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transcript
Plastic Marine Litter:
One big market failure
PMLV039
Dr. Arthur ten Wolde
Senior Consultant IMSA Amsterdam
Wageningen Studium Generale
2 October 2013
2
• Independent think tank and consultancy in the field of sustainability
and innovation
• Founded by Wouter van Dieren (1985): one of the first ever
• Systems thinking Club of Rome forms starting point
• Multidisciplinary team (20) of academic professionals + external
network of specialists
• Clients and sponsors range from large chemical, food, oil, and energy
companies to governments at all levels as well as NGOs
• Specialized in:
1. Stakeholder dialogues
2. Strategic sustainability advice
3. Organise special events on sustainability
www.imsa.nl
IMSA AMSTERDAM
3
Measures CommunicationNetworkKnowledgeVision,
strategy
Want Think Check Act Tell- - - -
IMSA POLICY CYCLE
4
IMSA FILTER MODEL
Environmental organisations
Consumer organisations
Trade unions
Scientists
Experts
Governments
Politics
Industry associations
Companies
Retail
Other
Product Market
Societal Filter
Media
Com
pany C
onsum
er
Media
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• 2011: Plastic Marine Litter Project, Dutch stakeholders
engaged, report Plastics do not belong in the ocean
• 2012-2013: Plastic Marine Waste project carried out
with Stuf Kaasenbrood (PlasticsEurope) and sponsored
by PlasticsEurope and flooring company Desso.
Outcome: Plastic Marine Litter: One big market failure
(2013)
!"#$%&'()*+%"(,-./%0-1/,
&,23/+4)
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Plastics do not belong in the ocean
Main findings of the report
George Wurpel
9 November 2011
PML115 D02
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THE REPORT GIVES A SCIENCE-BASED, UP-TO-DATE
STARTING POINT FOR THE NEXT PHASE
June 6, 2011: kick-off Noordwijk
Desk research
Expert Interviews
Visit meetings1st draft
Expert review
Comments andsuggestions partners
discussion 2nd draft
End of Nov:Definitive
2nd draftMark Anthony
BrowneUniv. Dublin
Jan Andriesvan Franeker
IMARES
Edward KosiorNextek
Rick NickersonMaking WavesCommunication
Scientific Advisory Board
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STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN REPORT
Industry
Science
NGO’s
Governments
(as an observer)
9
A WORKING HYPOTHESIS PROVIDES A SHARED
DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
Causes Effects Solutions
Man-made
Complex
Unsustainable
life cycle
Ecosystems
Economies
Human health
Cumulative
impacts
Multi-stakeholder
Manufacture
Usage
End-of-life
Restoration
Keep benefits
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THE NORTH SEA AND WADDEN SEA HAVE A VALUABLE
ECOSYSTEM
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THE NORTH SEA HAS A LARGE ECONOMIC VALUE
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THE NORTH SEA IS A GOOD TESTING AREA BECAUSE
OF ITS GEOGRAPHY AND MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE
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Spills, losses
THE PLASTIC LIFE CYCLE GIVES MULTIPLE ROUTES TO
MARINE LITTER
Extraction Refinery Processing Manufacturing
Oil, Gas, Biomass Ethylene, Propylene,... Colorants, plasticizers,...
at sea on landWaste
Pellets, nurdles
Recycling
Use
Lost, abandoned,
dumped
Littering, storm drains,
flooding,
water sheds, beaches
Run-off, wind
14
FOR THE NORTH SEA KNOWLEDGE OF PML IS PATCHY
Floating StrandingFragmenting
SedimentationMicroplastic
Fouling
Seabed
Ingested
Quantitative,
relatively complete
Rudimentary, laborious
measurements
Single species - fulmar
One survey,large coverage
Scattered information,
pathways unclear
Direct entry established,
quantities uncertain
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Main sources in the
North Sea
No
rth
SeaRecycling
Energy recovery
Virgin plastics
Pelletloss
Scrubs
LaundryTransport
Production
Use
Fisheries
Shipping
River litter
Wastewaterplant
Beachlitter
Landfill
End-of-lifeRe-use
(Arrows not to scale!)
