PM10 AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI) AMONG CHILDREN

IN KLANG VALLEY : GIS MAPPING

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM 2School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM3Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment Studies, UPM4Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Siti Rahmah A. R.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I. 1, Muhammad Firuz R. 2, Mohd Talib L. 3, Mazrura S. 4

INTRODUCTION• Rapid urban population growth and physical development has given

significant pressure to the environment.

2

Worsened air pollution

Source: Department of Statistic, Malaysia 2010

3Source: Malaysia Air Pollution Index and Environmental Quality Report 2010

4Source: The Acute Respiratory Infection Atlas, First Edition 2010

5Source: The Acute Respiratory Infection Atlas, First Edition 2010

AIR POLLUTION INDEX

INDEX COLOR CODE CATEGORY

0-50 GOOD

51-100 MODERATE

101-200 UNHEALTHY

201-300 VERY UNHEALTHY

301 HAZARDOUS

6

7Source: Environmental Quality Report 2010

Source of Ozone:- industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor

vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical

Source of CO:- incomplete combustion

like cigarette smoking and car exhausts

Source of NO2:- Motor vehicles exhaust,

electric utilities and industrial boilers

Source of SO2:- Generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that

contain sulphur, fuel combustion

Source of PM10:- bushfires, unpaved

roads, motor vehicles emission, industrial

process

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), can travel deeper into the lungs.

Particles, which are between 2.5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5-PM10),

OBJECTIVETo determine distribution pattern of PM10 and ARI among children age between 0 to 14 years old in Klang Valley.

Data analysis

10

Air pollution data with the coordinate of each monitoring station will be input in the GIS software to build a pattern

of air pollution

These two pattern will be overlaid to explore the association between ARI and PM10.

ARI data with the coordinate will be input in the GIS software to

build a pattern of ARI cases

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PM10 concentration with ARI cases in 2007

ARI_cases_2007

Value

High : 64.5843

Low : 32.3775

PM10 concentration with ARI cases in 2008

ARI_cases_2008

Value

High : 64.5843

Low : 32.3775

ARI_cases_2009

Value

High : 64.5843

Low : 32.3775

PM10 concentration with ARI cases in 2009

PM10 concentration with ARI cases in 2010

ARI_cases_2010

Value

High : 64.5843

Low : 32.3775

Annual mean of PM10 concentration and ARI cases

CONCLUSION• Highest PM10 was observed in Klang.• High PM10 can increase ARI incidence.• Integrated usage of geostatistical methods,

and spatial analysis can introduce valuable information to identify, visualize and explore the relationship between incidence on ARI and environmental pollution.

STUDY LIMITATION• Limited air quality station numbers in Klang

Valley to get more accurate data in certain places.

• ARI data may not cover other respiratory registry in some private health sector.

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United States: Environmental Protection Agency• Environment, D. o. (2010). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2010. Malaysia: Department of

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Development of Respiratory Infections and Asthmatic and Allergic Symptoms in Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 1092-1098.

• Jalaludin, B. B., O'Toole, B. I., & Leeder, S. R. (2004). Acute effects of urban ambient air pollution on respiratory symptoms, asthma medication use, and doctor visits for astma in a cohort of Australian children. Environmental Research 95, 32-42.