Post on 13-Jul-2015
transcript
Chapter 2Assisted Reproductive Technology
Life Science:Jonathan Klinger, Zylberberg,Patarkatsi,
AshlynLaveson, TalyaFischbach
In This Presentation We Will Cover…
• The male and female reproductive systems
• Problems with infertility and its causes
• 3 elements of successful conception
• 3 methods of ART
2.1 Where and how are sperm and eggs made?
• Sperm and androgens (testosterone) are produced in the testes
• Eggs and estrogen are produced in the ovaries
• The gametes (sperm and egg) are both created by a form of cell division called meiosis.
2.2 What organs make up the male reproductive system?
2.3 What organs make up the female reproductive system?
Is infertility a common problem
• Infertility is common in 1 in 6 couples
• As couples grow older infertility problems increase due mostly to advancing maternal age.
• 40%- male factor
• 40%- female factor
• 20%- unexplained
3 elements needed for successful conception
• Sperm and egg must be produced and healthy
• Sperm and egg must interact to accomplish fertilization
• Embryo needs a place to grow
• *If one or more of these components is missing or not functioning properly infertility may result*
What are the causes of infertility in woman?
• The egg
• Fallopian tube
• Uterus
3 things needed for a woman to conceive are…
What are the causes of infertility in men?
What is ART?
• “Is the application of laboratory or clinical technology to gametes (human egg or sperm) and/or embryos for the purposes of reproduction”
• We see that infertility is a common problem
• ART is necessary for men and woman who are having fertility problems
• ART assists so many men and woman reproduce
3 methods used in assisted reproductive technology are…
Donation of gametes
• Before the donation of eggs or sperm doctors may try to inject the woman with estrogen or the man with testosterone to help produce eggs or sperm
• If the couple’s infertility problem persists, they can look to use a sperm or egg donor
• Sperm is provided by known or unknown donors and may either be used immediately or frozen in a cryotank filled with liquid nitrogen -180 degrees Celsius
• Couples can pick the traits they want in a donor
• Eggs cannot be frozen for a long period of time.
• In this procedure sperm is placed in a woman’s uterus at ovulation and if fertilized pregnancy may occur. A donated egg is usually fertilized with the males sperm in IVF.
Surrogacy
• Egg donor surrogacy
• The surrogates egg is fertilized by artificial insemination (IVF) using the sperm of the infertile couples male partner
• The surrogate carries the embryo to term
•Gestational surrogacy•The surrogate carries the embryo to term but the sperm and egg are from the couple
Advancements in ART methods
• Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)- used to inject a single sperm into egg
• Egg freezing has now been improved
• Ovaries can be transplanted from one woman to another
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)-Choosing an embryo without a genetic disorder that a parent may have
• Transfer of gametes or zygotes directly into the fallopian tube to increase the chance of fertilization (GIFT and ZIFT)
Problems, legal, and ethical issues associated with ART
• During IVF some woman hyper ovulate and produce many more eggs than expected. This is painful and dangerous
• After IVF the number of embryos implanted can vary. This results in multiple births. This could be dangerous to the mother or baby.
• What should be done with frozen embryos no one wants?
CASE A• Brian and Laura have been married 10 years and at first did
not think about having kids
• Once Laura’s sister became pregnant they realized they wanted to have a child
• After trying for a year to conceive they had complications in getting pregnant
• Brian wanted to adopt a child
• Laura wanted a genetically related child
Questions for case A• What tests should Dr. Franco perform on Brian and Laura?
• What do you think Brian and Laura should do and why?
• Give some reasons why Brian and Laura should use ART?
• What are some reasons to adopt instead of ART.
• Give some reasons why art has become so important in the last 10 years.
CASE B• Jan Moppet wanted a child but never found found a man whom
she wanted to have a child with.
• At age 35, he doctor told her she should seriously think about having a child soon.
• Her doctor suggested she should have artificial insemination using sperm from a sperm bank.
• She ended up doing this, and had a child.
• She is now thinking about what the future may hold for her and her child.
Questions for Case B• Should Jen have chosen certain characteristics in picking her
sperm donor?
• Should Jen tell Alex about her father being a sperm donor?
• When Alex reaches age 18 should she be allowed to find her father?
• If you were the sperm donor list some reasons why you would not want the child to find you.