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THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF PLASTIC MARINE LITTER ARE
SUFFICIENT CAUSE FOR ACTION
Economical damage Ecological damage and
animal suffering
Hundreds of seaanimal species
affected
some - dozens ofbillions of euro
annually
Globally:
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The issue of plastic marinelitter
Potentialtriggeringevent: Health
Publicity / Exposure
Time
Birth Growth Development Maturity
1. Issue escalation
3. Proactively managed
! Issue fatigue
! Reincarnation
Post-maturity
2. Scenario 2:Lingering below the threshold
Triggeringevent: Gyrediscovery
Current status
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THE ISSUE LIES AT THE INTERSECT OF OCEAN HEALTH
AND PLASTIC USAGE (1)
Ocean health Plastic usage
Over
fishing
Climate
change
Non-native
species
Toxicity
Resources
P
M
L
Life
cycle
Pollution
19
PLASTICS STRENGTHS AND CONCERNS
20
OPPOSITE FRAMES (1)
Producers, including plastic industry,packaging industry and otherindustries. Governments. To a lesser
degree non-sustainable consumers.
Consumers, all users of plasticproducts.
Responsibility
Industry deliberately produces toxicand wasteful products to maximiseprofits.
Littering consumers, e.g. during beachrecreation, and littering industries, e.g.shipping and fisheries.
Problemsource
Plastics are inherently toxic and non-degradable materials, which last
forever, poison our food chain andaffect human health.
Plastics are valuable and diversematerials with many useful applications,
but as with all materials problems canoccur if not disposed of properly.
Problemdefinition
Plastic soup, plastic marine pollution
Plastic pollution is a genuine crisis. Noamount of political tactics, businessgreed, or disinformation can change
the fact that there are almost no placeson the planet that remain untouched byplastic trash.
Marine debris
The simple fact is that waste (plastics orotherwise) does not belong in the sea.Litter is primarily a result of human
neglect and poor waste managementand if we all acted responsibly therewould be no reason for the largemajority of it to be there.
Language
Consumption issueLittering issue
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OPPOSITE FRAMES (2)
End global dependence on(disposable) plastics
Prevent plastics ending up in theocean
Role ofpolicy
Policy based on precautionaryprinciple
• Refuse or ban disposableproducts
• Substitution with other materials
• Encourage consumers and
companies to reduce their plasticfootprint.
• Government regulation andenforcement
Policy based on risk-based approach
• Recovery of plastic waste during
production and transport
• Improve waste infrastructure
• Market-based measures
• Design for recycling
• Government enforcement of wastereduction policies and conventions
Policysolution
Consumption issueLittering issue
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SYSTEMS THINKING FRAME
Find win-win solutions to theissues related to plastic marine
litter
End global dependence on(disposable) plastics.
Prevent plasticsending up in the
ocean
Role of policy
Multistakeholder, including
extended producerresponsibility
Producers, including plastic
industry, packaging industry andother industries. Governments.
To a lesser degree non-
sustainable consumers.
Consumers, all users
of plastic products
Responsibility
Based on precautionaryprinciple
Industry deliberately produces
toxic and wasteful products tomaximise profits
Plastics are inherently toxic and
non-degradable materials…
Plastic soup, plastic marine
pollution
Consumption issue
Based on the outcome of ascience-based multistakeholder
dialogue
Based on risk-basedapproach
Policysolutions
Science-based assessment
including perceptions
Littering consumers,
and industries
Problem
source
See hypothesis: man-made,
complex issue, unsustainablelife cycle etc.
