PlantPropagationProtocolforMinuartiarubellaESRM412–NativePlantProduction

Source:BurkeHerbarium2017Photocredit:G.D.Carr2013

TAXONOMY

PlantFamily ScientificName CaryophyllaceaeCommonName PinkorcarnationfamilyPlantspecies ScientificName Minuartiarubella(Whalenberg)

Varieties NonelistedSub-species NonelistedCultivar NonelistedCommonSynonym(s) ArenariapropinquaRichards.

Arenariarubella(Wahlenb.)Hiern.Arenariavernavar.propinqua(Richards.)Fern.Arenariavernavar.rubella(Wahlenb.)S.Wats.Minuartiarossiivar.orthotrichoidesauct.non(Schischkin)Tryphanerubella(Wahlenb.)Rchb.(E-FloraBC2017)

CommonName(s) Beautifulsandwort,mountainsandwort,Arcticsandwort,andborealstitchwort(FloraofNorthAmerica2017)

SpeciesCode(asperUSDAPlantsdatabase)

MIRU3

GENERALINFORMATION

Geographicalrange

Source:USDAPlantsDatabase2017.

Source:BurkeHerbarium2017.

Ecologicaldistribution Commonongravellyorsandysoils,rockoutcrops,talusslopes,usuallyathighelevations.(Pojaretal1994)

Climateandelevationrange Subalpineandalpinezones,from870metersto2630meters,withanaverageof1979meters(Eflora2017).

Localhabitatandabundance Hummocks,alongstreams,riverterraces,slopes,ridges,cliffs;dry,moderatelywell-drainedareas;gravel,sand,till;withloworganiccontent;calcareoussoils(Aikenetal2007).

Plantstrategytype/successionalstage

OnestudydeterminedMinuartiarubellatobealateaestivalspecies(soitbloomsafterJuly11th)(Molau1993),whichisrelevanttophenologybutnecessarilyasuccessionalstrategy.AnotherstudyfoundMinuartiaaizoide(insamegenusasM.rubella)adominantspeciesattheseralstageinsuccession

(Kikvidze1993).

Plantcharacteristics DescriptionfromFloraofNorthAmerica2017:Plantsperennial,cespitoseormat-forming.Taprootsfiliformtosomewhatthickened;rhizomesabsent.Stemsascendingtoerect,green,2-8(-18)cm,moderatelytodenselystipitate-glandular(veryrarelyglabrous),internodesofstems1-10timesaslongasleaves;trailingstemsabsent.Leavesoverlapping,±tightly,distally(cauline),concentratedproximally(cauline),connateproximally,withoftenloose,usuallyscarioussheath0.2-0.7mm;blade±straightoroutwardlycurved,green,flatto3-angled,prominently3-veinedabaxially,subulate,1.5-10×0.3-1.3mm,flexuous,marginsnotthickened,scarious,smooth,apexgreenorpurple,acutetoapiculate,oftennavicular,shiny,sparselytodenselyciliate,oftenstipitate-glandular;axillaryleavespresentamongvegetativeleaves.Inflorescences3-7+-flowered,opencymesorrarelyflowersolitary,terminal;bractsbroadlysubulatetonarrowlylanceolate,herbaceous,marginsscarious.Pedicels0.2-1.5cm,denselystipitate-glandular.Flowers:hypanthiumdisc-shaped;sepalsprominently3-veined,ovatetolanceolate(herbaceousportionoblongtonarrowlyovate),2.5-3.2mm,notenlarginginfruit,apexgreentopurple,acutetoacuminate,nothooded,stipitate-glandular;petalselliptic,0.8-1.3timesaslongassepals,apexrounded,entire.Capsulesonstipeca.0.2mm,ovoid,4.5-5mm,longerthansepals.Seedsreddishbrown,suborbiculatewithradicleprolongedintobeak,somewhatcompressed,0.4-0.5mm,tuberculate;

Source:E-FloraBC2017

PROPAGATIONDETAILS:SEEDSFourdifferentscientificstudiesforseedpropagationwerefoundthatincluded

Minuartiarubellaasaspeciesinthestudygroup.Ecotype 1. Alsosetal2012:ArctictundrainIsfjordenareaof

Svalbard,Norway

2. BellandBliss1980:ArctictundraonKingChristianIsland,NorthwestTerritories,Canada.

3. BlissandGold1999:ArctictundraonDevonIsland,

Canada.

