Predictors of Women’s

Participation in Entrepreneurial

Activities in Selected

Municipalities in North CotabatoDr. Sharon R. Tabile

Univ. of Southern MindanaoKabacan, CotabatoGAD College Focal Person

Dr. Sindaolan D. GallaUniv. of Southern MindanaoKabacan, CotabatoGAD University Focal Person

Introduction• Women of today play a vital and active role in our society. Entrepreneurship offers an attractive alternative for many women. Aside from the economic motivation, prospects of social rewards and individual satisfaction as well as the ability to control or manage one’s work hours, it has encouraged more and more women to venture into entrepreneurship.

• It is in this light that this study focused on women who engage in entrepreneurial activities, their plight, and what pushes them to excel in their chosen field.

Objectives of the Study

• The study aimed to determine the predictors of women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities as measured by qualitative and quantitative indicators.

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• Specifically, the study intended to:1. Describe the profile of the

respondents in terms of personal and family related factors, namely: income, household size, civil status, access to credit, personal entrepreneurial characteristics (PECs), awareness and availment of support from Government, NGO’s or Community Programs, age, education, and consent of husband.

2. Describe the extent of women’s entrepreneurial participation in terms of:–Qualitative measures such as passion for business

–Quantitative measures such as capital investment and size of manpower.

3. Analyze the significance of selected push / pull and personal and family factors as predictors of the extent of women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities.

• Respondents Profile categorized as:

Push Factors – Income– Household Size– Civil Status 

Pull Factors– Access to Credit– Personal Entrepreneurial

Characteristics (PECS)– Awareness & Availment of

support from Government, NGO’s or community programs

Personal and Family-

Related Factors – Age– Education– Consent of Husband

Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurial Activities 

Qualitative Measure – Passion for

Business  

Quantitative Measure – Capital Investment– Size of Manpower

employed in business

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Respondents of the Study

• One hundred eighty (180) women entrepreneurs with thirty (30) respondents each coming from 1 city and five Municipalities in North Cotabato, namely: (1) Kidapawan City (2) Midsayap (3) Mlang (4) Makilala (5) Pres.

Roxas, and (6) Aleosan.

Sampling Procedure• Purposive-Quota Sampling Method.

Research Instrument

• Part I - demographic characteristics• Part II - personal entrepreneurial

characteristics (PECs) through a set of statements written in Filipino. These statements pertained to entrepreneurial beliefs, attitudes or behavior reflective of specific entrepreneurial characteristics.

• Part III - respondents’ passion for entrepreneurial activity

Figure 1 . Respondents according to income.

Income P 500.00 - 8,999.00 130 72.2 9,000.00 - 17,499.00 31 17.2 17,500.00 – 25,500.00 10 5.6 26,000.00 – 34,499.00 6 3.3 34,500.00 – 42,999.00 1 0.6 43,000.00 – 51,499.00 1 0.6 51,500.00 – 60,000.00 1 0.6

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

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Figure 2 . Respondents according to Household Size.

Household Size 3 – below 97 53.9 4 – 6 76 42.2 7 – 9 6 3.3 10 – 12 1 0.6

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

Figure 3 . Respondents according to Civil Status.

Civil Status Single 19 10.6 Widowed 20 11.1 Married 141 78.3

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

27%

73%

No Access With Access

Access to credit No Access 49 27.2 With Access 131 72.8

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

Figure 4. Respondents according to Access to Credit.

PECs A ( score 14 - 26 ) 9 5.0 B ( score 28 - 42 ) 171 95.0

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

30.6

69.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yes No

Figure 6. Respondents according to Awareness and Availment of Support.

Awareness & Availment of Support from Gov’t, NGO or Community Programs Yes 55 30.6   No 125 69.4  

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

11.1

41.1

36.7

9.4

1.7

0 10 20 30 40 50

17 - 30

31 - 44

45 - 58

59 - 72

73 - above

Figure 7 . Respondents according to Age.

Age 17 - 30 yr 20 11.1 31 – 44 74 41.1 45 – 58 66 36.7 59 – 72 17 9.4 73 – above 3 1.7

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

2.2 13.9

13.3

26.10.616.1

27.8

Some Elementary Elementary Graduate

Some High School High School Graduate

Vocational Technical College Undergrauate

College Graduate

Figure 8 . Respondents according to Educational Attainment.

Educational Attainment Some Elementary 4 2.2 Elementary Graduate 25 13.9 Some High School 24 13.3 High School Graduate 47 26.1 Vocational Technical 1 0.6 College Undergraduate 29 16.1 College Graduate 50 27.8

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

28.9

71.1

Without With Consent

Figure 9. Respondents according to Consent of Husband.