Plastics are valuable
and diverse materials…
Problem
definition
Plastic Marine LitterMarine debrisLanguage
System thinking frameLittering issue
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RELATION WITH SPIRAL DYNAMICS AND
THE CULTURAL THEORY OF RISK
Holistic thinking & feelingSystems thinkingAwareness
People & planet,
risk aversion
Profit, risk-seeking,
status, innovation
Freedom
Stability, safety
regulations, risk acceptance
Personal powerPower
The tribeStaying aliveSurvival
We-centered(Yin)
I-centered(Yang)
Motivations /value system
• Circumstances determine optimal value systems
• Transcend and include, no hierarchy
• Frames determined by value systems
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RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INDIRECT EFFECTS SHOWS
DIFFERENT LIKELIHOODS AND IMPACTS
25
WASTE AND POLLUTION IS BUILT INTO LINEAR TAKE-
MAKE-WASTE PRODUCTION MODEL
raw materials
nutrientrecovery
compost
disposal
landfill,(marine) environment
pollution
greenhouse gasemissions, otheremissions to water/air
reuse recycle
manufacture use EOL
Recovered materials
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KEEPING RESOURCES IN THE LOOP CAN ELIMINATE
WASTE-RELATED PROBLEMS: CIRCULAR ECONOMY
recycle
raw materials
Recovered materials
manufacture use end of life
waste & litter prevention nutrientrecovery
composting
rethink, redesign, reduce, repair & enable, tempt and enforce
reuse
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ACTION IS REQUIRED AT ALL LEVELS OF THE CURRENT
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASTIC
Waste Management
Manufacture
Rethink
Cyclic business models
Material redesign
Product redesign
Consumption& Disposal
End-of-life
Energy recoveryNutrient recoveryMaterial recoveryEmission control
InterceptClean upReuse / Repair
Recycle
Compost
Incinerate
Land fill
Substitution
Bio-based
Biodegradable
Timed degradation
Non-toxic
Restoration
Smart material use
Design for recycling
Resource efficiency
LCA
Certification
Education
Certification
Labeling
Best Practices
Lease / borrow
‘Bio’ ‘Techno’
Biogas
(Marine) EnvironmentUse
Behavioral change
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PLASTIC LIFE CYCLE
FOLLOW FROM THE SOLUTIONS MODEL
Enable cyclic
business
Promote
behavioural
change
Improve waste
management
Rehabilitate
habitats
manufacture use end-of-life environment
RECOMMENDATIONS
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A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEM IS
REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
Increase knowledge
Enable cyclic
business
Promote
behavioural
change
Improve waste
management
Rehabilitate
habitats
RECOMMENDATIONS
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BEST PRACTICES AND RESEARCH LEAD TO POLICY
OPTIONS AND PROPOSALS
Enable cyclic
business
Promote
behavioural
change
Improve waste
management
Rehabilitate
habitats
RECOMMENDATIONS
Increase knowledge
Policy development
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FOR EVERY RECOMMENDATION MULTIPLE ACTIONS
HAVE BEEN PROPOSED
• Improve monitoring efforts
• Integrate knowledge
• Develop scenarios
• Build on marine infrastructure
• Awareness of the North Sea
• Plastic usage and disposal on land
• Prevent disposal practices at sea
• Design for reuse & recycle
• Improve life cycle analyses
• Avoid potential toxicants
• Teaching
• Increase collection
• Increase recycling
• Close the leaks
• Embed stakeholder knowledge
and best practices
• Enforce regional & int. policies
• Enhance global cooperation
Increase
knowledge
Enable cyclic
business
Promote
behavioural
change
Improve waste
management
Rehabilitate
habitats
Policy
development
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OUTCOME OF 2011 PML PROJECT
!Strong group of involved stakeholders
" Report with inventory of the issues,
well-received
" Website www.plasticmarinelitter.eu
" Outline of the North Sea programme
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Plastic Marine Litter: ONE BIG MARKET FAILURESystemic Look at Plastic Waste in the Light of Plastic Marine Litter
Executive Summary of the Report of the Plastic Marine Waste Project,Discussed at the Stakeholder Meeting Eenhoorn Amersfoort, March 28 2013
The Main Report PMW023 can be downloaded on www.plasticmarinelitter.eu
Janneke PorsArthur Ten Wolde
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SECOND STUDY:
WORK STREAM 4 OF THE PML PROGRAMME
Increase
knowledge
Circular
business
models
Promote
behavioural
change
Improve waste
management
Restore
habitats
Policy
development
Science Industry GovernmentsNGOs
• Increase collection
• Increase recycling
• Close the leaks
manufacture use end-of-life environment
35
PROJECT OUTLINE
• Plastic Marine Waste project (June 2012-April 2013).
• The draft results were discussed at a stakeholder meeting on
March 28 in Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
• The project was carried out by IMSA Amsterdam and sponsored
by the European industry association PlasticsEurope, Cradle to
Cradle flooring company Desso and the Dutch Ministry of
Infrastructure and the Environment (Rijkswaterstaat).
