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PHP (and a little MySQL) for the Default Library Techie

PHP (and a Little MySQL) for the Default Library Techie Summer 2006 - This material has been created by Lisa Bartle for the Infopeople Project [infopeople.org], supported by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian. Any use of this material should credit the author and funding source.

Lisa Bartle, Reference Librarian

Cal. State University, San Bernardino

LBartle@csusb.edu

909-537-7552An Infopeople Workshop

Introductions

•Lab assistant•Participants

–Name–Position–What you hope to do with PHP

Assumptions for This Class

1. You know html code (e.g., tables, forms).

2. You understand the basics of databases (e.g., fields, records, truncation).

3. A little programming experience in any language is useful for this class but not essential (for example, you know what a variable is).

PHP (and a Little MySQL) for the Default Library Techie

Goals for This Class

1. Not to teach everything about PHP, but provide the basic knowledge for an online database.

2. Explain just the code, not setting up a server.

3. Provide a solid grounding so the books are not as formidable.

Diagram of Web Applications

Borrowed from MySQL/PHP Database Applications, 2nd ed. by Brad Bulger, Jay Greenspan, and David Wall.

What is PHP?

A scripting language most suitable for online database management.

PHP Benefits

• Open source, so it’s free

• Hosting is inexpensive

• PHP can be embedded in html files using .php file extension

• Easy to learn

• Works powerfully and intimately with MySQL and the web

•Works well with Apache – also open source

•Parse complex strings

•Communicate with many credit card processing systems

•Communicate with many protocols, including IMAP & POP3 (email), NNTP (usenet), and DNS (hostnames & addresses)

•Native database support for over 25 db products including dBase, FilePro, FrontBase, IBM DB2, Hyperwave, mSQL, MySQL, Sybase, Unix dbm, Access, and many others

oAccess may be more difficult to connect

PHP More Benefits

Who’s Using PHP?

Go to http://www.php.net/usage.php to find current usage statistics.

http://www.abc-lit.com

Recommendationsfor Text Editors

• EditPlus2 from ES-Computing (free)

• NoteTab Light from Fookes Software (free)

• PHP Designer from MP Software (free)

• Crimson Editor from Ingyu Kang (free)

It All Starts with the Database

The MySQL Connection

What is MySQL?

• A database system often used for web-accessible databases

• A relational database management system (RDMS), like Microsoft’s Access, using SQL

MySQL Introduction

• Pronounced “My Ess Que Ell,” according to the MySQL reference manual.

• Can handle small databases or very large ones (ex. 50 million records, 60,000 tables and about 5,000,000,000 rows; maximum table size is 65536 terabytes, but operating systems have limitations).

Look at the MySQL reference manual (downloads.mysql.com/docs/refman-5.0-en.pdf).

MySQL Benefits

• Open source, so it’s free

• Designed to work intimately with PHP and the web

• Dependable code back to 1980s and fully backward compatible

• Can operate with a variety of operating systems:

o Unix; FreeBSD; Mac OS X; Solaris; Windows 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, and Server 2003(Microsoft products are not the best with MySQL)

How Is Your Data Stored?

• Access

• Excel

• Something else

If You Have Data …

• Using Access or Excel you may want to convert to MySQL using an online converter

• Intelligent Converters has several for-fee programs at http://www.convert-in.com

If You Don’t Have Data …• Create a database using MySQL client

More If You Don’t Have Data …

• Create a database using Access or Excel

• Create a database using phpMyAdmino a tool written in PHP for the administration of a

MySQL server over the Web o often included with the operating system

phpMyAdmin Table Creation

To Maintain Your Data• Use Access or Excel to update, then convert

to MySQL using a converter

INSERT INTO 'people' VALUES('Joann', 'M', 'Aardappel', "", 'Pine Bluff', 'AR', 'Fontana', 'CA', 'San Bernardino County Sun', '2000-10-09');

INSERT INTO 'people' VALUES('Louie', 'R', 'Aboytes', "", 'Mesa', 'AZ', 'Loma Linda', 'CA', 'San Bernardino County Sun', '2001-01-05');

