PRENATAL

DEVELOPMENT WHAT ARE SOME EARLY SIGNS OF

PREGNANCY?

•MISSED PERIOD

•BREASTS BECOME SORE/TENDER

•SPOTTING

•FATIGUE

•NAUSEA

•FREQUENT URINATION

•HEADACHES

•BACK PAIN

•DIZZINESS

Uterus: The organ in the lower body of a woman or female

mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they

gestate before birth; the womb.

Zygote: A cell that is formed when an egg and a sperm

combine.

Embryo: A human or animal in the early stages of development

before it is born, hatched.

Fetus: A human being or animal in the later stages of

development before it is born.

Amnion: A thin membrane forming a closed sac about

the embryos or fetuses of reptiles, birds, and mammals

and containing the amniotic fluid.

Viability: capable of living or of developing into a living

thing

Genotype: All or part of the genetic constitution of an

individual or group

Ultrasound: Diagnostic ultrasound, also called

sonography or diagnostic medical sonography, is an

imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves

to produce images of structures within your body. The

images can provide valuable information for diagnosing

and treating a variety of diseases and conditions.

Amniocentesis: The sampling of amniotic fluid using a

hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for

developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

Chorionic Villus: Any of the minute fingerlike projections

of the fetal chorion that contain fetal blood vessels and

that combine with maternal uterine tissue to form the

placenta.

Premature Baby: A premature birth is when a baby is

born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. A full-

term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Important growth and

development occur throughout pregnancy - especially in

the final months and weeks. Because they are born too

early, preemies weigh much less than full-term babies

Small for Date: babies are those who are smaller in size

than normal for the gestational age, most commonly

defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the

gestational age.

APGAR: (Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and

Respiration). The Apgar score is a simple assessment of

how a baby is doing at birth, which helps determine

whether your newborn is ready to meet the world

without additional medical assistance.

NBAS: (Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale). a

scale developed by T. Berry Brazelton for evaluating the

neurologic condition and behavior of a newborn by

assessing his or her alertness, motor maturity, irritability,

consolability, and interaction with people. It consists of a

series of 27 reaction tests, including response to

inanimate objects, pinprick, light, and the sound of a

rattle or bell.

★ Training is necessary to be able to administer the

assessment

Teratogens: agents that can potentially cause

birth defects or negatively alter cognitive and

behavioral outcomes of your baby

FROM CONCEPTION TO BIRTH

•PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE

•PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO

•PERIOD OF THE FETUS

PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE

•BEGINS WHEN EGG IS FERTILIZED IN THE

FALLOPIAN TUBE.

•PERIOD OF RAPID CELL DIVISION

•ENDS 2 WEEKS LATER WHEN THE ZYGOTE IS

IMPLANTED IN THE WALL OF THE UTERUS

PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE

PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO

•FROM 3 TO 8 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION

•BODY PARTS ARE FORMED DURING THIS PERIOD

•EMBRYO RESTS IN THE AMNION FILLED WITH AMNIOTIC FLUID

•UMBILICAL CORD JOINS EMBRYO TO PLACENTA

PRENATAL STRUCTURES

PERIOD OF THE FETUS

•FROM 9 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION TO BIRTH

•INCREASE IN SIZE AND SYSTEMS BEGIN TO FUNCTION

•AGE OF VIABILITY: 22 TO 28 WEEKS

Conception

Ordinarily, a woman produces one ovum (egg cell) per month from one

of her two ovaries. The ovum is released from an ovary roughly midway

between two menstrual periods. If it is not fertilized, the ovum travels

from the ovary down the fallopian tube toward the uterus, where it

gradually disintegrates and is expelled as part of the next menstrual

flow. If a couple has intercourse during the crucial few days when the

ovum is in the fallopian tube, one of the millions of sperm ejaculated as

part of each male orgasm may travel the full distance through the

woman’s vagina, cervix, and uterus into the fallopian tube and

penetrate the ovum. A child is conceived.

Nine Months in the Womb&

Real Footage of Developing Embryo and Fetus

FIRST MONTH•BY THE END OF THE FIRST MONTH, THE EMBRYO IS ABOUT 1/10 OF AN INCH LONG. THE HEART, WHICH IS NO LARGER THAN A POPPY SEED, HAS BEGUN BEATING.

