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Effect of Salicylic acid, Lead and their interaction on growth and
development of ( Phaseolus vulgaris L ).plants
Kurdistan Region –Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research
Salahaddin University – Erbil
By
Halala Rahman Qadir
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Karim Salih Abdul
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
The Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a herbaceous annual plant species, belongs to leguminous family.
Common bean
Bean source of… Protein
(20–25%)
Complex
carbohydrates (50–60%)
Dietary fiber
Minerals
vitamins
Introduction
Salicylic acid (SA) is an endogenous growth regulator of phenolic nature, which participates in the regulation of physiological processes in plants.
Salicylic acid (SA)
Introduction
Introduction
SA interact with other factors to response to environmental stresses.
SA plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development including seed germination, fruit yield, glycolysis, flowering, ion uptake and transport, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
Pb toxicity in plant causes problems such as reduction in growth and production levels, yellowing of young leaves, reduction in absorption of essential elements and the
rate of photosynthesis .
Lead (Pb), is one of the heaviest non-essential metals released into the natural environment from a range of anthropogenic activities. Upon release, it gets accumulated in the soil and causes toxicity to plants and animals.
Introduction
The aims of the present studyInvestigation of the effect of each of SA and Pb on growth and development of common bean plant under normal conditions, as well as studying the ability of SA to alleviating Pb toxicity through the interaction effects of different
concentrations of each of them .
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in Glass house of Science College – University of Salahaddin
Vegetative growth parameters
Plant height
Number of leaves
Number of branches
Dry weight of shoot system
Leaf area
Materials and Methods
Biochemical contents 1. Chlorophyll content of leaves (mg/g fresh weight)
2. Proline determination of leaves (µg/g fresh weight)
3 .Phenol determination of leaves (µg/g fresh wight)
4 .Water content of shoot system (g/plant)
5 .Total protein content)%(
6. Total carbohydrate content of seeds)%(
Materials and Methods
Mineral nutrient content in dry weight Total nitrogen (mg/g)
Total phosphorus (mg/g)
Total K+ and Na+2 (mg/g)
Total Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Fe+
Total lead content in plant and soil
Materials and Methods
Statistical analysis
CRD and Factorial CRD were performed for this study design.
SPSS(V 16) was used for statistical analysis.
Results
Table(1): Effect of different concentrations of SA on plant height at different stages of growth
SA ppm
Plant height(cm) after (days) from treatment
15days 30days 45days 60days
0 14.95 a 19.82 a 23.68 ab 27.55 a
50 15.32 a 20.25 a 21.87 a 26.92 a
100 16.05 a 19.90 a 24.00 ab 26.85 a
200 15.00 a 19.42 a 25.00 ab 28.77 a
400 16.60 a 20.07 a 26.07 b 29.25 a
Results
Table (2): Effect of different concentrations of SA on number of leaves at different stages of growth
SA ppm
Number of leaves after (days) from treatment
15days 30days 45days 60days
0 8.5 a 13.75 a 17.75 a 21.50 a
50 10.25 ab 14.75 ab 18.25 a 24.00 ab
100 11.50 bc 14.00 ab 18.75 a 23.50 ab
200 13.00 c 15.25 ab 21.75 a 26.75 b
400 12.75 c 16.50 b 22.25 a 26.25 b
Results
Table 3: Effect of different concentrations of SA on number of branches at different stages of growth
SA ppm
Number of branches after )days( from treatment
15days 30days 45days 60days
0 3.25 a 4.50 a 6.00 a 8.00 a
50 4.00 ab 5.00 a 6.50 a 8.50 ab
100 3.25 a 4.75 a 6.25 a 8.75 ab
200 4.25 b 5.00 a 7.00 ab 9.00 ab
400 4.50 b 5.50 a 7.75 b 9.50 b
Results
Fig. (1): Effect of SA applied at different methods on dry weight of shoot system
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3a
b b b b
dry
wei
ght
of s
hoo
t )g)
SA application at different methods )250ppm(
Results
Fig. (2): Effect of different concentrations of SA on dry weight of 100 seeds
0 50 100 200 4000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
a abab
ab
SA concentrations )ppm(
Dry
wei
ght
of 1
00 s
eed
s)g(
Results
SA ppm
Mineral nutrient content mg.g-1 µg.g-1
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Manganese
0 42.00 a 2.70 a 14.91 a 24.62 a 2.66 a 3.74 a 19.44 a
50 46.66 a 4.33 a 16.45 ab 29.00 a 2.50 a 3.88 a 22.31 ab
100 48.22 a 4.04 a 15.33 ab 27.03 a 3.00 ab
3.97 a 25.19 ab
200 43.94 a 3.51 a 18.17 b 20.23 a 3.75b 4.05 a 30.51 ab
400 43.50 a 4.88 a 14.38 a 30.23 a 2.99 ab
4.23 a 33.36 b
Table(3): Effect of different concentrations of SA on some mineral nutrient content of leaves
Results
Pb mg.Kg-1
Plant height)cm( after )days( from treatment
15days 30days 45days 60days
0 14.32 a 19.07 b 24.46 b 26.63 b
5 12.47 a 14.97 a 21.62 ab 25.65 ab
10 13.90 a 17.25 ab 21.90 ab 24.90 ab
