Post on 05-Jan-2016
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Pitch range use in speech of Welsh/English bilinguals:
Production StudyMikhail Ordin1,2
Ineke Mennen1
(1 Bangor University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism
2 Moscow Academy of Humanities and Technology)
Pitch range
Level (Ladd 1996)Register (Cruttenden
1997)
Overall height of speaker’s voice
Span (Ladd 1996)Key (Cruttenden 1997)Excursion size (‘tHart,
Collier, Cohen 1990)
Range of frequencies covered by the speaker
Hypothetical averaged data for 4 target points in three speaker's pronunciation of the English declarative sentence I HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE. The contours are impressionistically similar, despite the differences in level and span
75
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
235
255
275
1 2 3 4
target points
F0
(H
z)
Are overall pitch modifications automatic
or consciously controlled?
Anatomical and physiological factors determine pitch range
- Size of the larynx and lung volume
- Decrease in transglottal pressure towards the end of the utterance
- More difficult adjustments for upward pitch change than for downward pitch change
- Increase of vocal folds tension on high vowels
- Higher subglottal pressure before closure release on voicelss plosives than on voiced plosives
Anatomically-conditioned modifications can become
meaningful and even undergo grammaticalization and express linguistic function (Ohala 1983,
1984; Lieberman 1967)
Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
1) Frequency code (Ohala 1983, 1996)
Source: size of the speech organsWhat is affected: overall levelParalinguistic meaning: submissive aggressive; big-small; friendly-hostile; high status-low status; certain-uncertainLinguistic meaning: Question vs. statement
Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
2) Effort code
Source: energy
What is affected: span
Paralinguistic meaning: affected-non affected speech
Linguistic meaning: focus marking
Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004):
3) Production code
Source: lung volume
What is affected: downtrends
Linguistic meaning: finality vs continuity, old vs new information
Diehl (1991) and Kingston and Diehl (1994) argued that at least partially pitch modifications are under speaker’s conscious control and can be used to enhance perceptual effect.
Language-specific vs universal
1) HTR (e.g. Grabe, 2004)2) Hadding-Koch and Stuttert-Kennedy, 19643) Gonnum, 19834) Brouwer, 19895) Ohara, 19926) Eckert, Laver, 19947) Downing, 19968) Gibbon, 19989) Makarova, 199910) Mennen, 2007, 2008
Pitch range in bilingual speech
Mennen 2007, 2008, 2009 as the starting point of the current research.
Mennen et.al. found that:
• The difference in pitch range between German and English monolingual speakers is mostly in span.
• L2 native German speakers of English use pitch range in English differently from native Brits. German manipulate level.
• In perception the cue to Englishness for the Brits is span, and for the German is level.
Simultaneous vs Sequencial Bilinguals
Sequential
• Pitch range differs between L1 and L2
• Pitch range in L2 of sequential bilinguals differs from that in monolingual speech by native speakers
• Are we dealing with cross-language differences or cross-context differences?
Simultaneous
• ????????????????
• ????????????????
Research Question 1:
Do Welsh-English bilinguals realize pitch range differently when they use different languages?
Research Question 2:
If so, what dimension(s) of pitch range (i.e. level/span) is/are language-specific?
Research Question 3:
Which strategy or strategies do the bilinguals use to make the difference in pitch range?
Subjects:Adult bilinguals
Acquired both languages simultaneously
Used both languages daily
Are fluent readers of technical and colloquial styles
19 speakers: 5 men and 12 women
Material:
Controlled speech, neutral sentences and a brief technical text on history of Welsh, recorded at 44kHz, 16 bit, in WAV PCI format using condenser microphone. Reading and recording was done in a quiet place.
20 sentences, 40-45 tone units per language per speaker.
Labelling and measuring:Span
• Pitch span was determined as the difference in semitones between the average of the speaker’s peaks and L% tones.
If creaky voice was used for final lowering, the measurement was taken immediately prior to the creaky interval.
Labelling and measuring: Level
Three measures for pitch level were defined:
• 1) average of F0 peaks,
• 2) average of L%, and
• 3) average of means on each tone unit.
Analysis
• Wilcoxon Signed Rank• Data for males and females
processed separately to consider the possible effect of gender
(where assumptions for paired t-tests were met, parametric tests were performed, but not reported here for consistency. Parametric tests showed greater effect size).
RESULTS: 14 females
Span is wider in Welsh than in English
(z=-3.17; p=0.002; r=0.6)
The median score increased from M=7.68 for English to M=8.92 for Welsh
The average difference is 1.41ST
RESULTS: 14 females
Level is higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks
(z=-3.23; p=0.001; r=0.61)
The median score increased from M= 257.14 for English to M=274.48 for Welsh
The average difference is 1.4ST
RESULTS: 14 females
Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.
RESULTS: 5 males
Span is 0.6ST wider in Welsh than in English, but the difference is n/s (p=0.225)
RESULTS: 5 males
Level is 0.4ST higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks, but the difference is n/s, p=0.225
RESULTS: 5 males
Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.
Summary of results so far:
Females• Pitch range differs
between Welsh and English
• Difference is in span• Difference is in
F0max• No sign difference in
F0means and F0min
Males• Pitch range does not
differ between Welsh and English
FEW SPEAKERS?????
Individual Statistics: Females, F0max
Individual Statistics: Females, Span
Individual Statistics: Males, Level
Individual Statistics: Males, Span
Strategies:
• increasing F0 peaks in Welsh (or decreasing F0 peaks in English);
• using creaky voice in Welsh for final lowering (or cancelling creaky voice in English);
• increasing F0 means in Welsh (or decreasing F0 means in English);
• decreasing F0 minimums in Welsh (or increasing F0 minimums in English).
Are strategies independent?
ANOVA:Hypothesis: the more strategies the speaker uses,
the smaller the different between F0max in Welsh and English expected.
Dependent var: difference in F0max in Welsh and in English
Independent var 1: number of strategies (2 levels – 1 and 3 different strategies employed)
Independent var 2: speaker (6 levels)Outcome: no sign influence. Trade-off? Not
enough data to say for sure.
What causes these differences?
1) Social and culture-rooted.
2) Language system (in Welsh I heard more rising tones while in English there were more falling tones).
Peculiarities of speech perception. What are we listening to when we evaluate span and level – overall register or the maximums?
Further research
IDifference in pitch range as a social marker
IIAcquisition of pitch range by sequential and
simultaneous bilinguals
IIIPerception of pitch range