Presenting: DNA and RNA

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Presenting:DNA and RNAPresenting:

DNA and RNA

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid

1. It belongs to the class of biochemical molecules known as nucleic acids.

2. It is made up of atoms of :

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Importance of DNA

1. It carries genetic information from one generation to the next.

2. DNA sequences create genes which then determine inherited traits.

3. DNA can be easily copied during the creation of new cells.

Where is DNA located?

Chromosome

DNAdoublehelix

Histones

Regents Practice Question #1

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multi-cellular organism.

The level represented by X is composed of(1) four types of base subunits(2) folded chains of glucose molecules(3) twenty different kinds of amino acids(4) complex, energy-rich inorganic molecules

Regents Practice Question #1(Answer)

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multi-cellular organism.

The level represented by X is composed of(1) four types of base subunits(2) folded chains of glucose molecules(3) twenty different kinds of amino acids(4) complex, energy-rich inorganic molecules

Regents Practice Question # 2

Which model best represents the relationship between a cell, a nucleus, a gene, and a chromosome?

Regents Practice Question # 2 (Answer)

Which model best represents the relationship between a cell, a nucleus, a gene, and a chromosome?

Correct Answer

Which diagram represents the relative sizes of the structures listed below?

Correct Answer

Structure of DNA

1. DNA is a long molecule made up of units called nucleotides.

2. Each nucleotide is made up of three basic parts:

• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)• phosphate group• nitrogenous base

5 carbon sugar

phosphate

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

There are 4 kinds of Nitrogenous bases

DNA is a double helix in which two strands are wound around each other.

Nucleotide

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Hydrogen bonds

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Complimentary Base Pairing

1. The two DNA strands are held together at the nitrogenous bases by weak hydrogen bonds. The bases will always pair up in the following way:

•Adenine bonds to Thymine A-T•Cytosine bonds to Guanine C-G

2. Francis Crick and James Watson published the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953.

Check for Understanding of DNA Structure

1. What is the name of the sugar?

2. What is the symbol used to represent the sugar?

3. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases.

4. Name the complimentary base pairs.

5. What type of bonds hold the bases together?

Check for Understanding of DNA Structure (Answers)

1.What is the name of the sugar? deoxyribose

1. What is the symbol used to represent the sugar?

3. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases.

adenine, thymine cytosine, guanine

4. Name the complimentary base pairs.

adenine – thymine

cytosine - guanine

5. What type of bonds hold the bases together?

hydrogen bonds

When will DNA replication occur?

•DNA replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule

•DNA must replicate during cell division so that the genetic information can be passed to the daughter cells.

•In order to direct cell functions DNA must replicate itself and send the information out of the nucleus because the DNA is not permitted to leave the nucleus.

1. The DNA separates into 2 strands. It unzips itself with the help of an enzyme called DNA polymerase.

2. Each parent (old) strand serves as a template (model) for making a new DNA strand complimentary to itself.

3. Replication results in 2 daughter strands each consisting of an old DNA strand and a new DNA strand.

DNA Replication Process

Your Turn! DNA Replication

Following base pairing rules, create a new DNA molecule

DNA Polymerase

Unzips the DNA

Parent New New Parent

Several structures are labeled in the diagram of a puppy shown below.

Every cell in each of these structures contains

(1) equal amounts of ATP(2) identical genetic information(3) proteins that are all identical(4) organelles for the synthesis of glucose

Several structures are labeled in the diagram of a puppy shown below.

Every cell in each of these structures contains

(1) equal amounts of ATP(2) identical genetic information(3) proteins that are all identical(4) organelles for the synthesis of glucose

Regents Review Question # 5

Mustard gas removes guanine (G) from DNA. For developing embryos, exposure to mustard gas can cause serious deformities because guanine

(1) stores the building blocks of proteins(2) supports the structure of ribosomes(3) produces energy for genetic transfer(4) is part of the genetic code

Regents Review Question # 5 (Answer)

Mustard gas removes guanine (G) from DNA. For developing embryos, exposure to mustard gas can cause serious deformities because guanine

(1) stores the building blocks of proteins(2) supports the structure of ribosomes(3) produces energy for genetic transfer(4) is part of the genetic code

Importance of Protein

1. Protein is found everywhere in your body.

2. Every single cell, tissue, muscle and bone contains protein. Protein is essential for providing bone and muscle strength, endurance and immunity.

3. It is estimated that the human body may contain over two million proteins.

Sickle Cell Disease

Protein Synthesis1. Genes control the production of proteins which occurs on the ribosomes.

2. Each gene directs the production of a specific protein or special proteins such as hormones and enzymes.

3. The DNA can’t leave the nucleus but it needs to send instructions to the ribosome so proteins can be made.

4. The DNA sends a messenger out to the ribosome that carries the instructions for making the proteins.

What is RNA ?