4. Cooperetal2004:ArctictundraonColesdalen,NWcoast,andAdventdaleninSpitsbergen,Svalbard,Norway.

PropagationGoal GerminatedseedsPropagationMethod SeedsProductType Germinatedseeds

StockType Nativeseedfrom:1. Alsosetal2012:ArcticTundrainIsfjordenareaof

Svalbard,Norway

2. BellandBliss1980:KingChristianIsland,NorthwestTerritories,Canada.

3. BlissandGold1999:Westernsectionofaplateau

northoftheTrueloveRiverandAboveTrueloveLowland,DevonIsland,Canada.

4. Cooperetal2004:Colesdalen,NWcoast,and

AdventadaleninSpitsbergen,Svalbard,Norway.

TimetoGrow 1. Alsosetal2012:Successfulgerminationofseedswastheaimbutnospecificcriteriaforgerminationtimewasoutlined.

2. BellandBliss1980:Themajorityofseedsinthefieldtrialgerminated4to6weeksafterbeingsown,inallcasesfollowingperiodsofprecipitation(p.3).Thecontrolledenvironmentstudiesranfor60days(p.4).

3. BlissandGold1999:Forseedgermination,the

experimentlasted90days.Forthesoilblocks,thestudylasted76days(p.626).

4. Cooperetal2004:Soilsamplesfromthepolarheath,

birdcliff,proglacialhabitatandthermophilicheathweregrownover12weeks(11forthermophilicheath)simulatingthemaximumSvalbardsummerperiod.SamplesfromintactanddisturbedDryasheathweregrownover14weeks(p.117).

TargetSpecifications 1. Alsosetal2012:Germinatedseed.Nospecifications

set.

2. BellandBliss1980:Germinatedseed.Nospecificationsset.

3. BlissandGold1999:Germinatedseed.Nospecificationsset.

4. Cooperetal2004:Germinatedseed.Nospecifications

set.PropaguleCollectionInstructions

1. Alsosetal2012:SeedswerecollectedbetweenAugust27thandSeptember19th,2008intheIsfjordenareaofSvalbard.M.rubellaseedswerecollectedonSeptember10th,2008inSassendalenina“disturbedmosstundra”habitat(Appendix1).Whenpossible,seedswereshakenoutoftheplantstoensureonlymatureseedswerecollected(p.820).

2. BellandBliss1980:SeedswerecollectedfromplantsonKingChristianIslandbetweenAugust14thandAugust22nd,1973(p.2).

3. BlissandGold1999:Seedsofselectspecieswere

collectedandweighedinspringof1992.Toassesstheseedbank,five20x20cmblocksofsoilwereremovedfromadepthof1.5cmfromcrustedandnon-crustedsites.Blocksofsoilwerefrozenforfivemonths,andthensoilswerethawedandplacedinagrowthchamber(p.626).

4. Cooperetal2004:SeedscollectedinearlyJulytolate

Augustintheyear2000(p.116).Thetop2cmoforganicsoilwascollectedtogetherwithbryophytesandlitter.Soilsampleswerecollectedwithin10cmoffocusspeciestomaximizechanceofcapturingdispersedseed(p.117).

PropaguleProcessing/PropaguleCharacteristics

1. Alsosetal2012:Iftheplantswerewet,seedcapsuleswerecollectedandleftinpaperbagsat5-8°Cin35%relativehumidity(RH)todry.Seedsthatwereobviouslynotripewerenotcollected.Seedsofspecieswhichdidnotseem100%ripewereleftinpaperbagsat5-8°CuntilSeptember19thtopermitripening,afterwhichtheywereassumedtoberipe(p.820).

1. BellandBliss1980:Dryinflorescencesorseedswerestoredat2°Cand-3°Cuntiltested(p.2).

2. BlissandGold1999:Todetermineviableseedbank

size,five20x20cmblocksofsoilwereremovedtoadepthof1.5cm,fromboththecrustedandnon-crustedsite.Thesoilblockswerereturnedtothe

laboratoryandstoredfor5months(p.626).