Consent of Husband

None 52 28.9

With Consent 128 71.1

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENT

PASSION FOR BUSINESS MEAN VERBAL

DESCRIPTION

1. Kapag abala ako sa aking gawain,kaya ko ipagpaliban kumain ng almusal, tanghalian at hapunan. 2.09 Disagree2. Kung ako ay may problema, hinaharap ko ito at hindi ko ito tinatalikuran 3.22 Agree3. Hindi baling puyat ako basta’t matapos lang ang aking gawain. 2.83 Agree

4. Saganang akin, hindi balakid ang pagkakasakit upang matapos ang gawain. 2.55 Agree5. Pinagpapaliban ko ang paglilibang upang maasikaso ko ang aking negosyo. 2.99 Agree

OVERALL MEAN 2.74 Agree     

Mean: 1.00 – 1.49 = Strongly Disagree 1.50 – 2.49 = Disagree 2.50 – 3.49 = Agree 3.50 – 4.00 = Strongly Agree

Passion for BusinessTable 1: Extent of Women’s Entrepreneurial Participation in terms of Qualitative Measure such as Passion for Business in North Cotabato, January 2007.

Capital Investment

21.1

68.9

4.4

2.2

3.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

P 1,000.00 & below

1,100.00 - 20,000.00

21,100.00 - 40,000.00

41,100.00 - 60,000.00

61,000.00 - 80,000.00

Figure 10 . Respondents according to Capital Investment.

QUANTITATIVE MEASURES FREQUENCY PERCENT     Capital Investment P 1,000.00 & below 38 21.1 1,100.00 - 20,000.00 124 68.9 21,100.00 – 40,000.00 8 4.4 41,100.00 – 60,000.00 4 2.2 61,000.00 - 80,000.00 3 1.7 81,000.00 – above 3 1.7

Size of Manpower 1 – 2 140 77.8 3 – 4 34 18.9 5 – 6 5 2.8 7 – 8 1 0.6

Size of Manpower

NATURE OF BUSINESS FREQUENCY PERCENT

1. Vending (livestock) 15 8.3 2. Street food vending 17 9.4 3. Dressmaking/Tailoring 10 5.6 4. Buy and Sell (dry goods) 10 5.6 5. Food Processing 0 0.0 6. Catering 2 1.1 7. Beauty Parlor/barber shop 3 1.7

8. Computer/internet 3 1.7 9. Sari-sari store 39 21.7 10. Fruit Stand 7 3.9 11. Fish 12 6.7 12. Carenderia/Restaurant 14 7.8 13. Refreshment/Snack House 4 2.2 14. Vegetables 16 8.9 15. Native delicacies 6 3.3 16. Beauty products 4 2.2 17. Bakery 2 1.1 18. Textile 4 2.2 19. Shoes 3 1.7 20. School Supplies 1 0.6 21. Animal feeds 2 1.1 22. Rice (buy and sell) 1 0.6 23. Dried fish 3 1.7 24. motor parts 1 0.6 25. E-load 1 0.6     

Nature of BusinessTable 2. Nature of Business Participated in by Women in North

Cotabato, N = 180

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results, a Filipino woman entrepreneur is married, 44 years old and has a high school education. She has a family size of four (4) members. She belongs to a low-income group, shown by a mean monthly income of Php 7,900.00

Her business is mainly associated with daily needs, particularly sari-sari store, her starting investment is Php 11,000.00, she employs the services of one paid and one unpaid laborers in their businesses.

The results of the regression analysis to determine the significance of the hypothesized predictors against quantitative measures of extent revealed that:1. Women entrepreneurs generally possessed high personal entrepreneurial characteristics.

2. In the push factors studied, household size solely predicted the passion for business; combined contribution of income, household size and civil status predicted the capital investment; combined contribution of income, household size and civil status predicted the size of manpower employed in their business.

3. Among the pull factors studied, access to credit predicted both the passion for business and size of manpower employed in their business. 4. In the personal and family related factors studied, education predicted the capital investment; consent of husband and education predicted the size of manpower employed in their business.

5. None of the entrepreneurial characteristics predicted the extent of women‘s participation in entrepreneurial activities. 6. Awareness and availment of support from the government, NGO’s and Community Programs did not influence the extent of women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The positive effect of elementary and secondary education to entrepreneurial participation of women (as measured by starting capital of women entrepreneurs) denotes the importance of female education. It is highly recommended therefore that curriculum for both elementary and secondary education be enhanced.

2. For those whose with entrepreneurial strategies to prepare not only women but men, youth and children for entrepreneurial endeavors even without finishing their college education.

3. The number of manpower employed in the business being predicted by family income demonstrates that the more access women have on more resources, the more progressive her entrepreneurial activities will be. It is thus recommended that existence of support from Government and NGO’s and Community Programs be widely made known and more available to women

entrepreneurs.

4. For women to be more active partners of men in community development efforts, Gender and Development programs should be integrated in the curriculum as early as the pre-school levels of education to the high school level not only to become a gender-fair society but to become a well developed progressive country.

end