Plate Boundaries LabPlate Boundaries Lab

Warm up Dec. 10thWarm up Dec. 10th

I will learn the type I will learn the type of plate boundariesof plate boundaries

Homework: 6 Homework: 6 weeks test weeks test Thursday… Thursday…

Semester exams Semester exams next week next week schedule on boardschedule on board

What are the types What are the types of plate of plate boundaries?boundaries?

What happens at What happens at the plate the plate boundariesboundaries

Background Background InformationInformation

The Mystery of Plate The Mystery of Plate TectonicsTectonics

Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth

If you imagine the If you imagine the earth like an apple, earth like an apple, there are three there are three main parts. There main parts. There is the core, the is the core, the mantle (the mantle (the “white” part of the “white” part of the apple), and the apple), and the crust (the skin of crust (the skin of the apple). the apple).

Earth LayersEarth Layers

Earth’s rigid outer Earth’s rigid outer shell, the shell, the lithospherelithosphere, is , is made up of the made up of the crust and the top crust and the top part of the mantle. part of the mantle. The The asthenosphereasthenosphere is the plastic-like is the plastic-like layer below the layer below the lithosphere.lithosphere.

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

According to the According to the plate tectonic plate tectonic model, the model, the lithosphere is lithosphere is broken into vast broken into vast slabs called slabs called platesplates..

Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics

Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics is is the idea that the the idea that the Earth’s outer shell Earth’s outer shell consists of consists of individual plates, individual plates, which interact in which interact in various ways and various ways and thereby produce thereby produce earthquakes, earthquakes, volcanoes, volcanoes, mountains, and the mountains, and the crust itself.crust itself.

Convection CurrentConvection Current. .

These plates are slowly These plates are slowly and continually and continually moving. This moving. This movement is caused by movement is caused by hot material moving up hot material moving up from deep within the from deep within the Earth unevenly and Earth unevenly and spreading over the spreading over the asthenosphere, setting asthenosphere, setting the plates in motion. the plates in motion. This is called a This is called a convection currentconvection current. .

Plates movingPlates moving

When plates move, When plates move, they can interact in they can interact in several ways. several ways. Because each plate Because each plate moves as a distinct moves as a distinct unit, all interaction unit, all interaction among individual among individual plates occurs along plates occurs along their their boundariesboundaries. .

Complete Part OneComplete Part One

Divergent Plate Divergent Plate BoundariesBoundaries

Divergent boundariesDivergent boundaries

Divergent Divergent boundariesboundaries are are where plates move where plates move apart, leaving a gap apart, leaving a gap between them. The between them. The gap then fills with gap then fills with the asthenosphere the asthenosphere from below, and from below, and cools, forming new cools, forming new crust. crust.

Seafloor SpreadingSeafloor Spreading Seafloor spreading is the Seafloor spreading is the

movement of two oceanic movement of two oceanic plates away from each other plates away from each other (at a divergent plate (at a divergent plate boundary), which results in boundary), which results in the formation of new the formation of new oceanic crust (from magma oceanic crust (from magma that comes from within the that comes from within the Earth's mantle) along a a Earth's mantle) along a a mid-ocean ridge. Where the mid-ocean ridge. Where the oceanic plates are moving oceanic plates are moving away from each other is away from each other is called a zone of divergence. called a zone of divergence. Ocean floor spreading was Ocean floor spreading was first suggested by Harry first suggested by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz in the Hess and Robert Dietz in the 1960's. 1960's.

Part 1 Divergent Plate Part 1 Divergent Plate BoundariesBoundaries

1. What happens to the frosting 1. What happens to the frosting between the graham crackers, how between the graham crackers, how does it look? does it look?

2. What do each of the graham 2. What do each of the graham crackers represent? crackers represent? 3. What does the frosting represent?3. What does the frosting represent?4. Draw and label a divergent plate. 4. Draw and label a divergent plate. Predict what would be happening at a Predict what would be happening at a divergent boundary.divergent boundary.

Complete Part TwoComplete Part Two

Convergent plate Convergent plate boundariesboundaries

Continental and OceanicContinental and Oceanic

Convergent boundariesConvergent boundaries

Convergent Convergent boundariesboundaries are are where plates move where plates move together, forcing together, forcing one of the slabs of one of the slabs of lithosphere to lithosphere to descend beneath descend beneath the other or both the other or both get pushed up. get pushed up.

Oceanic Plate and Continental Oceanic Plate and Continental PlatePlate

Oceanic Plate and Oceanic Plate and Continental PlateContinental Plate - When a thin, - When a thin, dense oceanic plate dense oceanic plate collides with a collides with a relatively light, thick relatively light, thick continental plate, continental plate, the oceanic plate is the oceanic plate is forced under the forced under the continental plate; continental plate; this phenomenon is this phenomenon is called subduction called subduction

Oceanic Plate and Continental Oceanic Plate and Continental PlatePlate

Part 2 Convergent Plate Part 2 Convergent Plate Boundaries (continental and Boundaries (continental and

ocean)ocean)1. What type of plate does the 1. What type of plate does the Styrofoam represent?Styrofoam represent?2. What type of plate does the 2. What type of plate does the graham cracker represent?graham cracker represent?3. What happens when a piece of 3. What happens when a piece of crust goes under another piece of crust goes under another piece of crust (called subduction)?crust (called subduction)?4. Draw and label a convergent plate 4. Draw and label a convergent plate (continental and ocean) (continental and ocean)