INSERT INTO 'people' VALUES('Edith', "", 'Abramson', 'Gimble', 'St. Paul', 'MN', 'Redlands', 'CA', 'San Bernardino County Sun', '2000-11-18');

INSERT INTO 'people' VALUES('Antonia', "", 'Acevedo', 'Bermudez', "", 'Mexico', 'Fontana', 'CA', 'San Bernardino County Sun', '2000-11-14');

MySQL data

To Maintain Your Data

• Use Access or Excel to update, then convert to MySQL using a converter

• Use phpMyAdmin to update

phpMyAdmin Data Input

Housekeeping

1. Open Internet Explorer

2. Go to Tools > Internet Options > Advanced

3. Put an X next to: Enable folder view for FTP sites

Our Project

Go to http://phpclass.infopeople.org/search.html

The PHP Connection

•PHP code starts <?php

•PPH code ends ?>

PHP Start and Stop

example1.php

Comments

• Explain the purpose of the coding

• Help you and others read the code

• Help you when you’ve forgotten what it all means

Comment Structure

// begin each line inside the PHP code

# begin each line inside the PHP code

/* begin and */ end several lines inside the PHP code

Comment Examples

<?php//Purpose: to create a form for patrons’ questions?>----------------------------<?php###### Show Results to User ######?>----------------------------<?php/*Purpose: to create a form for patrons’ questionsAuthor: Lisa BartleDate: Nov. 6, 2006*/?>

Exercise 1

Open up Notepad and get to coding!

“Hello_Librarians”:First PHP Example

example1.php

<h2>Infopeople PHP class</h2><?phpprint "<p>Hello librarians!";?>

User Sees

PHP and HTML

•HTML can be outside of PHP coding

•HTML can be inside of the code, but must be inside quotation marks with a print statement

•PHP statements end in a semi-colon

example1.php

Outputting Data

We will use PRINT in this class.

•Echo -- a language construct or structure for a single argument.

•Print -- a language construct, which can have multiple arguments and more complex expressions.

Echo & Print Example

example2.php

<?phpEcho "Infopeople PHP Presentation"; Print "<P>Hello librarians.";?>

User Sees

What is a Variable?

• A variable is a place to store information.

• Information stored in a variable can be defined by the programmer.

• Information stored in a variable can come from a user using a form.

Variables

• A variable always begins with a $ then the variable name.

• Variables are case sensitive and alpha-numeric.

• Do not start a variable with a number.

• All the variables below are different.$book$amount$Amount$AmoUnT$AMOUNT

Variable Example

example3.php

<?php Print "<h2>Infopeople PHP Presentation </h2><br>";print "<p>Hello librarians! <br>"; $date="Nov. 6, 2006";print "Today’s date is $date";?>

Printing Variables

example3.php

<?php $date="Nov. 6, 2006";print "Today’s date is $date";Print "Today’s date is "; print $date;

Date Function

example7.php

• Use date() to display the date and time

• Can display in multiple ways

Jul. 12, 2006

July 12, 2006

7/12/2006

2006/07/12

Date Display$datedisplay=date("Y/m/d");print $datedisplay;# If the date is November 6, 2005# It would display as 2005/11/06

$showdate=date("l, F j, Y");print $showdate;# If the date is November 6, 2005# It would display as# Sunday, November 6, 2005

example7.php

See handout “Displaying the Date Using Date()”

Exercise 2

Profession Example

profession.php

The HTML Connection

Forms provide an interface for users to query your database.

Forms HTML

<-- form tag goes before the form objects --><form>

[form objects go here][radio buttons, pull-down menus, text boxes]

[submit button, cancel button]

</form>

Radio Buttons

example9.html

Name becomes the variable name. Value is what the variable is holding.

<INPUT type="radio" name="sex" value="M"> Male<BR> <INPUT type="radio" name="sex" value="F"> Female<BR>

Pull-Down MenusPHP (and a Little MySQL) for the Default Library Techie

example10.html

<p>City of death: <select name="deathcity" size="1"><option selected value="">Search all cities in database</option><option value="Fontana">Fontana</option><option value="Loma Linda">Loma Linda</option><option value="Redlands">Redlands</option><option value="San Bernardino">San Bernardino</option><option value="Victorville">Victorville</option></select>

Name =variable name. Value =what variable is holding.

