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Post-Secondary Graduation Research: Enrolment and Graduation Rates from
Environment-Related College and University Programs
F I N A L R E P O R T
E C O C A N A D A
ECO Canada develops programs that help individuals build meaningful
environmental careers, provides employers with resources to find and keep the
best environmental practitioners, and informs educators and governments of
employment trends to ensure the ongoing prosperity of this growing sector.
L A B O U R M A R K E T R E S E A R C H
ECO Canada Labour Market Research investigates current environmental skill and
labour trends within the environmental profession and provides up-to-date, timely
and relevant insights that can be applied in policy, business, and educational contexts.
The complete collection of reports is available at www.eco.ca.
1
Table of Contents
3 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
3 Research Objectives
4 SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
4 Data Source
4 Identifying Programs of Study
4 Changes to Methodology
5 SECTION 3: FINDINGS
5 3.1 UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS
5 3.1.1 University Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs
6 3.1.2 University Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs
8 3.1.3 University Graduation in Environment-Related Programs
10 3.2 COLLEGE PROGRAMS
10 3.2.1 College Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs
11 3.2.2 College Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs
13 3.2.3 College Graduation from Environment-Related Programs
15 SECTION 4: CONCLUSIONS
16 REFERENCES
16 DATA SOURCES
18 APPENDIX
18 Table A.1
25 Table A.2
26 Table A.3
2
3
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In this report, we conduct similar analyses to that provided in
ECO Canada’s 2008 study of enrolment and graduation rates
among all students of college and university environment-
related programs3,4 where the data has permitted. The
following questions are addressed:
1. What are current and historical trends in university and
college enrolment and graduation rates for environment-
related programs as a proportion of all programs?
2. What is the distribution of university and college
enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related
programs as a proportion of all programs in the province/
territory?
3. What is the current distribution of university and college
enrolment and graduation rates of environment-related
programs?
4. What is the rate of change for college and university
enrolment and graduation of select environment-related
programs of study?
ECO Canada would like to thank the Canadian Council on
Learning for conducting the research and analyzing the data
collected throughout the project.
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
According to a 2007 report produced by
ECO Canada, one of the most critical issues
facing Canada’s environmental sector is a
shortage of skilled labour to fill the growing
demand for environmental employees.1
As this report outlines, the demand for
environmental employees specifically was
expected to increase by 1.6% between 2006
and 2011. By contrast, employment in all
industries was expected to increase by 1.4%.
Compounding the issue, forecast models
reported by Human Resources and Social
Development Canada (HRSDC) predict that
about 65.9% of job openings between 2006
and 2015 are expected to be in occupations
usually requiring post-secondary education
(university, college, or apprenticeship
training) and in management occupations in
all industries.2 This forecast further suggests
increased difficulties in attracting qualified
workers to the environmental sector.
1 ECO Canada. (2007). Labour Market Transition: A Remedy for Labour Shortages in the Environment. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research, Environmental Careers Organization of Canada: Calgary, AB.
2 Lapointe, M., Dunn, K., Tremblay-Cote, N., Bergeron, L-P., & Ignaczak, L. (2006). Looking-Ahead: A 10-Year Outlook for the Canadian Labour Market (2006-2015). Gatineau, QC: Human Resources and Social Development Canada.
3 ECO Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
4 ECO Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for Environment-Related Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
4
This section describes the Statistics Canada data sources that
were used to address the research objectives.
Data Source
Post-Secondary Student Information System:
Statistics Canada’s Post-Secondary Student Information System
(PSIS) is a good source for enrolment and graduation rates
for learners of all programs of study, including environment-
related programs. Although PSIS began in 2000, it is not
yet fully implemented, meaning that not all post-secondary
institutions are reporting data. PSIS data was used for
reporting the provincial/territorial distribution and for tracking
trends between 2000 and 2007 for university enrolments
and graduates. PSIS college graduation data are not available
beyond 2004 and enrolment data are not available beyond
2005. Key terms used by the PSIS are defined below.
Enrolment
“Counts of the number of enrolments within each
program offered. Each student enrolled within each
program is counted. If a student is enrolled in two
programs, then this is counted as two program
enrolments.”
Graduate
“Counts of the number of graduates within each program
offered at an institution. Each student that has graduated
from each program is counted. If a student has graduated
in two programs, then this is counted as two graduates.”
Identifying Programs of Study
Programs of study were identified and grouped using Statistics
Canada’s Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)5. [1]
The CIP is designed to classify ‘instructional programs’ by ‘field
of study’. For the purposes of this study, the second CIP level,
known as the “subseries”, was used to group programs that
have comparable content and objectives. Programs of study
related to the environment (Table A.1 in Appendix A) and some
specific environment-related programs (Table A.2 in Appendix
A) were identified and used for analysis in this report.
