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NOUS SOIGNONS CEUX QUE LE MONDE OUBLIE PEU A PEU @ LAM DUC HIEN
MEDECINS DU MONDE
PILOT PROGRAM
MITIGATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH
HAZARDS RELATED TO E-WASTE
INFORMAL RECYCLING
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views
of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the
Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the
governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the
data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any
consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be
consistent with ADB official terms.
2 2 MdM mission
Caring and witnessing
Caring: providing healthcare to the most
vulnerable populations affected by war, natural
disasters, disease, famine, poverty and exclusion.
Witnessing: giving a voice to vulnerable people,
bearing witness to obstacles to healthcare and
advocating for change.
3 3 MdM worldwide
Intervention priorities: Care for migrants, displaced
persons and refugees
Sexual and reproductive health
Harm reduction and fight against HIV/AIDS
Disaster and crisis response
Mental Health
Environmental health
312 programmes in 79 countries
4 4 MdM in the Philippines
1996: Emergency program Typhoon Rosing
in Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte
1996-1998: Primary Health Care program
Northern Samar
2012-2016: E-waste program in Metro
Manila
2013: Emergency program Typhoon
Yolanda in Leyte
5 5 E-waste recycling
Dismantling, crushing, burning, smelting of any electronic or electric
appliances to recover valuable parts
E-waste: small and large household
appliances, IT and telecom equipment,
lighting equipment, etc.
Fastest growing waste stream globally
(UNEP): 40 millions additional metric tons of
e-waste produced yearly
Formal and informal sector (Nigeria, Ghana,
China, India, Thailand, Vitenam and the
Philippines).
6 6 In the Philippines
The market: Increased consumption of e-products
Second-hand appliances
The policy: No protective regulation for the importation of e-waste
No proactive regulation for management of e-waste
The technology: Weak formal system
No collection mechanism
-> Informal sector
7 7 The informal dismantling sector
Buy e-waste
Dismantle
Segregate
Sell to junk shops Sell to repairmen
Income Income
Informal electronic waste recycling includes the
dismantling of end-of-life electronics to retrieve valuable elements with primitive techniques () allowing the emission of dangerous chemicals
The Lancet
8 8
Plastic casing removal
9 9
Circuit board removal
10 10
Segregation
11 11
Crushing of cathode ray tubes
12 12
Bismuth metal recovery
13 13
Recovery of copper and oil from the compressor
14 14
Wire stripping
15 15
Segregation
16 16 The informal dismantlers
Urban poor (average daily family income PHP 250)
Male, mean age 30
Household: average 7 people
Highest school attainment: 60% secondary
Previous occupation: diverse (factory or construction workers, side-car
drivers, solid waste recyclers, )
Median duration in recycling: 4 years
No intention to stop recycling
17 17 Challenges of the informal dismantlers
Individual challenges: Low educational attainment
Discrimination
Economic challenges Low productivity
Lack of access to capital for daily activity
Lack of access to waste resources
Lack of access to competitive buyers of dismantled waste
Income generation vs. Personal protection
Lack of access to health care and anti-poverty programs
Social and health vulnerability
18 18
E-waste components Component of e-products and release process
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Brominated flame retardants Fire retardants for electronic equipment
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Polychlorinated biphenyls Fluids, lubricants and coolants in generators, capacitors, fluorescent lighting,
ceiling fans, dishwashers and electric motors
Dioxins
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans Released as combustion byproduct
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls Released as combustion byproduct and also found in fluids, lubricants and
coolants, etc.
Perfluroalkyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Fluoropolymers in electronics
Released as combustion byproduct
Elements
Lead Printed circuit board, cathodic ray tubes, light bulbs, televisions and batteries
Chromium or hexavalent chromium Data tapes, floppy disc, antocorrosion coatings
Cadmium Switches, springs, connectors, printed cicruit boards, batteries, cathodic ray tube,
mobile phones, etc.
Mercury Thermostats, sensors, cold cathode fluorescent lamps, printed circuit board, etc.