Complete Part ThreeComplete Part Three

Convergent plate Convergent plate boundariesboundaries

Continental and Continental and ContinentalContinental

Convergent plate boundariesConvergent plate boundariesContinental and ContinentalContinental and Continental

Two Continental Two Continental PlatesPlates - When two - When two continental plates continental plates collide, mountain collide, mountain ranges are created ranges are created as the colliding as the colliding crust is crust is compressed and compressed and pushed upwards. pushed upwards.

Convergent plate boundariesConvergent plate boundariesContinental and ContinentalContinental and Continental

Part 3 Convergent Plate Part 3 Convergent Plate BoundariesBoundaries

1. What does the graham cracker 1. What does the graham cracker represent?represent?2. In what way are the wet graham crackers 2. In what way are the wet graham crackers more like the real crustal plates than are more like the real crustal plates than are the dry graham crackers?the dry graham crackers?3. What feature is represented where 3. What feature is represented where curling and folding occurred at the ends of curling and folding occurred at the ends of the wet graham cracker?the wet graham cracker?4. Draw and label a convergent plate 4. Draw and label a convergent plate boundary ( two continental plates). What boundary ( two continental plates). What type of land feature would you predict to be type of land feature would you predict to be in this area?in this area?

Complete Part FourComplete Part Four

Transform Plate Transform Plate BoundariesBoundaries

Transform boundariesTransform boundaries

Transform Transform boundariesboundaries are are where plates grind where plates grind past each other, past each other, scraping and scraping and deforming as they deforming as they pass.pass.

Transform Plate BoundaryTransform Plate Boundary When two plates move When two plates move

sideways against each sideways against each other there is a other there is a tremendous amount of tremendous amount of friction which makes friction which makes the movement jerky. the movement jerky. The plates slip, then The plates slip, then stick as the friction stick as the friction and pressure build up and pressure build up to incredible levels. to incredible levels. When the pressure is When the pressure is released suddenly, released suddenly, and the plates and the plates suddenly jerk apart, suddenly jerk apart, this is an earthquake. this is an earthquake.

Transform Plate BoundaryTransform Plate Boundary

EarthquakeEarthquake

An An earthquakeearthquake is is the vibrations the vibrations produced by the produced by the breaking of rock. breaking of rock.

Most Recent EarthquakesMost Recent Earthquakes

http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/qed/

Cleburne Earthquakes????Cleburne Earthquakes????

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2009-06-15-drilling-earthquake_N.htm

http://cbs11tv.com/local/Cleburne.to.get.2.1039543.html

FaultsFaults

The location where The location where the plates break or the plates break or move is called a move is called a fault. Faults fault. Faults interrupt rock interrupt rock layers by moving layers by moving them out of place.them out of place.

FaultsFaults

There are three There are three kinds of faults. kinds of faults. One kind pushes One kind pushes the rocks together, the rocks together, one pushes them one pushes them apart, and in one, apart, and in one, the rocks slide past the rocks slide past each other. each other.

Normal faultNormal fault

In a In a normal faultnormal fault, , there is a pull-apart there is a pull-apart force. In a normal force. In a normal fault, rock above fault, rock above the fault surface the fault surface moves downward moves downward in relation to rock in relation to rock below the fault below the fault surface. surface.

Reverse faultReverse fault

In a, the rock gets In a, the rock gets squeezed and the squeezed and the rock is forced over rock is forced over and up. and up.

Slip-strike faultSlip-strike fault,,

In a In a slip-strike faultslip-strike fault, , rocks on either side rocks on either side of the fault are of the fault are moving past each moving past each other without much other without much upward or upward or downward downward movement. The movement. The San Andreas fault San Andreas fault in California is a in California is a slip-strike fault.slip-strike fault.

Part 4 Transform Plate Part 4 Transform Plate BoundariesBoundaries

1. Why is this movement often described as 1. Why is this movement often described as “horizontal sliding?”“horizontal sliding?”

2. What famous fault is associated with this 2. What famous fault is associated with this type of movement?type of movement?3. As you modeled this type of fault, nothing 3. As you modeled this type of fault, nothing happened at the beginning, but as the happened at the beginning, but as the pressure increased, the graham crackers pressure increased, the graham crackers finally broke. How is this similar to the finally broke. How is this similar to the situation in California?situation in California?4. Draw and label a transform plate 4. Draw and label a transform plate boundary. What type of catastrophic event boundary. What type of catastrophic event might you predict to occur in this area?might you predict to occur in this area?

ConclusionConclusion

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/#

http://geology.com/plate-tectonics.shtml

http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/slip4.html

ConclusionConclusion

What is an Earthquake?What is an Earthquake?

Why do you think it is easier to Why do you think it is easier to predict where an earthquake will predict where an earthquake will occur than it is to predict when it will occur than it is to predict when it will occur?occur?