Changes to Methodology
Previous ECO Canada reports published in 2008 identified
27 college and 20 university environment-related programs
in Canada that prepare environmental professionals (with
overlap between college and university programs). Some
programs that seemed environment-related had been
excluded and other programs that did not seem related to
the environment were included. Of note, the previous 2008
college report produced by ECO Canada did not use PSIS
data, but obtained data from provincial/ territorial reports,
and where no such report was available, by contacting
individual institutions.
The decision was made to identify and select programs of
study without recurrence to previous ECO Canada reports
(presented in Table A.1 in Appendix A). However, because
the programs identified and selected for analysis differ
between previous ECO Canada reports and this one, it is not
possible to draw any direct comparisons between the two
reports. This is fortunately not a significant problem because
PSIS college and university data was available from 2000
and was used for conducting trend analyses.
SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
5 The Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) was developed in 1980 by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in the United States and is used as a standard in both countries.
5
Figure 1Why University enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related
programs as a proportion of all programs (2000 - 2007)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
20072006200520042003200220012000
12.6%
11.5%10.7% 10.5% 10.1% 9.7% 9.9% 10.2%
8.9%8.4% 8.4% 8.5% 8.8% 8.8% 9.1%
9.9%
Enrolments
Graduates
3.1 UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS
3.1.1 University Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs
Enrolment in environment-related programs increased 40.1%
between 2000 and 2007, while enrolment in all programs
increased 25.4% over the same time period.
Environmental-related program graduation grew 10.9%
from 2000 to 2007. However, environment-related
programs represent a lower proportion of the total
graduation rate in 2007 than in 2000.
Figure 1 shows university enrolment and graduation trends
between 2000 and 2007 for environment-related programs
as a proportion of all programs.
SECTION 3: FINDINGS
6
Figure 2University enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related
programs as a proportion of all programs in the province (2007)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
NLPENSNBQCONSKMBABBC
Enrolments
Graduates
10.5
%
14.3
%
7.2%
14.2
%
11.0
%
6.7%
10.6
%
8.4%
7.3%
8.0%
11.6
%
14.0
%
10.4
%
13.2
%
11.3
%
6.5%
10.1
%
11.7
%
10.9
%
9.2%
Figure 3Distribution of university enrolment in environment-related programs (2007)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Biological and biomedicalsciences 30.8%
Engineering 24.5%
Physicalsciences 12.2%
Socialsciences 10.0%
Natural resources
and conservation
9.8%
Other environmentalprograms13.8%
The proportion of university enrolment and
graduation rates for environment-related
programs as a proportion of all programs within
each province is given in Figure 2. Overall, Alberta
and Saskatchewan showed the largest proportions
of students both enrolling in and graduating from
environment-related programs in 2007. Quebec
had the smallest proportion of both enrolments
and graduates from environment-related
programs out of all the provinces.
3.1.2 University Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs
Based on 2007 enrolment numbers, the largest
proportion of students studying environment-
related university programs were enrolled in
the biological and biomedical sciences (30.8%),
followed by engineering (24.5%) as shown in
Figure 3. Programs of study were grouped into
2-digit CIP categories for this analysis and only
those programs selected were included.
7
Many programs have seen significant increase in enrolment numbers from 2000 to 2007 (Table 1). The largest rate of
change in enrolments was observed in land use planning and management/development (1900%), followed by conservation
biology (783.3%) and natural resources management and policy (408.5%). However, other programs experienced decline
in enrolments between 2000 and 2007, such as agriculture and others relating to natural resources. Wildlife biology and
atmospheric physics and dynamics both experienced declines of 100%.
CIP Code CIP Program Name % Change
03.0206 Land use planning and management/developmenta 1900.0%
26.1307 Conservation biologyb 783.3%
03.0201 Natural resources management and policy 408.5%
26.1301 Ecology 218.2%
45.1201 Urban studies/affairs 202.6%
03.0104 Environmental science 157.7%
15.0506 Water quality & wastewater treatment management & recycling technology/technicianc 150.0%
13.1316 Science teacher education/general science teacher education 138.6%
14.1401 Environmental/environmental health engineering 119.5%
03.0101 Natural resources/conservation, general 82.3%
14.0801 Civil engineering, general 76.3%
04.0301 City/urban, community and regional planning 60.7%
13.1332 Geography teacher education 58.3%
40.0501 Chemistry, general 49.1%
14.0701 Chemical engineering 36.2%
26.0101 Biology/biological sciences, general 29.2%
13.1322 Biology teacher education 21.4%
40.0601 Geology/earth science, general 20.2%
40.0401 Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, general 18.4%
40.0404 Meteorology 18.2%
45.0701 Geography 10.2%
14.3901 Geological/geophysical engineering 1.9%
13.1323 Chemistry teacher education 0.0%
03.0103 Environmental studies -0.1%
01.1201 Soil science and agronomy, general -4.8%
26.0301 Botany/plant biology -11.5%
26.1302 Marine biology and biological oceanography -15.6%
51.2202 Environmental health -18.9%
13.1329 Physics teacher education -19.0%
03.0205 Water, wetlands, and marine resources management -33.3%
01.0000 Agriculture, general -43.5%
03.0501 Forestry, general -48.6%
14.3401 Forest engineering -58.9%
26.0709 Wildlife biology -100.0%
40.0403 Atmospheric physics and dynamics -100.0%
40.0402 Atmospheric chemistry and climatologyd n/a
Table 1 University enrolment rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2007)
a Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years.b Rate of change calculated from 2003 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years.c Rate of change calculated from 2005 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years.d Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program.