Text Boxes

example11.html

Name =variable name.

Check Boxes

example13.html

Libraries should get more<p><input TYPE="checkbox" NAME="money" VALUE="Yes" checked> Money <br><input TYPE="checkbox" NAME="respect" VALUE="Yes"> Respect

Name=variable nameValue=what variable is holding.

Submit/Reset Buttons

example14.html

Form Action

<-- not just form tag, but form action -->

[form objects here]

</form>

The PHP Connection

Operators

• Arithmetic operators

• Assignment operators

• Comparison operators

See handout “Operators.”

Arithmetic Operators

$a + $b //addition$a - $b //subtraction$a * $b //multiplication$a / $b //division

example6.php

Assignment & Arithmetic Operators

<?php$a=15;$b=30;$total=$a+$b;Print $total;Print "<p><h1> $total </h1>";//total is 45 ?>

example6.php

Comparison OperatorsEqual $a == $b

Not Equal $a != $b$a <> $b

Less Than $a < $b

Less Than or Equal to $a <= $b

Greater Than $a > $b

Greater Than or Equal to $a >= $b

See handout “Operators”

Difference Between = and ==

= Assigns a value to a variable

== Checks the value of a variable

See handout “Operators.”

If … Else

If ($user=="Lisa") { Print "Hello Lisa."; }Else {Print "You aren't Lisa.";}

No THEN in PHP

If (condition){

Statement;}Else {

Statement;}

ElseIf

If ($user=="Lisa") {Print "Hello Lisa."; }Elseif ($user=="Mo") {Print "Hello Mo."; }Else {Print "Who are you?"; }

If (condition){

Statement;}Elseif (condition){

Statement;}Else{

Statement;}

While Loops <?php$count=0;While ($count<5){Print "Hello Lisa.";$count=$count + 1;}#Another way to say #to say that is #$count++;?>

example8.php

While (condition){ Statement;}

Profession Example

profession.php

1. Go to http://phpclass.infopeople.org/lisa/profession.php

Questions to Think About

example15.php

1. What is the first step for this code?

2. What kind of php structures will be necessary?

Exercise 3

Top Errors & Messages

See handout

“Common PHP Mistakes and Error Messages”

1. Missing semi-colon.

2. Misspelled variables and missing $.

3. Incomplete pairs for quotation marks, parentheses, curly brackets, etc.

Our Sample Database

• This class’s prepared database is called obituaries.

• The file is obituaries.sql.

• It is an index of people’s names who have had obits listed in the newspaper. It is for patron’s genealogical research.

• The table called people has our data.Records: 100Fields: 11

See handout “Organize Your Database and Server

Information”

Download Search.html to Your Directory

1. Click View > Source2. Save the file as search.html to your desktop.

Go to http://phpclass.infopeople.org/search.html

3. Copy the file from your desktop into your directory.

You will not need to create the search form from scratch.

search.php

>>Creates connection to server & database

•Alters input for safety

•Creates SQL query

•Displays the results

>>Close the connection to database

Connect to the Server

mysql_connect("hostaddress", "myusername", "mypassword") or die ("message");

Die() is a function for an output message and to terminate the current script.

Mysql_connect() is the function used to connect to the server.

Mysql_connect() Structure

$connection=mysql_connect("hostaddress", "myusername", "mypassword") or die ("message");

Mysql_connect() Example

# Create connection to database# Define variables$hostaddress="phpclass.phpclass.infopeople.org";$myusername="phpclass";$mypassword="infopeople";

$connection=mysql_connect($hostaddress, $myusername, $mypassword) or die ("Can’t connect to server.");

Close Connection

Mysql_close() is the function to close the connection to the server.

mysql_close($connection);

Connect to the Database

Mysql_select_db() is the function to select your MySQL database.

mysql_select_db("database") or die ("Message");

Mysql_select_db()

#$database="obituaries";

#$tablename="people";

$result=mysql_select_db($database) or die("Database could not be selected");

Alter Input for Safety

• Creates connection to database

>>Alters input for safety

• Creates SQL query

• Displays the results

• Close the connection to database

Trim(), Strip_tags(), Strtolower()

search.php

$anyname=trim($anyname);

$anyname=strip_tags($anyname);

$anyname=strtolower($anyname);

• Trim removes whitespace at the beginning and end of a string.