• Focus: Land-based plastic waste, especially packaging and
municipal waste; North Sea
The main report (PMW023) can be downloaded on
www.plasticmarinelitter.eu
36
INTERVIEWS
• Rudi Daelmans, Desso
• Frans Beckers and Ruud van Mierlo, Van Gansewinkel
• Helmuth Maurer en Leo de Vrees, European Commission
• Jos Koster, Gemeente Pijnacker
• Cees de Mol van Otterloo en Hester Klein Lankhorst, Afvalfonds
Verpakkingen / Kenniscentrum Duurzaam Verpakken
• Joris van der Meulen, Nedvang
• Aafko Schanssema, VMK
• Helene van Zutphen en Henk Klein Teeselink, Nederland Schoon
• Ulphert Thoden van Velzen, WUR
• Eamonn Bates, Pack 2 Go
• Jeroen Dagevos, Stichting De Noordzee
• Robert Gomez, PlasticsEurope
• Kees Donker, Unilever
37
Waste managementaround the North Sea
• !"#$%&'"(")%'%($&*%+",-%+.&/0$#$"(12()
• 3,++4&+25%*2()&2##$"(,"+&"(1&$7%&'"2(
#/0*8%&/9&+"(1:6"#%1&;+"#,8&<"#$%&2(&$7%
=/*$7&3%"
• >0*$7%*&2';*/-%&<"#$%&'"(")%'%($
Photo: Jan Andries van Franeker, IMARES,
2012
38
Current policy situationin the EU
• ?@&"(1&(",/("+&;/+282%#&2(&1%-%+/;'%($
• 0(+5%26%7,8/.+9%(.:%;2'-*+('%<-''&2(&?@&$/&"11*%##
;+"#,8&'"*2(%&+25%*&"(1&<"#$%&'"(")%'%($&2##0%#A
>/80#&/(&*%1082()&+"(1&B++2()4&%#;%82"++.&2(&3/0$7%*(
"(1&?"#$%*(&'%'6%*&#$"$%#
• C+"#,8&'"*2(%&+25%*&2(&$7%&=/*$7&3%"&2#&8/(#21%*%1&"
=-.2,%-))7/&2(&$7%&?@
39
ACTIONS BY INDUSTRY
• Problem recognized by global plastics industry (2011)
including Dutch Plastics Deferation NRK en PlasticsEurope;
dozens of actions Operation Clean Sweep, see Marine Litter
Solutions
• Desso, Sabic, DPI, Chemelot, Van Gansewinkel, Kruidenier,
Nederland Schoon
• Cosmetics industry in the defensive, only Unilever showed
leadership by declaring it will stop using microplastics
• Retail reactive: HEMA, Etos, De Tuinen, Rituals, Kruidvat en
Trekpleister avoid products containing microplastics (2012)
• Business will not solve the problem
40
Current situation:business and NGOs
• D//&9%<&8/';"(2%#&*%8/)(2E%&$7%2*
2(12*%8$&;*/108%*&*%#;/(#262+2$.&9/*&;+"#,8
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• =FG&"8,/(#&"*%&"+#/&+2'2$%1
• 382%(,#$#&8"((/$&#/+-%&$7%&;*/6+%'
• D7%*%&2#&"&+/$&/9&H(/<+%1)%&"(1&%I;%*2%(8%
60$&2(#0J82%($&"8,/(
41
Current plastics chains inEurope
42
Towards circular plasticschains
3/0*8%K&?++%(
L"8M*$70*
>/0(1",/(
N?L>O4&PQRP
43
PML and the circulareconomy
• D/&6//#$&"8,/(&")"2(#$&;+"#,8&'"*2(%&+25%*
*%S02*%#&8/0;+2()&2$&$/&$7%&8/(8%;$#&/9&T2*80+"*
?8/(/'.
• D7%&T2*80+"*&?8/(/'.&;72+/#/;7.&2#&2(7%*%($+.
";;%"+2()4&.2%+12()&%8/(/'28"+&6%(%B$#4
%8/+/)28"+&6%(%B$#&!"#&%(7"(8%1&8//;%*",/(
• ?+%'%($K&>*/'&/<(%*&$/&0#%*
• L"*H%$&9"2+0*%#&"$&#%-%*"+&+%-%+#&(%%1&$/&6%
"11*%##%1&NUL3MVT2*8+%&?8/(/'.4&PQRWK&RX
#$%;#&$/&/-%*8/'%&PP&6"**2%*#O
44
What could this mean inpractice?
• T/';"*2#/(&(%%1%1&/9&;+"#,8&;*/108$#&"(1&"+$%*(",-%#&/-%*&$7%
8/';+%$%&'-6/%+9+'/4&2(8+012()&%(1:/9:+29%&"(1&62/1%)*"1"62+2$.