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
8
Figure 4Distribution of university graduates inenvironment-related programs (2007)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Otherenvironmental
programs14.2%
Engineering 22.1%
Science technologies/technicians
10.1%
Socialsciences 11.7%
Natural resources
and conservation
10.0%
Biological andbiomedical sciences
31.9%
3.1.3 University Graduation in Environment-Related Programs
Similar to enrolments, in 2007 the largest
proportion of students graduated from biological
and biomedical sciences (31.9%) and engineering
(22.1%) as shown in Figure 4.
Similar to enrolments, in 2007 the largest proportion of students graduated from biological and biomedical
sciences (31.9%) and engineering (22.1%).
9
CIP Code CIP Program Name % Change
03.0206 Land use planning and management/developmenta 2000.0%
03.0201 Natural resources management and policya 225.0%
03.0104 Environmental sciencea 145.1%
03.0101 Natural resources/conservation, generala 127.8%
13.1332 Geography teacher educationa 115.8%
13.1316 Science teacher education/general science teacher educationa 86.7%
26.1301 Ecologya 76.9%
13.1329 Physics teacher educationa 71.4%
14.1401 Environmental/environmental health engineeringa 65.2%
13.1323 Chemistry teacher educationa 58.3%
14.0801 Civil engineering, general 34.0%
40.0401 Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, generala 33.3%
01.1201 Soil science and agronomy, general 30.8%
14.0701 Chemical engineering 30.7%
45.1201 Urban studies/affairsa 30.4%
04.0301 City/urban, community and regional planning 27.4%
26.0301 Botany/plant biology 24.0%
26.1302 Marine biology and biological oceanographya 23.1%
13.1322 Biology teacher educationa 16.1%
26.0101 Biology/biological sciences, general 11.7%
45.0701 Geography 6.9%
40.0501 Chemistry, general 6.7%
26.1307 Conservation biologyb -8.3%
14.3901 Geological/geophysical engineeringa -8.7%
40.0404 Meteorology -10.0%
40.0601 Geology/earth science, general -15.4%
03.0205 Water, wetlands, and marine resources managementa -15.4%
03.0103 Environmental studies -28.5%
51.2202 Environmental healtha -33.3%
14.3401 Forest engineering* -64.7%
01.0000 Agriculture, general -65.6%
03.0501 Forestry, general -77.6%
26.0709 Wildlife biologya -100.0%
15.0506 Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technicianc n/a
40.0403 Atmospheric physics and dynamicsd n/a
Table 2 University graduation rate of change for select
environment-related programs (2000-2007)
a Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years.b Rate of change calculated from 2004 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years.c Rate of change cannot be calculated because data available for 2007 only.d Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program.
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Table 2 shows the rate of change between 2000 and 2007 for graduates of select environmental programs.
The largest rates of change were observed in land use planning and management/development (2000%),
natural resources management and policy (225%), and environmental science (145.1%). Forestry, general
(-77.6%) and wildlife biology (-100%) experienced the largest declines in graduation.
10
3.2 COLLEGE PROGRAMS
3.2.1 College Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs
Overall, there are fewer students enrolling in and graduating
from environment-related programs at the college level.
Enrolment increased 0.4% between 2000 and 2005 and
graduates increased 11.8% between 2000 and 2004. However,
as a share of all college programs, both enrolment and
graduation from environment-related programs have decreased
since 2000 (Figure 5).
College enrolment and graduation rates for environment-
related programs as a proportion of all programs of study
by province or territory are shown in Figure 6. In contrast
to the university data, Newfoundland, the Yukon Territories,
and Nunavut have the largest proportions of enrolments and
graduates of environment-related programs. The smallest
proportions are observed in Quebec and PEI.
Figure 5College enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related
programs as a proportion of all programs (2000 - 2005)a
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Enrolments
Graduates
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
200520042003200220012000
5.4%5.2%
4.8% 4.9% 5.1%
4.4%4.2% 4.2% 4.1% 4.3%
3.8%
a PSIS college graduation data are not available beyond 2004 and enrolment data are not available beyond 2005.
Overall, there are fewer students enrolling in and
graduating from environment-related programs at the
college level.
11
Figure 6College enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs
as a proportion of all programs in the province/territory (2004/2005)a
a Graduation data are not available beyond 2004. Enrolment data are not available beyond 2005.
