in hospital. With the help of messenger ,porter or helper is less

efficient and time consuming. Modern technology has made available automated means

of transporting.

Including conveyor belt and pneumatic tube system. These are used in all pharmaceutical manufacturing units

of country but not yet in hospital pharmacy. Drugs and supplies can conveyed through moving belts to

the nursing station and desired destination.

PLUMBING• The system of pipeline for the supply of water to desired

areas and disposal of wastes.• Pharmacist has to advice the architect about details and

requirement of points for hot and cold water for pharmacy and nature of material which will be disposed of through the various waste lines.

FINISHESWORK COUNTERS:• The work counters in pharmacy for writing, dispensing,

counting of drugs receipt of drugs.• It should be such material that does not show peeling,

distortion, erosion or sticking.• For these units Formica or similar material is efficient

and durable.

FLOORS: Floor should be smooth, non slippery, stain resistant . Asphalt tile, vinyl tiles, ribber tile and heavy duty

linoleum. Carpeting of floors gives aesthetic impact in a pharmacy. For manufacturing room should be supplied with covered

drain system.

WALLS:• Should be painted with material that permits periodic

washing without losing its colour.• Ceramic tiles or other comparable material should be

used.