FIRST MONTH

TWO MONTHS•THE EMBRYO IS ABOUT 1 INCH LONG AND HAS DISTINCT, SLIGHTLY WEBBED FINGERS. VEINS ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE. THE HEART HAS DIVIDED INTO RIGHT AND LEFT CHAMBERS.

TWO MONTHS

THREE MONTHS

•BY NOW THE FETUS IS 2 1/2 TO 3 INCHES LONG AND IS FULLY FORMED. SHE HAS BEGUN SWALLOWING AND KICKING. ALL ORGANS AND MUSCLES HAVE FORMED AND ARE BEGINNING TO FUNCTION.

FOUR MONTHS

• YOUR BABY IS COVERED WITH A LAYER OF THICK, DOWNY HAIR CALLED LANUGO. HIS HEARTBEAT CAN BE HEARD CLEARLY. THIS IS WHEN YOU MAY FEEL YOUR BABY'S FIRST KICK.

PREMATURE BABY BORN WITH LANUGO STILL

PRESENT

FOUR MONTHS

FIVE MONTHS

• A PROTECTIVE COATING CALLED VERNIX CASEOSA BEGINS TO FORM ON BABY'S SKIN. BY THE END OF THIS MONTH, YOUR BABY WILL BE NEARLY EIGHT INCHES LONG AND WEIGH ALMOST A POUND.

SIX MONTHS•EYEBROWS AND

EYELIDS ARE VISIBLE. YOUR BABY'S LUNGS ARE FILLED WITH AMNIOTIC FLUID, AND SHE HAS STARTED BREATHING MOTIONS. IF YOU TALK OR SING, SHE CAN HEAR YOU.

6 MONTHS

SEVEN MONTHS• BY THE END OF THE

SEVENTH MONTH, YOUR BABY WEIGHS ABOUT 3 1/2 POUNDS AND IS ABOUT 12 INCHES LONG. HIS BODY IS WELL-FORMED. FINGERNAILS COVER HIS FINGERTIPS

EIGHT MONTHS

•YOUR BABY IS GAINING ABOUT HALF A POUND PER WEEK, AND LAYERS OF FAT ARE PILING ON. HE HAS PROBABLY TURNED HEAD-DOWN IN PREPARATION FOR BIRTH. HE WEIGHS BETWEEN 4 AND 6 POUNDS.

NINE MONTHS•YOUR BABY IS A

HEFTY 6 TO 9 POUNDS AND MEASURES BETWEEN 19 AND 22 INCHES. AS HE/She BECOMES MORE CROWDED, YOU MAY FEEL HIM MOVE AROUND LESS.

Assignment - My Birth Story

Reviewing the Stages of Fetal Development

Claymation Activity

INFLUENCES ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

•GENERAL RISK FACTORS

•TERATOGENS: DISEASES, DRUGS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

•HOW TERATOGENS INFLUENCE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

•PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

•NUTRITION: ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF FOOD, PROTEIN, VITAMINS, & MINERALS

•STRESS: DECREASES OXYGEN TO FETUS AND WEAKENS MOTHER’S IMMUNE SYSTEM

•MOTHER’S AGE: NEITHER TOO YOUNG, NOR TOO OLD

TERATOGENS: DISEASES, DRUGS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS• MANY DISEASES PASS THROUGH THE

PLACENTA DIRECTLY AND ATTACK THE FETUS

• POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS DRUGS NOT LIMITED TO HARD DRUGS LIKE COCAINE, CAN INCLUDE DRUGS LIKE ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE TOO.

• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ARE TREACHEROUS BECAUSE WE’RE OFTEN UNAWARE OF THEIR PRESENCE

HOW TERATOGENS INFLUENCE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

•NOT UNIVERSALLY HARMFUL

•HARM PARTICULAR STRUCTURES AT A PARTICULAR POINT IN DEVELOPMENT IN PARTICULAR ANIMALS

EFFECTS OF TERATOGENSLink to Fertility and Pregnancy

HOW TERATOGENS INFLUENCE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• THE EFFECT OF THE TERATOGEN DEPENDS ON THE GENOTYPE OF THE ORGANISM

• THE IMPACT OF TERATOGENS CHANGE OVER THE COURSE OF THE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• EACH TERATOGEN AFFECTS A SPECIFIC ASPECT OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