Enrolments
Graduates
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
NUNTYTNLPENSNBQCONSKMBABBC
2.3%
5.9%
4.9%
4.6%
4.0%
3.0%
6.1%
4.2%
2.4%
14.5
%
8.9%
4.5%
6.4%
5.2%
7.6%
6.0%
5.2%
6.0%
2.6%
9.2%
6.1%
2.6%
13.8
%
20.0
%
7.3%
14.3
%
3.2.2 College Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs
Based on 2007 enrolments, the largest share of
students were enrolled in engineering technologies/
technician programs (41.9%), followed by natural
resources and conservation programs (15.8%) and
agriculture, agriculture operations, and related
sciences (13.4%) as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7Distribution of college enrolment in
environment-related programs (2005)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Otherenvironmental
programs 9.8%
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies
12.3%
Science technology/ technicians 6.9%
Agriculture, agricultureoperations andrelated sciences
13.4% Natural resources
and conservation
15.8%
Engineering technologies/technicians
41.9%
12
CIP Code CIP Program Name % Change
03.0201 Natural resources management and policy 485.7%
03.0104 Environmental science 466.7%
03.0205 Water, wetlands, and marine resources management 200.0%
26.1302 Marine biology and biological oceanographya 100.0%
14.0801 Civil engineering, general 90.5%
51.2202 Environmental health 71.4%
40.0501 Chemistry, general 40.0%
46.0000 Construction trades, general 22.7%
04.0301 City/urban, community and regional planning 6.1%
26.1301 Ecology 3.5%
45.0701 Geography -6.3%
03.0206 Land use planning and management/development -29.1%
03.0501 Forestry, general -32.0%
13.1316 Science teacher education/general science teacher educationb -33.3%
01.0000 Agriculture, general -38.3%
15.0506 Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician -46.9%
40.0601 Geology/earth science, general -49.2%
26.0101 Biology/biological sciences, general -51.9%
03.0101 Natural resources/conservation, general -67.3%
03.0103 Environmental studies -100.0%
40.0401 Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, generalc n/a
Table 3 College enrolment rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2005)
a Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2005 because data is not available for previous years.b Rate of change calculated from 2004 to 2005 because data is not available for previous years.c Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program.
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Table 3 presents environment-related programs of interest and the rate of
change for college enrolments between 2000 and 2005. The largest rates of
change were experienced in natural resource management and policy (485.7%),
environmental science (466.7%), and water, wetlands, and marine resource
management (200%). Negative changes were observed in environmental
studies (-100%), natural resources/conservation, general (-67.3%), and biology/
biological sciences, general (-51.9%).
13
Figure 8Distribution of college graduates in
environment-related programs (2004)
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
Otherenvironmental
programs9.8%
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies11.7%
Social sciences 4.9%
Agriculture, agriculture
operations andrelated sciences
14.5%
Natural resources
and conservation
19.2%
Engineering technologies/technicians
40.3%Sciencetechnology/technicians
4.1%
3.2.3 College Graduation from Environment-Related Programs
In line with enrolment rates, the largest share of students
graduated from engineering technologies/technician
programs (40.3%), followed by natural resources
and conservation programs (19.2%) and agriculture,
agriculture operations, and related sciences (14.5%) as
illustrated in Figure 8.
14
CIP Code CIP Program Name % Change
46.0000 Construction trades, general 350.0%
03.0201 Natural resources management and policy 230.8%
03.0104 Environmental science 140.0%
45.0701 Geography 100.0%
03.0103 Environmental studies 75.0%
03.0205 Water, wetlands, and marine resources managementa 50.0%
26.1301 Ecology 29.4%
51.2202 Environmental health 11.1%
03.0206 Land use planning and management/development 7.1%
14.0801 Civil engineering, general 0.0%
40.0501 Chemistry, generala 0.0%
03.0101 Natural resources/conservation, general -2.6%
04.0301 City/urban, community and regional planning -15.2%
01.0000 Agriculture, general -16.7%
40.0601 Geology/earth science, general -23.3%
03.0501 Forestry, general -26.5%
26.0101 Biology/biological sciences, general -30.0%
15.0506 Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician -42.9%
Table 4 College graduation rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2004)
a Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2004 because data is not available for previous years.
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
The college-level graduation rates of change for select environment-related programs are given in Table
4 below. The largest increases were observed in construction trades, general (350%), natural resources
management and policy (230.8%), and environmental science (140%). The largest declines were observed
in water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician (-42.9%),
biology/biological sciences, general (-30%), and forestry, general (-26.5%).
15
SECTION 4: CONCLUSIONS
Enrolment in both college and university
environment-related programs is on the
rise, with university enrolments (40.1%)
increasing at a much greater pace than
college enrolments (0.4%). But as a whole,
both university and college environment-
related programs represent a lower
proportion of the total graduates of all
programs than they did in 2000.
While many traditional programs are
declining steadily in terms of enrolment
and graduation (i.e. wildlife biology, water
& wastewater quality and treatment),
other new emerging areas are experiencing
tremendous growth (i.e. land use and
planning, natural resource management).