• Strip_tags tries to remove PHP & HTML tags from a string.

• Strtolower converts alpha characters to lowercase.

Exercise 4

Create SQL Query

• Alters input for safety

>>Creates SQL query

Concatenation

$string1="Hello";

$string2="Librarians";

$string3=$string1." ".$string2;

Print $string3;

print "<p>";

Print $string1." ".$string2;

example5.php

“A union by chaining or linking together.” Use a period to link together strings.

Escaping the Character

<?php$heading="\"Lisa's Books\"";Print $heading;?>

If the string has a set of double quotation marks that must remain visible, use the \ [backslash] before the quotation marks so PHP does not act on them and only displays them.

example16.php

The SQL Connection

Diagram of Web Applications

Borrowed from MySQL/PHP Database Applications, 2nd ed. by Brad Bulger, Jay Greenspan, and David Wall.

What is SQL?

• Structured Query Language

• A database access language standard

• All SQL-capable databases support a common subset of SQL

o Access, MySQL, some Oracle databases, etc.

SQL Select Query Template

SELECT [field],[field] from [table] WHERE [field] [operator] [parameter or input] ORDER BY [field] [ASC or DESC];

SQL Query Examples

•SELECT lastname, firstname from people where newsyear > 2000;

•SELECT lastname, firstname from people where newsyear > 2000 and newsyear < 2003;

•SELECT lastname, firstname from people where newsyear BETWEEN 2000 and 2003;

Database: obituaries

Table: people

Fields: lastname, firstname, middlename,

maidenname, newsdate, newsyear

Numbers do not need quotation marks in SQL.

•SELECT * from people where lastname = "Jones";

•SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE "Jones%";

•SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE "%Jones";

•SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE "%Jones%" ORDER BY lastname ASC, firstname ASC;

SQL Query ExamplesDatabase: obituaries

Table: people

Fields: lastname, firstname, middlename,

maidenname, newsdate, newsyear

Text needs quotation marks in SQL.

PHP & SQL in the Query

SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE "%Jones%" ORDER BY lastname ASC;

$query="SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE \"%Jones%\" ORDER BY lastname ASC";

Variables in the PHP/SQL Query

$query="SELECT * from people where lastname LIKE \"%Jones%\" ORDER BY lastname ASC";

$query="SELECT * from " .$tablename. " where lastname LIKE \"%" .$anyname. "%\" ORDER BY lastname ASC";

Match Against In Boolean Mode

$query="SELECT * from " .$tablename. " WHERE MATCH(firstname, middlename, lastname, maidenname) AGAINST ('$anyname' IN BOOLEAN MODE) AND newsyear>= " .$newsyear1. " AND newsyear<=" .$newsyear2. " ORDER BY lastname ASC";

Red=PHP

Purple=SQL

SQL Troubleshooting Tips

Build the SQL statement slowly, piece by piece.

# Keep what is working and comment it out so # that you can start from success when you # need to start over.# $query="SELECT * from ".$tablename; # This works$query="SELECT * from ".$tablename;Print the query so you can tell where it is breaking down.Print $query;

If ($deathcity=="") {$deathcityquery=" ";}

else {$deathcityquery=" and deathcity=\"".$deathcity."\"";}

SQL Query

If ($anyname=="") {$query="SELECT * from " . $tablename. " WHERE newsyear >=".$newsyear1." AND newsyear<=".$newsyear2.$deathcityquery." ORDER BY lastname ASC";

}else{$query="SELECT * from " . $tablename. " WHERE match(firstname, middlename, lastname, maidenname) against ('$anyname' in boolean mode) and newsyear >=".$newsyear1." AND newsyear<=".$newsyear2.$deathcityquery." ORDER BY lastname ASC";

More SQL Query

Download sql_query.php

Sql_query.php is available in the main directory of the ftp server.