3. Cooperetal2004:Samplesofseedcollectedinthefieldwerecooled2-6°Cduringtransportandstoredinpaperbagsat0.5°Cfor5to7weeks(p.117).

Pre-PlantingPropaguleTreatments

1. Alsosetal2012:M.rubellaseedswerecoldstratifiedfor28days,thenlefttogerminateat20°Cforanunspecifiedamountoftimeuntilseedsgerminated(seeAppendix1ofstudy).

2. BellandBliss1980:Dryinflorescencesorseedswerestoredat2°Cand-3°Cuntiltested(p.2).

3. BlissandGold1999:Harvestedsoilblockswerefrozen

for5monthsthenplacedina1cmlayeroverabaseofwashedsandin30x30cmtrays.Trayswereplacedinagrowthchamberunder24hoursoflighttomimicsummerfieldirradiance(p.626).

4. Cooperetal2004:Sampleswerekeptat-5°Cfor5

weeksthenthawedat0.5°Cfor3daysandacclimatizedat4°Cfor4days.VolumesofsoilfromintactanddisturbedDryasheathsiteswerereducedbysievingandwashing(p.117).

GrowingAreaPreparation/AnnualPracticesforPerennialCrops

1. Alsosetal2012:3to50seedsofeachspecieswereplacedona9cmdiameterpetridishwith10%agarsolution(p.821).

2. BellandBliss1980:Incontrolledenvironmentstudies,germinationtestsweremadeinclosedpetridisheslinedwithtwosheetsofWhatmanNo.1filterpapermoistenedwithdistilledwater.Othertestsweremadewithseedsimmersedindistilledwaterinsmalltesttubesorflasks.Forfieldtests,25seedsofonespeciesweresowedoneach2.5by2.5cmplotonnaturalsurfacesimmediatelyfollowingsnowmeltinlateJune(p.2).

3. BlissandGold1999:Forseedgermination,filter

paperinpetridisheswaskeptmoistwithdistilledwaterandtreatedthreetimeswithamildfungicide.Harvestedsoilblockswereplacedina1cmlayeroverabaseofwashedsandin30x30cmtrays(p.626).

4. Cooperetal2004:Soilsamplesfromthepolarheath,

birdcliff,proglacialhabitatandthermophilicheathwerespreadthinlyonfilterpaperinplasticpetridishes.SamplesfromintactanddisturbedDryasheathwereplacedoncommercialsterilizedsoilinaluminumfoilboxes.Unidentifiedseedlingsweretransplantedtoamixtureofpeatandperliteandgrownat15°Cuntilidentificationwaspossible(p.117).

EstablishmentPhaseDetails 1. Alsosetal2012:Thelighttemperaturewas4,000K(Osram35W,840HE)andthebrightnesswas3,300lm(manufacturer’sinformation).Theprotonfluxwasapproximately40umolpersquaremeterpersecondmeasuredwithaquantumfluxsensorattheleveloftheseeds.Ifthegerminationpercentageobtainedwaslow,buttheseedsstillseemedviable,anewgerminationtestwasattemptedfollowinganadditionalperiodofstratification(p.821).

2. BellandBliss1980:Allpetridishwerekeptataconstanttemperatureof0.5°Cwith24hoursoflightinplantgrowthchambers(EnvironmentalGrowthChamberCo.,modelsM-13andM-15).Eachtestused25seedswithtworeplicates;seedswerenottreatedwithfungicide(p.2).

5. BlissandGold1999:Forseeds,growthchambers

weresettoprovidewarmsummerconditions(15°Catnight,and20°Cduringtheday),experimentlasted90dayswithgerminationrecordedevery2-4days.Forsoilblocks,trayswereplacedinagrowthchamberunder24hoursoflighttomimicsummerfieldirradiance.Thechambersweremaintainedwith8hoursof“night”usingsodiumvaporlampsandatemperatureof10-12°C,anda“day”usingsodiumvaporandmetalhalidelampsandatemperatureof15to16°C.Thesetemperatureswerehigherthanfieldconditionsandwereusedtomaximizefieldconditions(p.626).

