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Tory Brewster - February 20, 2012
URBAN FARMING INHAVANA, CUBA
From the time of the Cuban revolution in 1959until the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba importedmost of its food, agricultural equipment, andother basic necessities from the USSR. In 1989,the Soviets ceased providing Cuba with supplies,causing a devastating crisis in the country. Therewas not enough food to support the population,particularly in Havana where 1/5 of the countryspopulation lived. Individuals, with support fromthe government, began to create urban farms
within the city of Havana in order to support itsinhabitants. Since then the use of urban farmshas grown, and now most of the citys food isproduced within the city limits.
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1820 1860 1959 1989 1991 1992 1994
Cuban agriculturedominated by sugarcane production
Cuba becomes worldslargest sugar exporter
RevolutionIntroduction of SocialismAgrarian Reforms: machinisation of theNational Agricultural sector, intensive useof agro-chemical productsHeavy dependence of Cubas food andagriculture industry on imports
100% of wheat, 90% of beans, 57%of all calories consumed
48% of fertilizer, 82% of pesticide97% of animal feeds
Beginning of the agricultural crisisImports dropped by between 50% and 80%
Beginning of the Periodico Especialen Tiempo de Paz - Special Period ina time of peace
After the crisis, Cuba lost more than75% of its import and export capac-ity
An estimated 67% reduction of food avail-ability due to the crisis and US Embargo
US EmbargoWith the stated purpose of maintainingsanctions on the Castro regime so long as itcontinues to refuse to move toward de-mocratizationa dn greater respect for humanrights (Cuban Democracy Act of 1992)
Russian Economic CrisisImports from Russia ceasedDrastic reduction in electric-ity generation, food storage
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Vacant lots like this (above)are turned into urban farmslike the one below
In the neighborhooddirectly to the east of
Havanas Plaza, oneof the densist areasin the city, there are
around ten farms.
Havana
Downtown
Havan
Havana, Cuba
Havana covers 721 km2,0.67% of the total area ofCuba
The city has about 2.2 millioninhabitants, or 20% of the totalpopulation of Cuba
The population density is 3,014persons/km2
From 1990 to 1994 an esti-
mated 25,000 people workedon about 1800 hectares of or-ganoponicos
The total area of Havana is 721km2, of which 299 km2 is usedfor agricultural production(41.5%), in which a very highdiversity of crops is produced
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Organoponicos de Alto Rendimiento
HuertosPopulares
Organoponicos
Autoconsumos Estatales
Huertos Intensivos
Autoconsumos EstatalesSize: 1 hectare or moreLocation: Peri-UrbanFarmers: Voluntary cultivations by workersUse of crops: Feed state workers, support daycarecenters, homes for the elderly, and facilities for newborns, surplus sold to workersYield in 2000: .6 kg/m2 per year
Organoponicos de Alto RendimientoSize: 1 hectare or moreLocation: Government allotted vacant urban sites,
not suitable for direct agriculture use, soiland containers for growing brought in
Farmers: Commercially viable work centers orcooperativesUse of crops: Produce for sale to the population andtourist sectorYield in 2000: 25 square meters per year
OrganoponicosSize: 2000 m2 to 5000m2Location: Vacant urban sites, not suitable for directagriculture use, require imported soil and containersFarmers: Groups of individuals formed into a collec-
tive.Institutional technical support and adviceUse of crops: Produce for trade and small-scaleconsumption by producersYield in 2000: 20 square meters per year
Huertos IntensivosSize: 1000 m2 to 3000 m2Location: Urban or peri-urban state owned or private
landFarmers: One person or family, several families orcooperativeUse of crops: Feed producers and for tradeYield in 2000: 8-12 square meters per year
Huertos Populares/PrivadosSize: Less than 1000 m2Location: Urban or peri-urban vacant lots, unexploited
area within educational or health facilities.State owned or private.Farmers: One person or familyUse of crops: To supply cultivator or familyYield in 2000: 8-12 square meters per year1 hectare
5000 m2
3000 m2
2000 m2
1000 m2
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Huertos Populares/Privados Huertos Populares Intensivos Organoponicos
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Cassava Sweet Potato Beans
Shades plants below
Provides ground cover
Fixates soil withnitrogen
Common crops grown on urbanfarms in Havana
VegetablesCabbage, Carrot, Celery, Corn, Cucumber, Egg-plant, Garlic, Lettuce, Okra, Onion, Parsley,Pepper, Pumpkin, Red pepper, String bean,Tomato
Fruit cropsAvocado, Frying banana, Chiri Moya, Coconut,Guava, Lemon, Lime, Mamey, Mango, Orange,Papaya, Pineapple, Plantain, Sweetsop, Water-melon
CerealsRice
Herbs, spices and medicinal plantsAloe, Arrowroot, Balm, Basil, Chamomile, Dill,Eucalyptus, Fennel, Ginger, Indigo, Ivy, Jasmine,
LemongrassMacow, Mint, Passion flower, Pepper, Pepper-mint, Periwinkle, Poinsettia, Rue, Sage, Tama-rind, Water Willow Herb
Root cropsCassava, Potato, Sweet potatoes, Taro, Yams
LegumesPeanut, Bean, Pea
OthersSugar cane
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This 1-hectare farm featured rows and rows of raised beds built with recycledconcrete and rocks. The beds are filled with soil and amended with worm-compost that is made on site. The farm grows a wide range of fresh vegetablesyear round, including sweet peppers, tomatoes, greens, medicinal and culinaryherbs, cucumbers, eggplants and more.
