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POTENTIAL for COALBED METHANE (CBM) and ENHANCED COALBED METHANE
RECOVERY (ECBM) in INDIANA
Maria Mastalerz , Indiana Geological Survey,
Indiana University , Bloomington
CBM is unconventional gas
U.S. Unconventional Natural Gas Production 1990-2030 (trillion cubic feet)
0
1
2
3
4
5
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7
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Tight Sands
Coalbed Methane
Gas Shales
History Projections
Annual Energy Outlook 2007
CBM in USA
Source, EIA, 2009
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500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Billio
n c
ub
ic f
eet
(Bcf)
Year
Illinois Basin among the CBM basins in US
0.6 trillion m3
21 trillion m3
Illinois Basin – shallow low maturity (high volatile bituminous) coals
~21 TCF of CBM
Coal in Indiana
producing area
1.5 Tcf – Seelyville alone, ~5 Tcf - total
Mo
re m
icro
bia
l C
H4
Distribution of coal gas compositional and isotopic fingerprints
~ 3 cm3/g (100 scf/ton), ~ 99% of microbial origin Strąpoć et al., 2008, IJCG
-90 to -45 - biogenic
-30 to -50 - thermogenic <20 - thermogenic
Geochemical and isotopic signatures of coal gas: CH4 generated microbially via CO2-reduction
Strąpoć et al., 2007, OG
Basin history and multi-parameter model for microbial methanogenesis
60 C
MESO- ZOIC
Microbial
Early T-genic gas
Temperature o.k.
Slow colonization and onset of methanogenesis
Brine dilution
Meteoric water access
Microbial colonization and onset of methanogenesis
• Inter and post glacial colonization and onset of CH4-generation in the Illinois Basin (similarly to the New Albany Shale and Antrim Shale in Michigan Basin (McIntosh, 2003)
• Initiated by brine dilution with ice sheet melt-waters
• Similar activation of methanogenesis in coal beds observed in other basins: Black Warrior, San Juan, Alberta
Epifluorescence of F420 coenzyme
Microscopic features of methanogenic enrichments of the CBM co-produced water suggest presence
of methanogenic Archaea
Very small cell size typical of Archaea
1 μm x400
Renewable resource??
16S rRNA study of coal water and methanogenic enrichment: dominant methanogen - CO2/H2 utilizing Methanocorpusculum
SEM image of the CO2-reduction methanogenic enrichment
(Methanocorpusculum)
Strąpoć et al., 2008, AEM
Cell membrane intact polar lipids (IPLs)
n-C15
n-C16
n-C17
n-C18 n-C19
n-C20
me-C23
me-C24
me-C25
me-C26
me-C27
hopane
norhopane
pristane
phytane
biphytane
monomethylalkanes:
found in modern and
paleo microbial mats
signatures (Kenig, 2000)
alkyl cyclohexanes:
coal wax (Dong et al.,
1993) and in microbes
n-alkanes, coal bitumen:
trace amounts (similar
to biomarkers e.g. hopanes),
only C15 – C25 present
isoprenoids: hard to biodegrade, Pri and Phy ~ ½ of C17 and C18 ?
hopanes (biomarkers,
hard to biodegrade)
C17
C16
C15
How much coalbed gas do we have?
• CBM in the Illinois Basin:
- 21 Tcf (GRI)
- 7.8 Tcf (DOE) – recoverable
• CBM in Indiana
- 1.1 Tcf - Seelyville Coal in Indiana
(Drobniak et al., 2004)
- 5 Tcf in Indiana?
17.5 billion tons available 39.2 billion tons restricted
How much gas do we produce?
• Enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of producing additional coalbed methane from a source rock (coal bed), similar to enhanced oil recovery applied to oil fields;
• If the gas is injected into a coal bed, then methane could be
liberated and extracted. Typical injection gases include nitrogen and carbon dioxide;
• Growing interest in carbon sequestration brought considerable
interest into integrated ECBM recovery/carbon sequestration projects.