• Copy the file to your desktop. • Open it. • Copy the query and place it under the header Create SQL Query.

True Boolean Queries

(peek or byrd) and (mary or ellen)

How do we do it?

We have a textbox, $anyname, in our obituary search form. We want it to be Boolean searchable. Such as:

Alter the Input for SQL

Think of our old AltaVista searches:

+alice –wonderland +columbia

We need to use PHP to substitute the AND, OR, NOT that the users input so that SQL can understand it.

Create Boolean String

# Insert an initial plus-sign so # the first term or phrase is # included as a mandatory.$addplus="+";$anyname=$addplus.$anyname;

Replacing Strings

Use str_replace() to replace one string with another.

$string= str_replace("find this", "replace with this", $in_ this_string);

# Replace all the AND's with +'s, # so that SQL’s fulltext indexing# can understand it.# The spacing is important here.$anyname=str_replace(" and ", " +", $anyname);

Create Boolean Stringstr_replace() AND

Create Boolean Stringstr_replace() OR

# OR is assumed, so just pull# those out.$anyname =str_replace(" or ", " ", $anyname);

Create Boolean Stringstr_replace() NOT

# look for NOTs$anyname=str_replace(" not ", " -", $anyname);# Some people may put AND NOT. Since# we already replaced the ANDs and # ORs, this may look strange.

$anyname=str_replace(" +not ", " -", $anyname);

Mysql_query()

$result=mysql_query($query) or die("Couldn’t execute query.");

mysql_query($query) or die(“Message.");

Where $query is the constructed SQL query:

Exercise 5

search.php

>>Displays the results

What is an Array?

An array is a variable that holds many different variables in it.

“An array of books.”

$result is an Array

where the results are stored.

$result=mysql_query($query) or die("Couldn’t execute query.");

$counter=0;while ($rows=mysql_fetch_array($result)) # displaying data from results{

Display row after row here with html.}

Mysql_fetch_array()

Use mysql_fetch_array() to gather the waiting query results row by row, then display them.

Mysql_num_rows()

Use mysql_num_rows to get the number of matching results. $Numrows is the number of rows, or records, in the result of the query.

$numrows=mysql_num_rows($result);

There are X result(s) in your search.

1. lastname (maidenname), firstname middlename Born: birthcity, birthstate

Died: deathcity, deathstate Obituary: <i>newspaper</i> newsdate, newsyear

Plan the Display

Write out how you want it to look!

$counter=0;$numrows=mysql_num_rows($result);Print "There are $numrows result(s) in your search.<p>"

Display Results to User

while ($rows=mysql_fetch_array($result)) # filling-in data from results{$counter=$counter+1;Print $counter.". ".$rows["lastname"]. " (" . $rows["maidenname"] ."), " . $rows["firstname"] ." " . $rows["middlename"]."<br>";}

Display Results to User

Red is HTML and the quotation marks surrounding it.

Review of PHP

search.php

>>Close the connection to database

mysql_close($connection);

Close Connection

Mysql_close is the function to close the connection to the server.

Exercise 6

Include Files & Require Files

Include and require insert files (sensitive or oft-repeated code stored in files) into the current code. This will prove useful and protective once you connect to a database, as well as for other repeated functions.

example17.inc

Include "/path/to/filename.html";

include ("footer.txt");

require ("start.inc");

Include Files & Require Files

$hostaddress="phpclass.phpclass.infopeople.org";$username="phpclass";$password="infopeople";$database="obituaries";$tablename="people";

example17.inc

The file start.inc might look like:

Include File Placement

### Define Connection Variables ###

Require ("start.inc");

### Connect to Serve & Database ###

$connection=mysql_connect($hostaddress, $myusername, $mypassword) or die ("Can’t connect to server.");

PHP Covered

date()die()echoelseifif … elseinclude()mysql_close()mysql_connect()mysql_fetch_array()mysql_num_rows()mysql_query()mysql_select_db()

printrequire()str_replace()strip_tagsstrtolower()trim()while#///* & */.\

19 down,

4592 to go!

Evaluation Time

Please go to

infopeople.org/wseval.html

and complete the evaluation.

Thank you!

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