Abilities
Relieves food insecurity inurban settingsProvides fresh, healthy food
to urban populations at afraction of the cost of su-permarketsCreates jobs and helps theeconomyEncourages community ac-tivities, creating a safe at-mosphere
Reduces energy and oilusage, pollution, and wasteoutput
Constraints
Scarcity of landScarcity of water
Quality of topsoilPlant disease and pestsTheft of produce
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BIOREMEDIATION
PHYTOREMEDIATION
CONSTRUCTEDWETLANDS
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POLLUTION OF LAKE ONONDAGA
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REQUIREMENTS IN SOIL ANDGROUNDWATER
MICROBIAL POPULATION :Suitablekinds of organisms that can biode-grade all of the contaminantsWATER: 50% - 70% of the holding
capacity of the soilTEMPERATURE: Appropriate tem-peratures for microbial growth (0 -40 degrees C)NUTRIENTS: Nitrogen, phosphorus,sulfur, and other nutrients to sup-port good microbial growthOXYGEN : Enough to support aero-bic biodegradation (about 2%oxygen in the gas phase or.4mg/liter in the water)pH: 6.5 to 7.5
IF THESE ARE NOT PRESENT, THEMICROBES WILL GROW TOOSLOWLY, DIE, OR POSSIBLYCREATE MORE HARMFUL CHEMI-CALS
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PHYTOREMEDIATIONPhytoremediation is used for theremediation of metals, radio activesubstances, pesticides, explosives,fuels, volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and semi-volatile organiccompounds (SVOCs)
PHYTOEXTRACTION: Removal ofcontaminants from soils
PHYTODEGRADATION: Plant degra-dation of contaminants afteruptake
PHYTOACCUMULATION: Contami-
nant accumulation in above groundbiomass
RHIZOSPHERE DEGRADATION: en-hancement of rhizosphere micro-bial bioremediation
GROUNDWATER INTERCEPTION:Plants with large water require-ments reduce contaminated
groundwater movement
LIVING CAPS: Reduction of leach-ate in landfills
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PROSCleanCost effectiveNon-environmentally disruptiveCan remediate large areas of soilAesthetically pleasingLow maintenance
CONSOnly works as deep as roots canreachPlants affected by the harmfulchemicals must be properly dis-posed of in order to avoiddamage to the food chainRequires timeWorks best on lower concentra-
tions of contaminantDoes not work through winter
ALFALFA
HYBRID POPLAR
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE DUCKWEED
SUDAN GRASS RYE GRASS
BERMUDA GRASS ALPINE BLUEGRASS
WATER LILIES
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BEDFORD SITE1999 - 2002
Manufactured gas plant site with high con-tamination levels at 3 to 6 feet
Two different treatments are used: hybridpoplar/grass cover, and natural attenuation
Fertilization and irrigation used as needed
Soil from three depths are being analyzedfor contaminant concentration, microbialcharacteristics, and toxicity over the threeyear study
CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS (PAHS)
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CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS (PAHS)BEDFORD GREENHOUSE STUDY
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CONSTRUCTEDWETLANDSFOUR PARTS
Liner: Usually PVCDistribution media: Course rockthat spreads wastewater acrossthe width of the wetlandsPlants: Often cattails, bulrushes,reeds, sedgesUnder-drain system: Pipe at endof drainfield
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PROSEcologically soundEasy to maintainCan tolerate different water levelsAesthetically pleasing and providesa habitat for wildlifeCan work in winter with thicker in-
sulation (extra bed depth or sur-face insulation)
CONSThe long-term effectiveness ofconstructed wetlands is not wellknownExpensiveColder conditions slow the rate atwhich the wetland is able breakdown contaminantsA heavy flow of incoming watercan overload the removal mecha-nisms in a wetland, while a dryspell can damage plants and se-verely limit wetland function
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SYRACUSE FARMS
Outside of the city ofSyracuse there is anabundance of farms thatcan be used to supplyfood to the city
Often the crops are sentacross the country, in-stead of being kept withinthe region they were
grown in
Farms in the Syracusearea often have majorroads into the city nearby
Farm
Other
Grocery
Farmers market
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Urban
Farm land
Major road
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SYRACUSE INNERHARBOR EXISTINGCONDITIONS
SOIL TYPEUrban: Dense, high in clay,contains metals, mostlikely petroleum, harmfulchemicals, etc.
WATER QUALITY
Poor: As a result of thecontaminated beds, andpresence of harmful sub-stances such as mercury,the water is still unsafefor human consumption
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Constructed wetlands
Phytoremediation/bioremediation
Cap soil and use immediately
SITE REMEDIATION
Constructed wetlandsalong waters edge cleanthe water as well as the
soil they are planted in
Further inland, plants canbe used for phytoremedia-tion in areas where thesoil contamination has notexceeded the plants root
depth
Plantings can be combinedwith capped areas of land,which can then have newsoil placed on top ofthem, or they can be usedto build on.
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Sources
CPULs - Urban Agriculture in Havana Opportunities for the Future, Jorge Pena Diaz and Prof. Phil Ha
http://www.cityfarmer.org/cuba.html
http://www.cityfarmer.info/category/cuba/
http://www.cityfarmer.info/2009/08/23/200-urban-farms-in-havana/
http://bss.sfsu.edu/raquelrp/pub/2000_aug_pub.html
Chaplowe, Scott G. "Havana's Popular Gardens: Sustainable Prospects for Urban Agriculture." The Enmentalist 18 (1998): 47-57. Print.
Novo, Mario G., and Catherine Murphy. URBAN AGRICULTURE IN THE CITY OF HAVANA: A POPULAR RSPONSE TO A CRISIS. Case Study. 1998. Print.
http://www.pollutionissues.com/A-Bo/Bioremediation.html#b
http://biotechpedia.wordpress.com/2011/01/06/bioremediation/
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/phytoremediation/
http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/fss/fss02/schwabpresent.pdf
http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/DD7671.html
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