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM)
Power generation, CO2 sequestration & ECBM
Power plant
CO2
CH4
CH4
CH4
Coal-burning electric power plants
71.62%
Major coal-burning industrial and
institutional plants 2.66%
Natural-gas industrial generators
24.29%
Oil-burning industries 1.19%
Wood-burning industries
0.24%
Emission sources (2009 data) CO2 emissions
(metric tons/year) Coal-burning electric power plants 117,736,810
Major coal-burning industrial and institutional plants 4,378,999
Natural gas-burning industrial generators 39,925,000
Oil-burning industries 1,954,741
Wood-burning industries 399,672
TOTAL emissions from point sources 164,395,222
CO2 emissions from stationary sources in Indiana
Total Indiana CO2 emissions: 250 mln tons a year
Gas storage in coal
• Dual-porosity system: matrix and cleats
• Gas stored by adsorption on coal surfaces within the matrix
• 1 lb of coal (15 in3) contains 100,000 – 1,000,000 ft2 of surface area
• Gas production by desorption, diffusion and Darcy flow
Matrix: Gas Desorption, Diffusion, Darcy-flow
Fracture: Darcy-Flow
Gas Transport Mechanisms
Microporosity Mesoporosity Macroporosity (fracture flow) (matrix flow)
CH4 adsorption: corresponding CH4 adsorption capacities range from approximately
1.6 to 6.3 m3/t (50 to 200 scf/ton).
Adsorption capacities of Indiana coals
CO2 adsorption: for reservoir conditions, the range of CO2 adsorption capacities (daf
basis) ranges from close to 6.2 m3/t (200 scf/ton) for the lowest pressure to almost
22.0m3/t (700 scf/ton) for the highest pressures.
Adsorption capacities of Indiana coals
The ratio of CO2 to CH4 adsorption capacities varies with pressure. At 2.07MPa (300
psi), the CO2/CH4 ratio ranges from 3.7 to 5.7 for the coals studied.
Objective: to assess the potential of
deep, uneconomic coalbeds located
within the Illinois Basin to (1) sequester
CO2 and (2) produce methane from the
coals as a by-product of the
sequestration process (enhanced
coalbed methane [ECBM] recovery).
Methods:
- We reviewed physical and chemical attributes of the coals that are important in assessing their ability to adsorb and retain CO2. - The depth and thickness of the coalbeds, as well as selected coal quality parameters (e.g., ash, moisture), were analyzed and interpreted in terms of the availability of the coal for CO2 storage. - The criteria for minability were reviewed and applied to the set of seven major coalbeds in the Illinois Basin.
- Coals were also assessed relative to their adsorption capacities and their response to CO2 flooding experiments. - Storage capacities were modeled. - Final estimates of ECBM and CO2 storage volumes were made using GIS-generated map layers.
CO2 sequestration screening criteria for designating areas not desirable for mining (unminable) 1) 91-152 m (300-500 ft) deep: No CO2 sequestration, coalbed methane (CBM) target only.
2) 152-305 m (500-1,000 ft) deep: Sequestration or ECBM target in coals between 0.46 and 1.1 m (1.5 and 3.5 ft) thick. Coals greater than 1.1 m (3.5 ft) thick are considered minable. 3) Greater than 305 m (1,000 ft) deep: Sequestration target in coals greater than 0.46 m (1.5 ft) thick (all coals assumed to be unminable at this depth). While establishing these criteria for CO2 sequestration and ECBM production potential, these assumptions, among others, were considered: 1) the minimum thickness for identifying, perforating, and producing CH4 from a coal seam is 0.46 m (1.5 ft), regardless of depth, and 2) the current minimum minable thickness by underground coal equipment is 1.1 m (3.5 ft).
The depth and thickness of coal beds were the basis for the calculating CO2
volumes that could be potentially injected.
Thickness and depth maps were used to separate minable from unminable (potentially suitable for CO2 sequestration) areas within each coal bed.
The depth and thickness of coalbeds were the basis for calculating CO2 volumes that could be potentially injected.
1) 91-152 m (300-500 ft) deep:
No CO2 sequestration, coalbed methane
(CBM) target only.
2) 152-305 m (500-1,000 ft) deep:
Sequestration or ECBM target in coals
between 0.46 and 1.1 m (1.5 and 3.5 ft)
thick. Coals greater than 1.1 m (3.5 ft) thick
are considered minable.
3) Greater than 305 m (1,000 ft) deep:
Sequestration target in coals greater than
0.46 m (1.5 ft) thick (all coals assumed to
be unminable at this depth).
The remaining coal resource in the Illinois Basin: 413 billion tonnes (455 billion tons). 142 billion tonnes (157 billion tons) (or 34.5%) meets the “minable” criteria of being less than 305 m (1000 ft) deep and greater than 1.1 m (3.5 ft) thick. 271 billion tonnes (298 billion tons) are potentially available as a CO2
sequestration reservoirs.