• >/)-8.&9/*&*%108%4&*%0#%4&*%8.8+2()4&1%8/';/#2,/(&"(1#%S0%($
*%)%(%*",/(4&(/(:+25%*2()&/9&;+"#,8#&"(1&9/*&'2(2'"+&2';"8$&/9
+25%*%1&;+"#,8#&/*K&1%#2)(&"&)/,?-+/@&!"#$%&#%;'()*+)
• M-/21&;/$%(,"+&$/I28#$"(8%#&"(1&'"$%*2"+&12-%*#2$.
• 3%;"*"$%&62/1%)*"1"6+%&9*/'&8/(-%(,/("+&;+"#,8#
• Y%-%+/;&RQQZ&62/6"#%1&"(1V/*&62/1%)*"1"6+%&'"$%*2"+#
45
Conclusion
L/*%&"8,/(&/(&;+"#,8&'"*2(%&+25%*&2#&(%%1%1&$/K
RA [%108%&+25%*2()4&%#;%82"++.&/9/*$:8.8+28
;"8H")2()&'"$%*2"+#
PA M88%+%*"$%&T2*80+"*&C+"#,8#&T7"2(#
WA M872%-%&"6#/+0$%&1%8/0;+2()&6%$<%%(&;+"#,8#&0#%
"(1&2$#&%(-2*/('%($"+&2';"8$&$7*/0)7&*%'"2(2()
+%"H#
46
Recommendation 1:Reduce Littering
• L"H%&'"*2(%&+25%*&"&;*2/*2$.&/9&%I2#,()&+25%*2()&*%108,/(
8"';"2)(#&"(1&;*%-%(,/(W%'%#A
• M;;+.&(%<&2(#2)7$#&2(&2(\0%(82()&6%7"-2/0*&/9&;%/;+%&$/
+25%*2()&;*%-%(,/(W%'%#A
• L"H%&<"#$%&2(9*"#$*08$0*%&+/)28"+&"(1&8/(#2#$%($&$/&%("6+%
"0$/'",8&6%7"-2/0*A
• Y%-%+/;&"112,/("+&2(8%(,-%#&9/*&8/(#0'%*#&$/&#%;"*"$%&"(1
*%8.8+%&$7%2*&<"#$%4&%A)A&2((/-",-%&;".:6"8HW%'%#A
• ?(8/0*")%&8+%"(:0;&/9&#$*%%$&+25%*4&%A)A&-/+0($"*.&8+%"(:0;
8"';"2)(#&"(1&#$*08$0*"+W%'%#A
• 37"*%&6%#$&;*"8,8%#&2(&+25%*2()&";;*/"87%#&"(1&2($%(#29.
8//;%*",/(&6%$<%%(&;06+284&60#2(%##&"(1&=FG&2(2,",-%#A
47
Recommendation 2:Accelerate circular chains
Economy &market
Policy
Coordination& cooperation
Technology &infrastructure
Niche(early movers in a linear world)
Transformation / system change (changing the business environment)
Dialogue on strategies, priorities,responsibilities, costs & benefits
Mandatory integrated reporting and truepricing
Powerful waste managementcoordinator
Investments in technologies & systems
Decoupling & cascading ambitions &strategies
Design for recycling
True pricing and integrated reporting
Review quality standards
Marketing & promotion
Regulation, taxes, levies, bans
Circular pilots & business models Scale-up of collection & recyclingschemes
Studies on market failures & market-based instruments
Collection, sorting, separation, recycling anddegradation technologies & systems
Logical and comfortable collection schemes
Index + incentives for circularity
Research & development
Resource Identification Tag Systems(RITS)
48
Recommendation 3: Decoupleeconomic growth frommaterial use
300
200
100
200019801960
400
500
600
700
2020 2040
Global plastic production Mtonne/y
Business as usualtotal plastic produced by2050: ~ 33 billion tonnes
Factor 2 andcatching up
1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Strategy
Optimize lightweight
design
Minimize single-use
disposable products
Prolong product
lifetimes
Cleaner production
Reuse products
Reuse components
Mechanical recycling
Chemical recycling
Replace products by
services
Ban of high impact
plastic products
49
CONTACT
Dr. Arthur ten Wolde
IMSA Amsterdam - Sustainability & Innovation
Prins Hendriklaan 15
NL-1075 AX Amsterdam
THE NETHERLANDS
T +31 20 5787624
E arthur.ten.wolde@imsa.nl
W www.imsa.nl
Follow us on Twitter:
http://twitter.com/IMSA_Amsterdam
www.imsa.nl