PLANT AND PESTS

PRESENTEDBY

UINTAH AG DEPARTMENTDAVID WILSON

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE• After completion of this unit, students

will be able to identify and classify plant pests (vertebrates, invertebrates, and weeds). Students will also identify symptoms and describe control methods. This knowledge will be demonstrated by completing the unit test and various assignments with a minimum score of 90% accuracy.

PEREFORMANCE ENABLER1- Define terms associated with plant pests.2- Name three ways insects cause loses to crops.3- Select beneficial effects of insects.4- Describe ways how to detect or recognize an

insect.5- Identify the different ways insects develop.6- Name three types of feeding habits for insects

and examples in each category.7- Define and provide one example for cultural,

biological, chemical insect control.

PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUE8- Identify harmful and beneficial insects

in the area. Make a chart to assist in damages caused and controlling these insects with either cultural, biological or chemical insect control.

9- Collect and mount 12 or more insects, including 6 beneficial insects.

10- Name five losses caused by weeds.11- Select ways that weeds spread.

PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUED12- Define and provide one example for

cultural, mechanical, and biological control for weeds.

13- Collect, press and identify fifteen weeds common in your area.

14- Explain the difference of a weed and a noxious weeds and give three examples in each category.

15- Name five ways plant diseases cause losses in plants.

PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUED16- List the five groups of biological pathogens

and describe them in detail give examples in each area.

17- List five methods by which pathogens spread.

18- Select four practices used to control plant diseases.

19- Identify and describe proper procedures for integrated pest management systems. (weeds, insects, soil and organisms)

20- Identify the role of vertebrates as plant pests in our environment.

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

ENTOMOLOGY: A branch of science that deals with the study of insects.

PLANT DISEASE: An abnormal plant condition caused by a pathogen, improper environmental condition or a nutritional deficiency.

PLANT PATHOLOGIST: A person who studies plant diseases and works to diagnose and control them.

HARMFUL EFFECTS AND ECONOMIC LOSSES OF INSECTSA- Damage and destroy agricultural crops.

1- Reduce crop yield2- Reduce quality of the crop.3- Cost of control practices.

B- Aid in the spread of diseases in man, animals, and plants.

C- Annoy man and animals.D- Destroy homes, timber resources, and

other goods.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INSECTS

• 1- POLLINATION ACTIVITIES make possible the increase yields of many agricultural crops.

• 2- PROVIDE us with useful PRODUCTS such as silk, honey, beeswax, shellac, and permanent inks and dyes.

• 3- SERVE as FOOD for fish, birds, and other wildlife.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INSECTS

• 4- PERFORM valuable services as SCAVENGERS.

• 5- HELP TO CONTROL harmful animals (especially other insect pests) and plants.

• 6- Have MEDICINAL VALUE.

LIST OF BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL INSECTS• Beneficial InsectsSilkworm mothHoney beesScale and gall

insectsFig waspWaspsBeetles

Lacewings

• Useful Product,ServiceSilkHoney,beeswax,pollinationPigments and dyePollinate figsParasites, predatorsPredators, natural control

of weedsPredators

Harmful Insects Types of Damage

* Caterpillars* Beetles

* Grasshoppers* Twig bores

* Leaf miners

• Chewing on leaves• Chewing on leaves,

boring,feed on fruit• Chewing on

leaves,stem and fruit

• Boring into leaves stem and fruit

• Sucking plant juices

Harmful Insects Type of Damage• Aphids• Mites• Leafhoppers• Termites• Scale insects• Fruit flies• Flies• House flies• Mosquitoes• Fleas

• Transmitting diseases• Transmitting diseases• Transmitting diseases• Feed on structural timber• Shellac• Used in scientific study• Parasites, predators• Spread disease• Bite humans,spread disease• Bite humans and animals

INSECTS• Three distinct parts–

Head,Thorax,Abdomen• Three pairs of jointed legs used for

jumping,running,digging,attacking, swimming

• One pair of antennae (feelers)• Eyes are usually compound, but can

be simple (Ocelli)• Adults insects have two pairs of wings.

INSECTS

Insects Develop in Different Ways

Insect Classification By Feeding Habits

• CHEWING: Insects with chewing mouthparts have toothed jaws that bite and tear the food. Examples: grasshopper, armyworm, potato beetle, blister beetle

• SUCKING: Insects with a piercing-sucking mouthparts have tube-like beaks which they force into a plant to suck out fluids.Examples: aphid, leafhopper, thrips, hessian fly,greenbug

Insects Classification By Feeding Habits• INTERNAL: Borders and miners-

includes most chewing insects that enter the plant and feed from within.