CO2 storage from 1.6 to 4.6 billion t (1.8 to 5.1 billion tons) in Illinois Basin coals
- 164 mln tons a year from stationary sources in Indiana - Gibson Station emits ~ 22 mln CO2 a year (3100 MW capacity) – 660 mln for 30 years - Edwardsport Gasification – 4.5 mln a year (630 MW capacity) – 150 mln for 30 years
90 mln tons of CO2 storage in Indiana (~3%)
COMET 2 software
70-280 billion m3 (2.4-9.8 tcf) of CH4 is potentially recoverable as a result of CO2 ECBM practices
in the Illinois Basin Total recoverable ECBM and CO2 storage per acre of the coal increases towards the deeper areas of the basin, where there are more coal seams and the total coal thickness is largest
~0.15 tcf of CH4 in Indiana
Illinois Basin coal beds have reservoir temperatures ranging from less than 12ºC (55ºF) to a little more than 26ºC (80ºF) in isolated areas in Illinois, where geothermal anomalies are present with temperature gradients up to 2.4 ºF/100 ft. This temperature range indicates a gaseous phase of CO2 upon injection into reservoir conditions.
A hydrostatic pressure map, generated from the depth of the Springfield Coal, assuming totally saturated conditions with freshwater hydrostatic gradient of 0.43, shows that the pressure ranges from less than 689 kPa (100 psi) close to the margin of the Basin to more than 3,792 kPa (550 psi) in tectonically engaged areas in western Kentucky. Such a pressure range is far below the critical point, placing the coals studied in the gas state with regard to phase characteristics of CO2.
Oil and Gas Field Distribution In Indiana
Oil Production
Gas Production
A'ANW SE
LIMA-INDIANA TREND
GR
Nipsco #3 Berger
P # 24272
Sec. 18-34N-3E
Marshall County, Indiana
N
IGS # SDH-323 Williams
P # 116607
Sec. 20-25N-12E
Wells County, Indiana
GR N
(Trempealeau)
Premier Oil #1 Breymier
P # 65
Sec. 5, Jackson Twp.
Drake County, Ohio
GR FDC
800
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1200
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Structural Cross Section - Indiana/OhioDatum: Sea Level
00
300 feet
15 miles
marker
Royal
Center
Fault
Keith and Wickstrom (1992)
50 Miles
30 Km
0
0
UPPER ORDOVICIAN PRODUCTION
Oil Gas
MICHIGAN
INDIANAOHIO
Bowling
Green
Fault
Zone
D U
TRENTON STRUCTURE
B'
B
A'
A
Keith (1986, 1989)
Trenton Field Summary
• 1890: production began
• 1915: production essentially over
• Cumulative oil > 105 MMBO million barrels of oil
• Cumulative gas > 980 BCFG billion cubic feet of gas
• Covers 17% of Indiana land (43,000 mi2)
• 36,259 wells by end of 1916 (Barrett, 1907)
• 24,103 wells accounted for in PDMS
• Depth of Trenton/Black River pay: 800-1,300 ft
Trenton Field Reservoir Characteristics
• Reservoir pressure compromised, highly depleted Porosity generally in upper 100 ft of Trenton
• Reservoir Rock: Dolostone
• Typical porosity range: 0.3-10%, < 1% common
• Typical permeability range: 0.3-100 md, < 10 md common
• Both porosity and permeability are highly variable
• Recoverable hydrocarbons left in place: ??
Enhanced Oil Recovery Perspective
Depths 800 – 1300 feet Pressures 384 – 559 psi Temperature No organic matter to adsorb gas Variable permeability and porosity Unknown recoverable hydrocarbon resources Past completion practices Potential for enhanced oil recovery????
Field scale CO2 injection
- Tanquary Site
Injection
well (I-1B)
Monitoring
well (M-3)
Monitoring
well (M-2A) Monitoring
well (M-1)
Ground water
Monitoring well
Ground water
Monitoring well
Ground water
Monitoring well
Ground water
Monitoring well CO2
storage tank
booster pump
tool trailer
portable
generator
office trailer
pump skid heater
engineer
Butt
cleat
Face cleat
148’-5
”
98’-5
”
104’-11”
52’-4”
Tanquary FieldECBM Site Plan and Equipment LayoutUpdated 07.22.2008
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