• THE IMPACT OF TERATOGENS DEPENDS ON THE DOSAGE

• DAMAGE FROM TERATOGENS IS NOT ALWAYS EVIDENT AT BIRTH

PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

•DIAGNOSIS: ULTRASOUND, AMNIOCENTESIS, AND CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING CAN DETECT PHYSICAL DEFORMITIES AND GENETIC DISORDERS•TREATMENT: FETAL MEDICINE AND GENETIC ENGINEERING ARE EXPERIMENTAL

PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS

Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling

THE THALIDOMI

DE TRAGEDY

•THE SHADOW OF THE THALIDOMIDE TRAGEDY

LABOR AND DELIVERY

• STAGE 1: STARTS WHEN THE MUSCLES OF THE UTERUS CONTRACT AND ENDS WHEN THE CERVIX IS FULLY ENLARGED (ABOUT 10 CM)

• STAGE 2: BABY IS PUSHED DOWN THE BIRTH CANAL

• STAGE 3: PLACENTA IS EXPELLED

THREE STAGES OF LABOR

APPROACHES TO CHILDBIRTH• CHILDBIRTH CLASSES PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT

PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH

• CHILDBIRTH CLASSES TEACH PAIN CONTROL THROUGH

DEEP BREATHING, IMAGERY, AND SUPPORTIVE COACHING

• MOTHERS WHO ATTEND CLASSES USE LESS MEDICATION

DURING LABOR AND FEEL MORE POSITIVE ABOUT LABOR

AND BIRTH (One reason is that the mother's stress levels

may go down, because she feels better prepared.

BIRTHING VIDEO

&

Life Before Birth Documentary

BIRTH COMPLICATIONS•LACK OF OXYGEN (ANOXIA): OFTEN LEADS TO SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE FETUS (C-SECTION)

•PREMATURE AND SMALL-FOR-DATE INFANTS

•PREMATURITY IS LESS SERIOUS THAN SMALL-FOR-DATE

THE NEWBORN• ASSESSING THE NEWBORN: APGAR TO

ASSESS NEWBORNS’ HEALTH & NBAS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF INFANTS

• 4 PRIMARY STATES: ALERT INACTIVITY, WAKING ACTIVITY, CRYING, SLEEPING

• HALF OF NEWBORNS’ SLEEP IS REM (DEEP SLEEP)

• PUTTING THE BABY TO SLEEP ON THEIR BACK MAY PREVENT SIDS

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins- Children

carried in the same pregnancy but who

develop from two separately fertilized

ova. They are no more alike genetically

than other pairs of siblings.

Identical (monozygotic) twins -

Children carried in the same pregnancy

who develop from the same fertilized

ovum. They are genetic clones of each

other.

Twins

In most cases, babies are conceived and born one at a time. However, 3 out of

every 100 births in the United States today are multiple births

This number has risen dramatically in recent decades, in large part because widely prescribed new medications given to infertile women frequently stimulate multiple ovulation

BUT

Fraternal twins develop when two ova have been produced and both have been fertilized, each by a separate sperm. Such twins, also called dizygotic twins, are no more alike genetically than any other pair of siblings and may not even be of the same sex.

The remaining one-third of twins are identical twins (also called monozygotic twins). In such cases, a single fertilized ovum apparently initially divides in the normal way, but then for unknown reasons separates into two parts, with each part developing into a separate individual.

In The Womb:

Multiples

POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

HALF OF ALL NEW MOMS FEEL SOME IRRITATION, RESENTMENT, AND CRYING

• 10-15% FEEL MORE SEVERE POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

• POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AFFECTS WARMTH AND ENTHUSIASM OF MOTHERING

The postpartum period begins immediately after the birth of a baby and continues for six weeks, as the mother’s body returns itself to a non-pregnant state .

Welcoming a new baby home is both an exciting and stressful time.

Parents experience a range of new feelings including:

• Extreme fatigue as they complete new tasks with little sleep• Anxious about changes in their routines • Overwhelmed by the constant demands of an infant • Physical discomfort and/or pain from delivery • Isolation from family, friends and work colleagues • Concern about the well-being of their other children • Financial stress

All of these emotions are perfectly natural following the birth of a new baby.

Handout (Pgs 2&3)

Baby Blues, Post-partum Depression, Bonding With Baby, and Seeking Support from Other Parents

September 2nd, 2008

Elliotte Clark David Gordon