Examples: European corn borer, cotton boll weevil larva, wheat stem sawfly

SUBTERRANEAN: Includes chewing and sucking insects which enter the plant below the soil surface. Examples: Corn rootworm, wireworm structural , pest-termites

CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL

• Cultural Control Practices for Insects:a- Crop rotationb- Trap cropsc- Tillaged- Residue managemente- Timing of operationf- Resistant varieties

CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL and CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL CONT.

• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PRACTICES FOR INSECTS:1- Natural enemies used to control a pest.

CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL and CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL CONT..

• CHEMICAL CONTROL PRACTICES FOR INSECTS:1- Chemicals may be applied to seeds, growing plants or soil.2- Poison the insect.3- Repel the insects from specific areas.4- Attract insects to a place where they

can be killed.

• Reduce Crop Yields• Increase Cost of Production• Reduce Quality of Crop and Livestock

Products• Cause Irritation and Hay Fever• Poisonous To Man,Livestock and Wildlife• Spoil The Beauty Of The Turf and

Landscape Plants• Compete With Crop Plants

• WIND• FLOWING WATER• ANIMALS AND MANURE• IMPURE SEED• FARM MACHINERY, CARS, PICKUPS,

AND TRUCKS• EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT• HUMAN MOVEMENT OR TRAFFIC

METHODS OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL

AND BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL

• Methods of Cultural Control:A- Weed-free crop seedB- smoother crops.C- Crop rotation.

METHOD OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL

and BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL cont..

• METHODS OF MECHANICAL CONTROL:1- Hoeing2- Hand Pulling3- Mowing4- Cultivation5- Mulching6- Burning

METHODS OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEED

CONTROL cont..

• METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:1- Involves the introduction of a natural enemy to weaken or destroy a particular weed species.

Example: Leaf cutting beetles to control St. Johnswort and Klamath weed beetle to control the Klamath weed.

COMMON WEEDS IN UTAH• Bull Thistle• Burdock• Mallow• Musk Thistle• Canada Thistle• Cocklebur• Curley Dock• Field Bindweed• Foxtail Barley• Hounds Tongue

• Kochia• Lambs quarter• Prickly Lettuce• Quack grass• Red Root (Rough

Pigweed)• Russian Thistle• Shepard's Purse• Teasel• Water Hemlock• Yarrow

NOXIOUS WEED ACT

• Noxious weeds standing, being, or growing shall be controlled and the spread prevented by cutting, tillage, cropping, pasturing, chemicals, or other effective methods, as often as required to prevent the weed from blooming, maturing seeds, or spreading by root or other means.

• Canada Thistle• Diffuse Knapweed• Dyers Woad• Field Bindweed• Hoary Cress• Leafy Spurge• Musk Thistle• Per.Pepperweed

• Russian Knapweed• Scotch Thistle• Squarrose

Knapweed• Yellow Star thistle• Spotted Knapweed• Purple Loostrife

1- BURMUDAGRASS2- JOHNSONGRASS3- MEDUSAHEAD4- QUACKGRASS

UTAH SEED ACT- NO PERSON IN THIS STATE SHALL OFFER OR EXPOSE ANY AGRICULTURAL SEED FOR SALE OR SOWING UNLESS IT IS :1- FREE OF NOXIOUS WEED SEED, SUBJECT TO ANY TOLERANCE ALLOWED FOR RESTRICTED NOXIOUS WEEDS, AND 2- TESTED AND TRUTHFULLY LABELED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS ACT.

• Canada Thistle• Diffuse Knapweed• Dyers Woad• Field Bindweed• Hoary Cress• Leafy Spurge• Musk Thistle• Per. Pepper weed• Russian Knapweed

• Scotch Thistle• Spotted Knapweed• Squarrose

Knapweed• Yellow Star thistle• Bermuda grass• Medusahead• Perennial Sorghum• Quack grass

• DODDER• HALOGETON• JOINTED GOATGRASS• POVERTY WEED• WILD OATS

Invading Weeds- Weeds that are of concern of the federal, state, and country agencies that might invade and establish themselves in an area. Invading weeds might become noxious and damaging in states and counties.• Broadleaf1- Black Henbane2- Dalmation Toadflax3- Goats rue4- Poison Hemlock5- Water Hemlock6- Silver leaf

Nightshade7- Velvetleaf

• Grasses1- Jointed Goats

grass2- Wild Proso Millet

• Sedge1- Yellow Nut sedge

• Suppress the chlorophyll content• Reduce the leaf area• Curb the movement of solutes and

water through the stems• Reduce the water-absorbing

capacity of the roots• Suppress the translocation of

photosynthesis

Losses caused by Plant Diseases cont.

• Promote wasteful use of the products of photosynthesis as in the formation of galls

• Reduce the yield and quality of crop• Spoilage in storage and transportation• Render food unfit for use• Increase the cost of control activities