Post on 16-Jul-2015
transcript
G.SAI VIGHNA B.MANISHA
112G1A0219 112G1A0211
3rd EEE 3rd EEE
svighna94@gmail.com shanima.naidu@gmail.com
ANANTHALAKSHMI INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
&SCIENCES
ABSTRACT: As we all know that Technology is a double edged weapon which can turn
any situation either into a boon or bane.
. In recent years we are much familiar with the word “global warming”
Increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near surface air and the
oceans
In this paper we are going to explain you about the largest financed
domestic project by United Nations for the year 2014.
The best way to control this is by efficient use of renewable energy and
this is our stream of interest to use solar energy in driving railways which
arises the concept of “Solar Train”.
Implementing solar energy usage in addition conserves energy sources to
an extent. Solar panels fitted on roof of the train used to convert solar to
electrical energy and using some technical methods to utilize that energy.
SUB TOPICS: INTRODUCTION
WORKING
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION
SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION
IMPLEMENTATION METHODS
COSTFACTOR
IMPLEMENTING NANO TECHNIQUES
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
DRAWBACKS
CONCLUSION
MATERIALS INVOLVED IN SOLAR TRAINS
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
NANO TECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES
SOLAR PANNELS
INTRODUCTION: The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet each year is about
twice the amount of energy that will be obtained forever from coal, oil, natural gas, and mined Uranium, The ultimate source of much of the world's energy is the sun, which provides the earth with light, heat and radiation.
Since generating electricity directly from sunlight does not deplete any of the earth's natural resources and supplies the earth with energy continuously, solar energy is a renewable source of electricity generation. Solar energy is our earth's primary source of renewable energy.
To manufacture inexpensive solar cells with the same efficiency as current technology.
Although this new technology is only capable of supplying low power devices with sufficient energy, its implications on society would still be tremendous.
The solar energy flux reaching the Earth’s surface represents a few thousand times the current use of primary energy by humans. The potential of this resource is enormous and makes solar energy a crucial component of a renewable energy portfolio aimed at reducing the global emissions of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the current use of this energy resource represents less than 1% of the total electricity production from renewable sources.
WORKING: Thermal solar energy collectors will be erected over portions of the site having deed
restrictionsfor industrial use only, thus converting a toxic problem into a renewable energy production facility.
This energy will be used to charge and recharge the fireless locomotive which then has a very short distance to service on the popular tourist train.
A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is a solid state device that converts the energy coming from the sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules, also known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION: Photovoltaic cells offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a clean,
quiet and reliable way.
The source of light is usually the sun, they are often called solar cells.
Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated in the form of
a module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up)
side, allowing light to pass while protecting the conductor wafers from abrasion
and impact due to wind driven debris, rain, hail.
. Solar cells are also usually connected in series in modules, which creates an additive voltage.
Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current. Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or both, to create an array with the desired peak DC voltage and current.
Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not
necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting light or other electromagnetic
radiation near the visible range, for example infrared detectors, or measurement
of light intensity.
SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION: Solar-electric rail is a smokeless, noiseless rail transit system based
on recent advances in solar racing car technology.
To increase their utility, dozens ofindividual PV cells are
interconnectedtogether in a sealed, weatherproof package called a
module.
When two modules are wired together in series, their voltage is
doubled while the current stays constant.
. When two modules are wired in parallel, their current is doubled
while the voltage stays constant. To achieve thedesired voltage and
current, modules are wired in series and parallel into what is called
a PV array.
It would help preserve the environment, decrease soldiers
carrying loads, provide electricity for rural areas, and have a
wide array of commercial applications due to its wireless
capabilities.
IMPLEMENTATION METHODS . Passive solar technologies were already used by ancient
civilizations for warming and cooling habitations and for water heating; in the Renaissance, concentration of solar radiation was extensively studied and in the 19th century the first solar-based mechanical engines were built.
The discovery of photovoltaic effect by Becquerel in1839 and the creation of the first photovoltaic cell in the early 1950s opened entirely new perspectives on the use of solar energy for the production of electricity.
. Nowadays, there exist an extremely large variety of solar technologies, and photovoltaic have been gaining an increasing market share for the last 20 years.
COASTFACTOR: The current cost of solar technologies and their intermittent nature
make them hardly competitive on anenergy market still dominated
by cheap fossil fuels.
The new solutions for solar energy systems to become less capital
intensive and more efficient.
Low-cost and/or high efficiency photovoltaic device concepts are
beingdeveloped.
Intermittency isbeing addressed with extended research efforts in
energy storage devices, such as batteries and other electric storage
systems, thermal storage, and the direct production of solar fuels.
All these are valuable routes for enhancing the competitiveness
and performance of solar technologies.
IMPLEMENTING NANO TECHNIQUES:
Nano technology might be able to increase the efficiency of
solar cells,but the most promissing application of
nanotechnology.
Chemists at the University of California Berkeley, have
discovered a way to make cheap plastic solar cells that could
be painted on almost any surface
These new plastic solar cells achieve efficiencies of only 1.7
percent.
ENVIRONMENRAL ASPECTS: PV systems operate without producing air, water or solid wastes.
energyrequirement and the environmental impact of PV module manufacture can
be furtherreduced, even though recent analysis of the energy and carbon cycles
for PV technologiesrecognized that strong improvements were made both in
terms of energy and carbon paybacks. The deployment of solar technologies for energy production at a large scale
requires the involvement of both political and economical players, but also
further improvementsin the conversion efficiency and reduction of manufacturing
cost.
DRAWBACK: A significant problem with solar power is the capital installation
cost, although cost has been decreasing due to the learning curve
. Developing countries in particular may not have the funds to
build solar power plants, although small solar applications are now
replacing other sources in the developing world.
Since the manufacturing cost of conventional solar cells is one of
the biggest drawbacks, this new technology could have some
impressive effects on our daily lives.
CONCLUSION: Inexpensive solar cells would also help to provide electricity for rural
areas or third world countries.
Since the electricity demand in these areas is not high, and the areas are so
distantly spaced out, it is not practical to connect them to an electrical
grid. However, this is an ideal situation for solar energy.
If it were inexpensive enough, it could be used for lighting, hot water,
medical devices, and even cooking. It would greatly improve the standard
of living for millions, possibly even billions ofpeople!
Solar energy has a large potential to be a major fraction of a future
carbon-free energy port-folio, but technological advances and
breakthroughs are necessary to overcome low conversion efficiency and
high cost of presently available systems.
REFERENCES: 1.www.google.com
2.www.en.wikipedia.org
3.www.yahooanswers.com
4.www.wikianswers.com
5.www.wikihow.com
6.www.ehow.com
7.www.howstuffworks.com
8.www.webopedia.com