Zinc Cathode ray tube and metal coatings
Nickel Batteries
Lithium Batteries
Barium Cathode ray tubes and fluorescent lamps
Beryllium Computers, X-ray machines, ceramic component of electronics
19 19 Health effects of e-waste components
Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioural effects
POPs, PAH, lead, cadmium, mercury
Adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes
POPs, PAH, dioxins and furans, cadmium
Impairement in reproductive development and fertility
lead, POPs
Carcinogenic
Cadmium, hexavalent chromium and beryllium
Genotoxins
POPs, PAH, chromium, nickel, aluminium
Chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases
POPs, dioxins, possibly cadmium
Chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases:
20 20 Exposure to e-waste components
Complex process: occupational and environmental exposure
various routes of intoxication,
different lengths of exposure time,
mixture of chemicals
Alternative sources of pollution: difficulty in exposure measurement
E-waste as an emerging health risk for many populations The Lancet
21 21
MdM approach
Not everything is bad, but
everything is dangerous ()
Whenever there is danger, there is
the possibility of action - Michel
Foucault
-> Risk reduction
22 22 MdM Risk Reduction Approach
Pragmatic observations:
Reality (recylcing include harmful practices)
Non-effectiveness of bans in changing health practices
Positive definition of health :
People as subjects of their health, not objects.
Health is the balance and harmony of all the possibilities of the human person (biological, psychological and social)
23 23 MdM Program
Manila, Capulong Street
Malabon, Barangay Longos
Caloocan, Barangay Bagong Silang
Caloocan, Barangay Camarin
-> Target group: 468 dismantlers
-> Direct beneficiaries: 2,112 people
-> Indirect beneficiaries: 61,400 people
24 24 Program objectives
Reduction of
the exposure
Mitigation of health and
environmental hazards
Access to quality
health care
Community organizing
25 25 Objective 1
Reduction of
the exposure
Mitigation of health and
environmental hazards
Access to quality
health care
Community organizing
26 26 Community organizing
4 organisations of dismantlers
Registered at the Presidential Commission
on Urban Poor
347 members (75% of the dismantlers)
Health, education, livelihood committees
27 27 Support for the organisation leaders
Capacity building trainings:
Self-awareness training
Leadership training
Project proposal, budgeting, accounting,
Adapted to the dismantlers
Support in engaging government agencies and other NGOs and stakeholder (NGOs, civil society,
etc.)
28 28 Objective 2
Reduction of
the exposure
Mitigation of health and
environmental hazards
Access to
quality health care
Community organizing
29 29 Reduction of the exposure
Provision of PPEs
Encouragement of safer practices
Clean-up drives
Set-up of self-recycling areas / facilities
30 30 Clean-up drives
The activity like the Clean up
Day is very new to me. I found it
to be productive because other
community members viewed us
as role models, which made me
proud of what we did
Roger, dismantler in Longos
31 31 Safe Recycling Areas / Facilities
Separation of working areas and living areas Mitigate environmental contamination
Mitigate environmental exposure of children and pregant women
Improvements in the safety of the dismantlers Proper tools and equipments
Hand washing equipment
Support in change of practices
32 32 Objective 3
Reduction of
the exposure
Mitigation of health and
environmental hazards
Access to
quality health care
Community organizing
33 33 Access to health care
Information, Education and
Communication on e-waste hazards
Linkage between communities and
barangay health centres
Referral system for intoxication
Thermostat Mercury
Interior coating made of phosphors which may
contain cadmium
Glass panel contains lead
34 34 Transversal: Research (1/2)
In partnership with the University of Cincinnati and the University of the Philippines
The first intervention study of e-waste toxicant exposure reduction
Community-based participatory research with a prospective cohort study
Aim 1: To examine the effect of intervention on toxicant exposures in recyclers
and family members
Aim 2: To investigate the effect of intervention on pulmonary function,
child development, and health outcomes in recyclers and family members
Aim 3: To test the effect of intervention on biomarkers of systemic inflammation
and oxidative stress in recyclers and family members
-> Provide evidence and inform policy making
35 35 Transversal: Advocacy (2/2)
Advocacy aim: Recognition of the informal sector for an improved access to health care
and social services
Advocacy network: Civil Society Forum on E-waste Issues Greenpeace
Ecowaste Coalition
BAN Toxic
Blacksmith Institute
The E-waste project UP Circuit
Solid Waste Management Association
of the Philippines
Asia Europe peoples Forum
NOUS SOIGNONS CEUX QUE LE MONDE OUBLIE PEU A PEU
References:
http://www.medecinsdumonde.org/
http://humanitaire.revues.org/3032 and http://humanitaire.revues.org/2976
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214109X13701013.pdf?id=iaaHUIV-
RUdp_dCv_bCIu
http://www.unep.org/pdf/Recycling_From_e-waste_to_resources.pdf
Thank you