Many different factors could be driving
the increases and decreases in individual
environment-related programs of study
and further research is necessary to better
understand these. At minimum, the data
analysed in the present study provides a
picture of the current state of college and
university enrolments and graduates of
environment-related programs.
16
Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2007). Labour Market Transition: A Remedy for Labour Shortages in the Environment. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research,
Environmental Careers Organization of Canada: Calgary, AB.
Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM)
Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for Environment-Related Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM)
Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
Lapointe, M., Dunn, K., Tremblay-Cote, N., Bergeron, L-P., & Ignaczak, L. (2006). Looking-Ahead: A 10-Year Outlook for the Canadian Labour Market (2006-2015). Gatineau, QC:
Human Resources and Social Development Canada.
REFERENCES
Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on 2006 Census of Canada.
Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on 2001 Census of Canada.
Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on Post-Secondary Student Information System. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on National Graduates Survey,
2005. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on National Graduates Survey,
2000. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
DATA SOURCES
17
18
APPENDIX
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
221 Agricultural Science - General 01.0000 Agriculture, General
230 Agricultural Technology - General 01.0000 Agriculture, General
231 Agricultural Business 01.0101 Agricultural Business and Management, General
231 Agricultural Business 01.0102 Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations
232 Farming 01.0102 Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations
139 Agricultural Economics 01.0103 Agricultural Economics
231 Agricultural Business 01.0104 Farm/Farm and Ranch Management
231 Agricultural Business 01.0106 Agricultural Business Technology
229 Agricultural Science - Other 01.0199 Agricultural Business and Management, Other
231 Agricultural Business 01.0199 Agricultural Business and Management, Other
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0199 Agricultural Business and Management, Other
231 Agricultural Business 01.0301 Agricultural Production Operations, General
232 Farming 01.0301 Agricultural Production Operations, General
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0301 Agricultural Production Operations, General
263 Aquaculture and Fisheries 01.0303 Aquaculture
223 Crop Science / Agronomy 01.0304 Crop Production
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0304 Crop Production
221 Agricultural Science - General 01.0399 Agricultural Production Operations, Other
232 Farming 01.0399 Agricultural Production Operations, Other
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0399 Agricultural Production Operations, Other
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0401 Agricultural and Food Products Processing
263 Aquaculture and Fisheries 01.0401 Agricultural and Food Products Processing
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0601 Applied Horticulture/Horticulture Operations, General
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0603 Ornamental Horticulture
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0604 Greenhouse Operations and Management
299 Landscape Architecture - General 01.0605 Landscaping and Groundskeeping
300 Landscape Horticulture 01.0605 Landscaping and Groundskeeping
301 Landscape Technology 01.0605 Landscaping and Groundskeeping
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0606 Plant Nursery Operations and Management
301 Landscape Technology 01.0607 Turf and Turfgrass Management
209 Retailing and Sales 01.0608 Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0608 Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
227 Floral Design / Florist 01.0608 Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.0699 Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Business Services, Other
300 Landscape Horticulture 01.0699 Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Business Services, Other
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.0701 International Agriculture
19
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
221 Agricultural Science - General 01.0801 Agricultural and Extension Education Services
90 Communications 01.0802 Agricultural Communication/Journalism
93 Journalism, News Reporting 01.0802 Agricultural Communication/Journalism
184 Social Services - Other 01.0899 Agricultural Public Services, Other
226 Plant Science 01.1101 Plant Sciences, General
223 Crop Science / Agronomy 01.1102 Agronomy and Crop Science
225 Horticulture/Floriculture 01.1103 Horticultural Science
248 Plant Sciences - Specialized 01.1104 Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding
223 Crop Science / Agronomy 01.1105 Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.1105 Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
248 Plant Sciences - Specialized 01.1105 Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
259 Entomology 01.1105 Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
229 Agricultural Science - Other 01.1106 Range Science and Management
223 Crop Science / Agronomy 01.1199 Plant Sciences, Other
226 Plant Science 01.1199 Plant Sciences, Other
228 Soil Science / Agrology 01.1201 Soil Science and Agronomy, General
228 Soil Science / Agrology 01.1202 Soil Chemistry and Physics
228 Soil Science / Agrology 01.1203 Soil Microbiology
228 Soil Science / Agrology 01.1299 Soil Sciences, Other
233 Agricultural Technology - Other 01.1299 Soil Sciences, Other
229 Agricultural Science - Other 01.9999 Agriculture, Agriculture Operations and Related Sciences, Other
328 Environmental Technology - General 03.0101 Natural Resources/Conservation, General
158 Environmental Studies - General 03.0103 Environmental Studies
288 Environmental/Resource Engineering 03.0104 Environmental Science
460 Geology - Other 03.0104 Environmental Science
328 Environmental Technology - General 03.0199 Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
331 Renewable Resources Technology 03.0199 Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