15 13.65 a 15.35 a 18.52 a 22.72 ab
20 14.15 a 15.37 a 19.50 a 21.06 a
Table )4(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on plant height at different stage of growth
Results
Table)5(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on number of leaves at different stages of growth
Pb mg.Kg-1
Number of leaves after )days( from treatment
15days 30days 45days 60days
0 12.50 a 15.75 a 20.25 a 23.25 c
5 11.75 a 14.75 a 18.50 a 22.00 bc
10 11.00 a 15.75 a 18.25 a 21.50 b
15 10.25 a 11.75 a 17.75 a 21.00 b
20 10.75 a 15.00 a 17.50 a 19.50 a
Results
Fig. )3(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on number of pods.plant-1
0 5 10 15 200
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18b ab ab ab a
Num
ber o
f pod
s/pl
ant
Pb concentrations (mg/kg)
Results
Table )6(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on chlorophyll content of leaves )mg.g-1fresh weight(
Pb
mg.Kg-1
Photosynthetic Pigments)mg.g-1 fresh weight(
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll bTotal
chlorophyll
0 0.86 b 0.58 b 1.45 b
5 0.61 a 0.33 ab 0.94 a
10 0.69 ab 0.11 a 0.81 a
15 0.512 a 0.31 ab 0.82 a
20 0.55 a 0.16 a 0.71 a
Results
Table)7(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on some biochemical contents of leaves and seeds
Pb mg.kg-1 Protein% Carbohydrate% Proline µg.g-1Total phenol µg.g-
1
0 30.86 a 51.09 a 18.60 a 14.56 a
5 24.54 a 44.68 a 33.75 ab 17.48 a
10 22.84 a 45.67 a 39.03 ab 17.04 a
15 27.22 a 46.52 a 31.04 ab 25.16 a
20 24.06 a 50.09 a 43.48 b 20.45 a
Results
mg.Kg-1
Nutrient contents mg.g-1 µg.g-1
NitrogenPhospho
ruspotassi
umSodium Calcium
Magnesium
Manganese
Iron Zinc Lead
0 49.38 a 2.71 a 17.20 b 3.02 a 33.64 b 3.08 a 28.71 b421.78
a55.93 a 118.83 a
5 39.27 a 2.99 a14.82
ab2.75 a 27.75 ab 3.12 a 18.71 a
302.05 a
42.79 a133.79
ab
10 36.55 a 2.54 a14.92
ab2.77 a 20.87 a 2.55 a 22.44 ab
356.48 a
40.60 a173.60
ab
15 43.55 a 2.08 a 13.35 a 2.33 a 23.25 ab 2.81 a 21.91 ab334.72
a44.56 a 214.30 b
20 37.62 a 2.06 a13.49
ab1.91 a 22.16 ab 2.33 a 23.61 ab
397.60 a
36.22 a198.40
ab
Results Table )8(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on some mineral nutrient contents of leaves
Interaction treatments Plant height )cm( after )days( from application
Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm 15 days 30days 45days 60days
5
0 12.62 a 15.40 a 18.32 a 20.62 a
50 13.22 a 15.58 ab 19.20 ab 21.90 ab
100 14.30 ab 16.14 ab 20.17 ab 22.64 bc
200 15.17 b 17.35 ab 22.52 c 25.23 de
400 15.57 b 17.92 b 21.25 bc 24.70 de
10
0 12.65 a 15.30 a 18.70 a 21.50 ab
50 14.02 ab 15.72 ab 20.85 abc 23.97 c
100 13.70 ab 16.25 ab 21.14 bc 24.03 cd
200 13.20 a 17.35 ab 22.45 c 25.87 e
400 15.62 b 16.87 ab 22.15 c 24.92 cd
Results Table (9): Interaction effects of SA and Pb on plant height at different stages of growth
Table)10(: Interaction effects of SA and Pb on yield characteristics
Interaction treatments Yield characteristics Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm Number of
pods.plant-1Number of seeds.pod-1
Dry weight of 100 seeds
50 14.25 a 4.75 a
25.63 a
50 15.75 a 5.25 ab
26.90 ab
100 19.25 a 5.75 ab 28.25 ab
200 18.50 a 5.50 ab 29.08 ab
400 20.25 a 6.00 ab 26.80 ab
100 12.25 a 5.25 ab 26.63 ab
50 17.50 a 5.50 ab 27.25 ab
100 15.75 a 5.80 ab 28.25 ab
200 14.25 a 5.25 ab 29.08 ab
400 17.75 a 6.25 b 31.50 b
Results
Table )11(:Interaction effects of SA and Pb on chlorophyll content of leaves )mg.g-1fresh weight(
Interaction treatments Photosynthetic pigments (mg.g-1fresh weight)
Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Total chlorophyll
50 0.78 bc 0.16 a 0.95 abc
50 0.69 bc 0.27 a 0.97 abc
100 0.32 a 0.26 a 0.58 ab
200 0.88 c 0.43 a 1.32 bc
400 0.67 bc 0.68 a 1.35 c
100 0.45 ab 0.10 a 0.56 a
50 0.89 c 0.43 a 1.32 bc
100 0.56 abc 0.41 a 0.98 abc
200 0.57 abc 0.19 a 0.76 abc
400 0.83 c 0.39 a 1.22 abc
Results
Conclusions and
Recommendations
1- Exogenous application of SA by different methods such as foliar spray, presoaking seeds, injection, and soil application have effective roles in growth and development by enhancing vegetative growth such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, dry weight of shoot system, leaf area, yield components and chemical characteristics.
Conclusions
2- Soil application of Pb negatively affected vegetative growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, shoot dry weight and has negative effect on both yield characteristics and chemical components.
Conclusions
3- The adverse effects of Pb2+ toxicity on growth, yield characteristics and chemical components alleviated by foliar application of SA.
Recommendations Conducting more studies regarding SA to improve the growth and yield characteristics of bean and other crops, especially legumes.
More studies are suggested for alleviating negative effects of heavy metals by positive effects of SA.
Further experiments could be carried under field condition to examine the positive effects of SA on bean plants.
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION