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© 2007 PRS S.A.
Power Quality in Isolated Systems,
Requirements and Examples Analysis.
Janusz MINDYKOWSKI, Mariusz SZWEDA,
Gdynia Maritime Academy
Daniel CZARKOWSKI, Edward SZMIT,
Polish Register of Shipping,
Marek OLESZ,
GdańskUniversity of Technology
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 2/21
Overview
PRS activities
Power quality standardsShips
Industry
Instrumentation
Examples of isolated systems:ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki
e-m/v IMOR
m/s Wawel
UPS
What influence on poor electric quality?
Effects of poor quality of electric power
How to increase power quality?
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 3/21
Polish Register of Shipping
Classification society, activities:
Type Approval Tests
Surveys on new-built ships
Surveys on existing ships
Annual Survey
Intermediate Survey
Class renewal survey
Surveys based on Rules for the Classification
More details on www.prs.pl
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 4/21
Considered Requirements
Ships
IEC 60092-101:1995 Electrical installations in ships Part 101: Definitions and general requirements
STANAG 1008 Characteristics of Shipboard Electrical Power Systems in Warships of the North Atlantic Treaty Navies
Publication 25/P, Technical requirements for shipboard power electronic systems, 2006, Polski Rejestr Statków S.A
Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-going Ships, Part VIII, Electrical Equipment and Automation, PRS S.A. Gdańsk 2002.
Rules for the Classification and Construction of Navy Ships, Part VIII, Electrical Equipment and Automation, Ministry of National Defense, Warsaw 2006.
Industry
EN 50160:2002, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems
IEC 61000-2-4:2003, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-4: Environment - Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 5/21
Power quality based on requirementsShips Industry
60092-101 STANAG 1008 EN 50160 61000-2-4
Steady-state voltage deviations +6%, -10% ±5% (±6%) ±10% ±10%
Phase to phase voltage
unbalance (continuous) 3% 2% 2% 2%
Voltage momentary deviation ±20% ±16% (±20%) ±40% ±90%
Voltage transients recovery time 1,5 s 2 s 1s 3s
THD 5% 5% 8% 8%
A single distortion even s.h. up to 1%
(any harmonic greater than) 3% 3% odd s.h. up to 6%
Steady-state frequency deviations ±5% ±3% ±2% ±4%
Frequency momentary deviations ±10% ±4% (±5,5% ) ±15% agreed
Frequency transients recovery time 5 s 2 s not specified 2 s
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 6/21
Power distribution
Requirements given in our Rules
Active load distribution 15%
Reactive load distribution 10%
Current distribution 15%
New Rules for the classification ofNavy Ships!
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 7/21
Instrumentation
Software LabViewsampling frequency 10kHz / 150kHz
Off-line data analysis in MathCADvoltage deviations
frequency deviations
voltage asymmetry
THD, 5th and 25th harmonic distortion
Measurements were carried out in accordance with:IEC 61000-4-7:2002 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques - General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto
IEC 61000-4-30 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques - Power quality measurement methods
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 8/21
Examples of Isolated network
m/s Wawel
ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki
e-m/v IMOR
Uninterruptible Power Supply
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 9/21
ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki
Warship without significant non-linear consumers
350
360
370
380
390
400
0
45,9
91,5
137
183
229
274
320
365
411
457
502
548
594
639
685
t [ s ]
U [
V]
Voltage deviation ±5%
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 10/21
ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki
voltage asymmetry and THD within permissible limits
CVA<2%
THD<5%
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0
37,6
75,1
113
150
187
225
262
300
337
375
412
449
487
524
562
599
t [s]
Cva [%]
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
0,0 4,0 8,0 12,0 16,0 20,0 23,9
t [ s ]
TH
D [
%]
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 11/21
ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki
0
40
80
120
160
200
0,2 7,8 15,4 23 30,6 38,2 45,8 53,4
t [s]
PG
1 &
PG
2 [k
W]
Permissible active load distribution15 %
Active power changes during coming into port
It was recommended to check engine governors
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 12/21
IMOR, power network
Main sources of powerG1, 425 kVA
G2, 425 kVA
G3, 200 kVA
PropellersMPS, 315 kW
MSB, 315 kW
APA, 72 kW
ASB, 72 kW
PWM converters, type CXI made by Vacon
Increasing reliability by dividing main busbar!
G 1 G 2 G 3
M P S M S BA S BA P S
M S 1 M S 2Q
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 13/21
IMOR, curves
397
397,5
398
398,5
399
399,5
400
400,5
401
0 100 200 300 400t [s ]
U [V]
49,8
50
50,2
50,4
50,6
50,8
51
0 100 200 300 400t [s ]
f [Hz]]
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
t [s ]
Cva [%]
accessible parameters!
0
200
400
600
800
u(t)
[V]
t[ms]
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 14/21
IMOR, 3.5 kHz [%]
•Switching frequency of the aft drives converters, 3.5 kHz
•A single distortion more than 3%!
•It was recommended to install marine RFI filters
0
2
4
6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
czas [m in.]
zaw
arto
Ͼ
3463
Hz
[%]
Contents 3463 Hz [%]
t [min.]
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 15/21
m/s Wawel
ferry with 6,5 kV and 60 Hz network
voltage momentary deviation, 23%!
permissible acc. to IEC 60092-101 ±20% acc. to STANAG 1008 ±16% (±20%)
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
0 9,64
t1 a)
Urms(1/2) [V]
t2 t3
t [s]
60
60, 5
61
61, 5
62
62 , 5
63
t [s] 0 9, 64
b)
[Hz]
©2007 P
RS
S.A
., Daniel C
zarkowski
16/21
UPS, 120 kVA
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
03.04 11:55
03.04 18:25
04.04 00:55
04.04 07:25
04.04 13:55
04.04 20:25
05.04 02:55
05.04 09:25
05.04 15:55
05.04 22:25
06.04 04:55
06.04 11:25
06.04 17:55
07.04 00:25
07.04 06:55
07.04 13:25
07.04 19:55
08.04 02:25
08.04 08:55
08.04 15:25
08.04 21:55
09.04 04:25
09.04 10:55
09.04 17:25
09.04 23:55
10.04 06:25
10.04 12:55
10.04 19:25
11.04 01:55
11.04 08:25
V1 [V]
V1 [V] M
in
V1 [V] Avg
V1 [V] M
ax
0
0,5 1
1,5 2
2,5 3
3,5 4
03.04 11:55
03.04 18:25
04.04 00:55
04.04 07:25
04.04 13:55
04.04 20:25
05.04 02:55
05.04 09:25
05.04 15:55
05.04 22:25
06.04 04:55
06.04 11:25
06.04 17:55
07.04 00:25
07.04 06:55
07.04 13:25
07.04 19:55
08.04 02:25
08.04 08:55
08.04 15:25
08.04 21:55
09.04 04:25
09.04 10:55
09.04 17:25
09.04 23:55
10.04 06:25
10.04 12:55
10.04 19:25
11.04 01:55
11.04 08:25
THDV1 [%]
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
V1[V]
thdV1 [%
] Avg
thdV1 [%
] Max
V1 [V] Avg
Within lim
its!
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 17/21
Consumers such as:main propeller,
bow/aft thrusters,
converters.
During ship’s service, at least every 5 years, parameter measurements should be performed (including harmonic distortions) in the case whenThe rated power of biggest of power electronic systems exceeds 50% rated power of one of generating-sets supplying it or
Total power of all installed power electronic systems exceeds 30% rated power of ship’s electric plant.
What influence on poor electric quality ?
nonlinear devices!
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 18/21
An Example
Motor supplied by voltage with parametersVoltage, U=377 V
Frequency, f=51.85 Hz
THD, 12.45%
11°C additional temperature increase
For insulation F class additional increase 9.3 °C could
shorten insulation life time two times.
[5] P. Gnaciński, J. Mindykowski, T. Tarasiuk, Thermal Phenomena in Electric Machines in the Wake of Electric Power Quality in Ships’ Networks.
8th International Conference „Electrical Power Quality and Utilization”,Cracow 2005
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 19/21
Results of poor power quality
Sources of electric power:
overheating insulation, coils, which result in aging of electrical insulation materials and damage of bearings.
Consumers:
overheating of stator and rotor of electric motors,
hazard of bearings damage depends on overheating rotor,
increased temperature of insulation and in fact, faster aging,
not intended deenergizing switches, distortions of equipment installed on board such as navigation equipment, personal computers, as well as in industry.
Electrical network:
both, ship network as well as industry network, are exposed to cables overheating due to resonance phenomena,
reduced current-carrying capacities in wiring system due to „skin effect”,
overheating and faster aging of transformers.
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 20/21
Way from disturbances to a shipwreck
Failure
Disturbances
Malfunction
Risk of shipwreck
Economicloses
Threat to environmentand health
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 21/21
How to increase power quality?
Measurements:
Publication no 25/P, Technical requirements for shipboard power electronic systems, 2006.
Publication 11/P, Environmental Tests on Marine Equipment, 2002.
Publication 75/P, Environmental Tests on Naval Ships Equipment, 2006.
After measurements applying:
Active filters,
Passive filters.
New Requirements given in Publication no 25/P
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 22/21
Summary
Electric power quality on IMOR was worse in comparison with (Czernicki, Wawel)
Reports and publications:Technical Report no 48, Power quality on a selected ship, Gdańsk 2004,
Technical Report no 51, Power quality on motor ship „IMOR”, Gdańsk 2006,
Publication no 25, Technical Requirements for shipboard power electronic systems, Gdańsk 2006.
Action taken:PRS introduced obligatory power measurements
© 2007 PRS S.A., Daniel Czarkowski 23/21
Thank you for your attention!
te@prs.pl
www.prs.pl