160 Resource Management 03.0201 Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
266 Natural Sciences 03.0201 Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
328 Environmental Technology - General 03.0201 Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
331 Renewable Resources Technology 03.0201 Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
143 Economics - Other 03.0204 Natural Resource Economics
160 Resource Management 03.0205 Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
328 Environmental Technology - General 03.0205 Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
329 Water Treatment Technologies 03.0205 Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
160 Resource Management 03.0206 Land Use Planning and Management/Development
161 Urban and Regional Planning 03.0206 Land Use Planning and Management/Development
294 Forestry - General 03.0299 Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
298 Forestry - Other 03.0299 Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
328 Environmental Technology - General 03.0299 Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
332 Fish and Wildlife Technology 03.0299 Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
260 Fisheries Biology 03.0301 Fishing and Fisheries Sciences and Management
20
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
263 Aquaculture and Fisheries 03.0301 Fishing and Fisheries Sciences and Management
294 Forestry - General 03.0501 Forestry, General
259 Entomology 03.0502 Forest Sciences and Biology
294 Forestry - General 03.0502 Forest Sciences and Biology
298 Forestry - Other 03.0502 Forest Sciences and Biology
294 Forestry - General 03.0506 Forest Management/Forest Resources Management
298 Forestry - Other 03.0506 Forest Management/Forest Resources Management
298 Forestry - Other 03.0508 Urban Forestry
359 Forest Products Technology 03.0509 Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and Paper Technology
359 Forest Products Technology 03.0510 Forest Resources Production and Management
183 Protection Services (Fire and Other) 03.0511 Forest Technology/Technician
359 Forest Products Technology 03.0511 Forest Technology/Technician
330 Forest Conservation Technologies 03.0599 Forestry, Other
359 Forest Products Technology 03.0599 Forestry, Other
296 Forest Wildlife Management 03.0601 Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management
332 Fish and Wildlife Technology 03.0601 Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management
265 Trapping 03.9999 Natural Resources and Conservation, Other
332 Fish and Wildlife Technology 03.9999 Natural Resources and Conservation, Other
151 Urban Geography 04.0301 City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
161 Urban and Regional Planning 04.0301 City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
267 Architecture - General 04.0301 City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
299 Landscape Architecture - General 04.0401 Environmental Design/Architecture
299 Landscape Architecture - General 04.0601 Landscape Architecture (BSc, BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD)
301 Landscape Technology 04.0601 Landscape Architecture (BSc, BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD)
17 Industrial/Vocational Education 13.1301 Agricultural Teacher Education
45 Education, n.e.c. - Other 13.1301 Agricultural Teacher Education
9 Mathematics and/or Science Teaching 13.1316 Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education
9 Mathematics and/or Science Teaching 13.1322 Biology Teacher Education
9 Mathematics and/or Science Teaching 13.1323 Chemistry Teacher Education
9 Mathematics and/or Science Teaching 13.1329 Physics Teacher Education
11 Social Studies Teaching 13.1332 Geography Teacher Education
271 Biochemical Engineering 14.0301 Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering
287 Agricultural Engineering 14.0301 Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering
273 Chemical Engineering 14.0701 Chemical Engineering
274 Civil Engineering 14.0801 Civil Engineering, General
283 Geological Engineering 14.0802 Geotechnical Engineering
290 Water Resources Engineering 14.0805 Water Resources Engineering
274 Civil Engineering 14.0899 Civil Engineering, Other
21
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
288 Environmental/Resource Engineering 14.1401 Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
289 Marine Engineering 14.2401 Ocean Engineering
293 Engineering, n.e.c. 14.2401 Ocean Engineering
286 Petroleum Engineering 14.2501 Petroleum Engineering
295 Forest Engineering 14.3401 Forest Engineering
152 Geography - Other 14.3801 Surveying Engineering
274 Civil Engineering 14.3801 Surveying Engineering
283 Geological Engineering 14.3901 Geological/Geophysical Engineering
271 Biochemical Engineering 14.9999 Engineering, Other
295 Forest Engineering 14.9999 Engineering, Other
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0000 Engineering Technology, General
333 Civil Engineering Technologies - General 15.0201 Civil Engineering Technology/Technician
358 Power/Stationary Engineering 15.0503 Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0503 Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0505 Solar Energy Technology/Technician
329 Water Treatment Technologies 15.0506 Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and
Recycling Technology/Technician
362 Water Well Drilling and Primary Resources - Other 15.0506 Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and
Recycling Technology/Technician
328 Environmental Technology - General 15.0507 Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental
Technology
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0508 Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/
Technician
328 Environmental Technology - General 15.0599 Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other
329 Water Treatment Technologies 15.0599 Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other
418 Industrial Health 15.0701 Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician
348 Industrial Technologies - Other 15.0702 Quality Control Technology/Technician
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0702 Quality Control Technology/Technician
418 Industrial Health 15.0703 Industrial Safety Technology/Technician
419 Industrial Hygiene 15.0703 Industrial Safety Technology/Technician
360 Mining Technology 15.0901 Mining Technology/Technician
361 Petroleum Technologies 15.0903 Petroleum Technology/Technician
