Post on 08-Mar-2015
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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
A. Political aspects
Centralized GovernmentThe Philippines being a crown colony was
placed under the absolute control of the king. VICE ROYAL of Nueva Espana(Mexico) was given charge to govern the Philippines in behalf of the king
1524 King Charles V established the REAL y
SUPREMO de las INDIAS (ROYAL AND SUPREME COUNCIL OF INDIES), a political body that governed all spanish possesions.
Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de ls indias was a set of laws first compiled by the spanish cortes Two ancient Castilian ConstitutionA.) Residencia – was a legal body that
conducted an investigation and on the performance of an official
b.) Visita – had far greater impact than the residencia in terms of the manner of investigation
Governor-general or Gobernador general
Highest official of the central government, was appointed by the consejo de las indias
Held office at Intramuros Manila, recognized as the seat of the national government
Captain-general or the commander-in-chief of the army and navy
He was the president of the royal audiencia or supreme court
highest judicial body in the spanish colonies Granted with numerous prerogatives and
discretionary powers for some reasons
Alcalde Mayor or provincial governor leads or govern all alcaldias or
pacified areas
Corregidores Govern all unpacified areas or
corregimientosexamples of unpacified areas
MarivelesMindoro Panay
Gobernadorcillo or little governor governs the towns(pueblos)
Ayuntamiento or Cabildo governing body of each city
CEBU-- declared as the first city in 1569Manila-- became city in 1571
Cabeza de barangay-- headed the barangay which is
considered as the local lowest unit-- was the tax collector of the
contributions forwarded to the gobernadorcillo
-- this position was given to the former datu’s
INTRODUCTION OF
SPANISH LAWS
19TH CENTURY-- Roman civil laws, penal, and commercial
codes where introduced in the Philippines Abolition of slavery in the Philippines -- most important humanitarian laws passed
in accordance to the laws of indies
August 9,1589--King Philip II issued a royal decree
to further strengthen to the enforcement of such law
April 18,1591-- Pope Gregory XIV issued a Papal
bull at Rome which strengthened the decree of King Philip II
B. ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Public TaxationThe various kinds of taxes paid in cash
or in kind equivalent to 8 reales( one peseta) were exacted from the Filipinos until 1884
1589 t0 1851 -- the amount of taxes increases to 10 reales up to 12 reales
(Each of the native pay a tribute to anyone unmarried male member over {20 years old} living with parents was duty bound to pay half of the tribute)
Exempted to pay the taxes were the : EldersBeggarsDisabled
NUMEROUS FORMS OF TAXES Sanctorium (three reales)-- a tax amounted to three reales and
collected by the government and in turned given to the church
Caja de comunidad-- a tax of one real used as a
community fund later its named was changed to cedula tax
presently known as the residence tax
Donativo de Zamboanga-- was imposed in almost all of the
provinces between 1635 and the middle of the 19th century.
Fifths -- laborers and owners(gold mining
industry) paid this kind of tax Bandala-- is an indirect tax imposed on the
Filipino farmers
Pampanga and the Tagalog regions-- practices the bandala because they are the
major crop producing areas Polo y Servicios (force labor)-- another form of indirect tax-- required all male Filipino’s between ages
16 to 60 to render service for 40 days a year
{Polistas– told to be paid ¼ real a day and provided with rice upon actual performance of the polo y servicios}
--Fallapayment to be paid to have an
exemption from duty to render force labor
was considered as a form of bribery and class discrimination
1884 -- demolition of sanctorium, caja de
comunidad and tribute was implemented
Personal cedula tax -- replacement of the tribute--imposed in every male and female resident
of the Philippines who were 18 years old -- all residents(Filipino, Spaniards, Chinese,
or Foreigner) was required to pay the new tax
-- amount to be paid range from 50 centavos to 37.50 depending on the income of the tax payer
Real Situado -- a financial aide given by the
treasury of the Mexico to save the colonial government from bankruptcy
Encomienda System
The owning and ruling of lands by the spanish soldiers.
It is the counterpart of the medieval europe’s feudalism
Encomendero ---took charge of all matters pertaining to his
area of jurisdiction.--- by law they were duty bound to provide for
the spiritual and material welfare of the natives placed under their jurisdiction and to defend his encomienda from enemy attact
Two kinds of encomiendas
The Royal or crown encomiendas -- refered to lands reserved for the
crown and included the principal towns and ports
The private encomiendas-- were granted to individuals who
were either the kings proteges or men who serve with merit during the conquest and pacification campaigns
Cabeza de barangay -- a former chieftain, and was given the task to be the tax collector
Encomendero-- later became the tax collector
{the native tax payer were given the options of paying either in cash or in goods(rice, vegetables, fowls, and others)
The Manila –Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) Galleons-- commercial trading that was
operated by government-owned vessels
-- galley(Spanish word) meaning a vessel which is very similar to a war vessel during that time
Manila galleons were most renowned for 250 years.
Boletas-- tickets given to each of the participants
signifying their rights to ship goodsObras Pias-- established to ensure the smooth flow of
business, and an economic institution -- it gives loans to all merchants who took part
in the shipment of goods via the galleon trade
-- it help to maintain charitable works for public benefit