3. Cooperetal2004:Soilsamplesfromthepolarheath,

birdcliff,proglacialhabitatandthermophilicheath

werespreadthinlyonfilterpaperinplasticpetridishesandgerminatedat18°Cinagreenhouse,usinga24-hrphoto-period(150umol)over12weeks(11forthermophilicheath)simulatingthemaximumSvalbardsummerperiod.SamplesfromintactanddisturbedDryasheathwereplacedoncommercialsterilizedsoilinaluminumfoilboxesandgerminatedat22°Cinagreenhouseover14weeks.Thesesampleswerestirredinweeks3and11,andgibberillicacid(1ppm)wasaddedinweek12.Allsamplesweremoistenedeverysecondday,andseedlingscountedweekly.Unidentifiedseedlingsweretransplantedtoamixtureofpeatandperliteandgrownat15°Cuntilidentificationwaspossible(p.117).

LengthofEstablishmentPhase 1. Alsosetal2012:Noinformationlistedforhowlongseedsweregerminated.

2. BellandBliss1980:Themajorityofseedsinthefieldtrialgerminated4to6weeksafterbeingsown,inallcasesfollowingperiodsofprecipitation(p.3).Thecontrolledenvironmentstudiesranfor60days(p.4).

3. BlissandGold1999:Forseedgermination,the

experimentlasted90days.Forthesoilblocks,thestudylasted76days(p.626).

4. Cooperetal2004:Soilsamplesfromthepolarheath,

birdcliff,proglacialhabitatandthermophilicheathweregrownover12weeks(11forthermophilicheath)simulatingthemaximumSvalbardsummerperiod.SamplesfromintactanddisturbedDryasheathweregrownover14weeks(p.117).

ActiveGrowthPhase Noinformationfound.LengthofActiveGrowthPhase Noinformationfound.HardeningPhase Noinformationfound.LengthofHardeningPhase Noinformationfound.Harvesting,StorageandShipping

Noinformationfound.

LengthofStorage Noinformationfound.GuidelinesforOutplanting/PerformanceonTypicalSites

Noinformationfound.

OtherComments INFORMATIONSOURCES

References SeebelowOtherSourcesConsulted SeebelowProtocolAuthor SageStowellDateProtocolCreatedorUpdated

May24th,2016

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BurkeHerbarium:Giblin,D.andKnoke,D.(n.d)Minuartiarubella.Available:http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?ID=1196[AccessedonMay15th,2017]E-FloraBC:ElectronicAtlasofthePlantsofBritishColumbia.(n.d.)Minuartiarubella(Wahlenb).Availableat:http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Minuartia%20rubella[AccessedonMay15th,2017]FloraofNorthAmerica.Minuartiarubella(Wahlenberg).(n.d.).http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250060653.[AccessedonMay15th,2017]USDAPlantsDatabase.(n.d.)Minuartiarubella(Wahlenb).Availableat:https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=miru3[AccessedonMay15th,2017]Workscitedbutnotused:JournalArticlesAmen,R.(1966).TheExtentandRoleofSeedDormancyinAlpinePlants.TheQuarterlyReviewofBiology,41(3),271-281.Bliss,L.(1958).SeedGerminationinArcticandAlpineSpecies.Arctic,11(3),180-188.Cannone,N.,Lewkowicz,A.,&Guglielmin,M.(2010).Vegetationcolonizationofpermafrost-relatedlandslides,EllesmereIsland,CanadianHighArctic.JournalofGeophysicalResearch:Biogeosciences,115(G4).Chambers,J.(1989).SeedViabilityofAlpineSpecies:VariabilitywithinandamongYears.JournalofRangeManagement,42(4),304-308.Cox,C.(1933).AlpinePlantSuccessiononJamesPeak,Colorado.EcologicalMonographs,3(3),299-372.Forbis,T.(2003).SeedlingDemographyinanAlpineEcosystem.AmericanJournalofBotany,90(8),1197-1206.Forbis,T.,&Doak,D.(2004).SeedlingEstablishmentandLifeHistoryTrade-offsinAlpinePlants.AmericanJournalofBotany,91(7),1147-1153.Hagen,D.(2002).PropagationofnativeArcticandalpinespecieswitharestorationpotential.PolarResearch,21(1),37-47.

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