360 Mining Technology 15.0999 Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other
369 Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c. 15.0999 Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other
145 Cartography 15.1102 Surveying Technology/Surveying
230 Agricultural Technology - General 15.9999 Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
22
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
304 Chemical Technology - General 15.9999 Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
328 Environmental Technology - General 15.9999 Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
360 Mining Technology 15.9999 Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
157 Law - Other 22.0207 Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Law
(LLM, MSc, JSD/SJD)
240 Biology - General 26.0101 Biology/Biological Sciences, General
246 Botany - General 26.0301 Botany/Plant Biology, General
247 Phycology 26.0301 Botany/Plant Biology, General
248 Plant Sciences - Specialized 26.0301 Botany/Plant Biology, General
246 Botany - General 26.0399 Botany/Plant Biology, Other
262 Wildlife Biology 26.0701 Zoology/Animal Biology, General
259 Entomology 26.0702 Entomology
244 Biology - Other 26.0709 Wildlife Biology
260 Fisheries Biology 26.0709 Wildlife Biology
262 Wildlife Biology 26.0709 Wildlife Biology
257 Zoology - General 26.0799 Zoology/Animal Biology, Other
159 Human Ecology 26.1301 Ecology
244 Biology - Other 26.1301 Ecology
248 Plant Sciences - Specialized 26.1301 Ecology
258 Animal Biology 26.1301 Ecology
262 Wildlife Biology 26.1301 Ecology
261 Marine Biology 26.1302 Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
467 Oceanography and Marine Sciences 26.1302 Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
244 Biology - Other 26.1303 Evolutionary Biology
244 Biology - Other 26.1304 Aquatic Biology/Limnology
260 Fisheries Biology 26.1304 Aquatic Biology/Limnology
261 Marine Biology 26.1304 Aquatic Biology/Limnology
244 Biology - Other 26.1305 Environmental Biology
244 Biology - Other 26.1306 Population Biology
244 Biology - Other 26.1307 Conservation Biology
244 Biology - Other 26.1308 Systematic Biology/Biological Systematics
244 Biology - Other 26.1399 Ecology, Evolution, Systematics and Population Biology, Other
266 Natural Sciences 30.1801 Natural Sciences
36 Outdoor Recreation 31.0101 Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies
265 Trapping 31.0101 Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies
36 Outdoor Recreation 31.0301 Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management
466 Meteorology 40.0401 Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
466 Meteorology 40.0402 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
466 Meteorology 40.0403 Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
466 Meteorology 40.0404 Meteorology
466 Meteorology 40.0499 Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
23
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
448 Chemistry - General 40.0501 Chemistry, General
449 Analytical Chemistry 40.0502 Analytical Chemistry
450 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 40.0503 Inorganic Chemistry
450 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 40.0504 Organic Chemistry
452 Physical Chemistry 40.0506 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
453 Mathematical and Theoretical Chemistry 40.0506 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
454 Chemistry - Other 40.0506 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
450 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 40.0507 Polymer Chemistry
454 Chemistry - Other 40.0507 Polymer Chemistry
474 Chemistry Physics 40.0508 Chemical Physics
449 Analytical Chemistry 40.0599 Chemistry, Other
454 Chemistry - Other 40.0599 Chemistry, Other
465 Metallurgy 40.0599 Chemistry, Other
455 Geology 40.0601 Geology/Earth Science, General
456 Geochemistry 40.0602 Geochemistry
457 Geophysics 40.0603 Geophysics and Seismology
460 Geology - Other 40.0604 Paleontology
458 Hydrogeology and Hydrology 40.0605 Hydrology and Water Resources Science
286 Petroleum Engineering 40.0606 Geochemistry and Petrology
460 Geology - Other 40.0606 Geochemistry and Petrology
467 Oceanography and Marine Sciences 40.0607 Oceanography, Chemical and Physical
457 Geophysics 40.0699 Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
458 Hydrogeology and Hydrology 40.0699 Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
460 Geology - Other 40.0699 Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
426 Biological Laboratory Technology and Cytology 41.0101 Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician
480 Science Lab Technology 41.0399 Physical Science Technologies/Technicians, Other
480 Science Lab Technology 41.9999 Science Technologies/Technicians, Other
144 Geography - General 45.0701 Geography
146 Economic Geography 45.0701 Geography
147 Historical Geography 45.0701 Geography
148 Human and Social Geography 45.0701 Geography
150 Physical Geography 45.0701 Geography
145 Cartography 45.0702 Cartography
150 Physical Geography 45.0702 Cartography
336 Drafting - Specialized 45.0702 Cartography
339 Surveying Technology 45.0702 Cartography
147 Historical Geography 45.0799 Geography and Cartography, Other
149 Environmental Geography 45.0799 Geography and Cartography, Other
151 Urban Geography 45.1201 Urban Studies/Affairs
161 Urban and Regional Planning 45.1201 Urban Studies/Affairs
187 Social Sciences and Related, n.e.c. - Other 45.1201 Urban Studies/Affairs
24
Table A.1Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of
Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
MFS Code MFS Program Title CIP Code CIP Program Title
309 Building Technology 46.0000 Construction Trades, General
334 Construction Technologies, n.e.c. 46.0000 Construction Trades, General
418 Industrial Health 51.2202 Environmental Health
419 Industrial Hygiene 51.2202 Environmental Health
a MFS coding was used in 2001 and previous censuses of population; CIP coding was used in 2006 census of population.b Programs of study highlighted in green were not identified as ‘environmental programs’ by ECO Canada. However, they have been included in all analyses (where
available). In the current report, a broad definition of ‘environmental program’ was adopted in order to be as inclusive as possible.c Previous ECO Canada reports included Business/Commerce, General (52.0101) and Business Administration, Management, and Operations (52.0201 to 52.0299).
However, these fields of study are excluded from all analyses in the current report. Although many environmental practitioners report a business or business-related program of study (ECO Canada, 2006), these are not environment-specific programs and including them in enrolment or graduation counts would give misleading results. n.e.c. – not elsewhere classified.
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Table A.2Environment-Related Programs of Specific Interest to ECO Canada
CIP Code CIP Program Title
01.0000 Agriculture, General
01.1201 Soil Science and Agronomy, General
03.0101 Natural Resources/Conservation, General
03.0103 Environmental Studies
03.0104 Environmental Science
03.0201 Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
03.0205 Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
03.0206 Land Use Planning and Management/Development
03.0501 Forestry, General
04.0301 City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
13.1316 Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education
13.1322 Biology Teacher Education
13.1323 Chemistry Teacher Education
13.1329 Physics Teacher Education
13.1332 Geography Teacher Education
14.0701 Chemical Engineering
14.0801 Civil Engineering, General
14.1401 Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
14.3401 Forest Engineering
14.3901 Geological/Geophysical Engineering
15.0506 Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/Technician
15.0508 Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/Technician
26.0101 Biology/Biological Sciences, General
26.0301 Botany/Plant Biology, General
26.0399 Botany/Plant Biology, Other
26.0709 Wildlife Biology
26.1301 Ecology
26.1302 Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
26.1304 Aquatic Biology/Limnology
26.1307 Conservation Biology
40.0401 Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
40.0402 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
40.0403 Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
40.0404 Meteorology
40.0499 Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
40.0501 Chemistry, General
40.0601 Geology/Earth Science, General
45.0701 Geography
45.1201 Urban Studies/Affairs
46.0000 Construction Trades, General
51.2202 Environmental Health
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Table A.3College and University Environment-Related Programs of Study
Identified and Analysed in Previous ECO Canada reportsa
College Programs (n = 26)b University Programs (n = 20)c
Agriculture, General (01.00) Agriculture (01.00)
Agricultural Business and Management (01.04) Biology, Aquatic (26.13)
Agricultural Production Operations (01.03) Biology (26.01)
Applied Horticulture/Horticulture Business Services (01.06) Biology, Conservation (26.13)
Plant Services (01.11) Chemistry (40.05)
Natural Resources Conservation and Research (03.01) Ecology (26.13)
Natural Resources Management and Policy (03.02) Engineering, Chemical (14.07)
Forestry (03.05) Engineering, Civil (14.08)
Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management (03.06) Engineering, Environmental (14.14)
Natural Resources and Conservation, Other (03.99) Engineering, Geological (14.39)
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning (04.03) Environmental Science (03.01)
Engineering Technology, General (15.00) Environmental Studies (03.01)
Civil Engineering Technology/Technician (15.02) Forestry (03.05)
Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians (15.05) Geography (45.07)
Quality Control and Safety Technologies/Technicians (15.07) Geology/Earth Sciences (40.06)
Engineering-Related Technologies (15.11) Natural Resource Management (03.02)
Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other (15.99) Science Education (13.13)
Biology, General (26.01) Soil Science (01.12)
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies (31.01) Urban and Regional Planning (04.03)
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management (31.03) Water Resources (03.02)
Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician (41.01)
Physical Science Technologies/Technicians (31.03)
Science Technologies/Technicians, Other (41.99)
Geography and Cartography (45.07)
Public Health (51.22)
Business Administration, Management and Operations (52.02)
a 4-digit CIP codes in brackets.b Only 26 programs are listed in the ECO Canada college report.c Some 4-digit codes repeat due to extrapolating from the 6-digit codes.
Sources: ECO Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
ECO Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for Environment-Related Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
27
This project was funded by the Government of Canada’s Sector Council Program.
The opinions and interpretations in this publication are the author’s and do not necessarily
reflect those held by the Government of Canada.
Copyright © 2010 ECO Canada
All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication, whether it is reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or means (including electronic, mechanical, photographic, photocopying
or recording), without the prior written permission of ECO Canada is an infringement of copyright law.
ECO Canada (2010). Post-Secondary Graduation Research:
Enrolment and Graduation Rates from Environment-Related College and University Programs
Labour Market Research.
Environmental Careers Organization of Canada.
28
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