1. RNA is the messenger that carries the instructions to the ribosome so proteins can be made.

2. It is very similar to a DNA molecule but yet different enough that it can cross the nuclear membrane without being recognized as DNA.

Structure of RNA

1. The sugar in the nucleotide is ribose.

2. It is single-stranded.

3. It has uracil for a nitrogenous base instead of thymine.

4. Complimentary base pairs are:

Cytosine – Guanine C-G

Adenine – Uracil A-U

Making a Protein starts with Transcription

Transcription is the name given to the process where a DNA molecule makes the messenger RNA molecule in the nucleus.

Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)

Translation happens when mRNA arrives at the ribosome

1. During translation, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins that are built from amino acids.

2. Two other types of RNA are involved:

• Transfer RNA ( tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up the ribosome

Transcription of Messenger RNA

Translation by Transfer RNA

mRNA Start codon

Ribosome

Nucleus

Translation from RNA into Protein

mRNAMethionine

PhenylalanineLysine

The Genetic Code

1. Codons are located on the mRNA

2. A codon consists of three nitrogenous bases that code for a single amino acid that is to be added to the growing protein chain.

3.There are just 22 different amino acids that exist..

Example of codons:

AUG is the start codon that gets the process goingUUC codes for PhenylalanineAAA codes for Lysine

The diagram below shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of mRNA is known as a

(1) carbohydrate(2) ribosome(3) gene(4) chromosome

The diagram below shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of mRNA is known as a

(1) carbohydrate(2) ribosome(3) gene(4) chromosome

What are Mutations?

1. Mutations are changes in the genetic material of the cell. (DNA)

2. Mutations can be good, bad or neutral.

3. There are 3 different types of mutations:

•substitutions

•insertions

•deletions

Substitutions

Substitutions occur when one nitrogenous base is substituted in place of another one.

Result:

1.Most likely there will be no change in the protein made.

2.This mutation only affects one amino acid in the long sequence of a protein.

3. It is the least harmful.

Example of a Substitution:

THECATSAWTHEDOG

THE CAT SAW THE DOG

THE BAT SAW THE DOG

THE CAT SAW THE HOG

THE CAT SAT THE DOG

Sickle Cell Anemia is a result of a Substitution Mutation

Insertions

Insertions occur when one extra nitrogenous base is added into the DNA sequence. Result:

1. BAD

2. All the nitrogenous bases after the insertion will be regrouped into different codons.

3. The protein made will be nonfunctional.

Example of an insertion:

THECATSAWTHEDOG

THECCATSAWTHEDOG

The letter C was inserted

THE CCA TSA WTH EDO G

Deletions

Deletions occur when one nitrogenous base is missing from the sequence.

Result:1. BAD

2. All the nitrogenous bases after the deletion will be regrouped into different codons.

3. The protein made will be nonfunctional.

Example of a Deletion

THECATSAWTHEDOG

THCATSAWTHEDOG

The letter E was missing

THC ATS AWT HED OG

The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutated sequences of a segment of DNA. Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the cause of each type of mutation?

Correct

. Regents Practice Question # 8The shape of a protein is most directly determined by the

(1) amount of energy available for synthesis of the protein(2) kind and sequence of amino acids in the protein(3) type and number of DNA molecules in a

cell(4) mistakes made when the DNA is copied

Regents Practice Question # 8(Answer)

The shape of a protein is most directly determined by the(1) amount of energy available for synthesis of the protein(2) kind and sequence of amino acids in the protein(3) type and number of DNA molecules in a

cell(4) mistakes made when the DNA is copied

Which row in the chart below best describes what happens when some DNA bases are deleted from genes ?

Which row in the chart below best describes what happens when some DNA bases are deleted from gene?

Correct

Which sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and the traits of an organism?

Correct

What causes mutations?

There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:

1. Mutations can be inherited.

• Parent to child

2. Mutations can be acquired

• Environmental damage

• Mistakes when DNA is copied

What are Mutagens?

Mutagens are environmental factors that cause mutations. They include but are not limited to:

1.High temperatures

2.Toxic chemicals (pesticides)

3.Radiation ( nuclear and solar)

A chemical known as 5-bromouracil causes a mutation that results in the mismatching of molecular bases in DNA. The offspring of organisms exposed to 5-bromouracil can have mismatched DNA if the mutation occurs in

(1) the skin cells of the mother(2) the gametes of either parent(3) all the body cells of both parents(4) only the nerve cells of the father

A chemical known as 5-bromouracil causes a mutation that results in the mismatching of molecular bases in DNA. The offspring of organisms exposed to 5-bromouracil can have mismatched DNA if the mutation occurs in

(1) the skin cells of the mother(2) the gametes of either parent(3) all the body cells of both parents(4) only the nerve cells of the father

Researchers have found that formaldehyde and asbestos can alter DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of these chemicals has been greatly reduced because they

(1) may act as fertilizers, increasing the growth of algae in ponds

(2) have been replaced by more toxic compounds(3) are capable of causing mutations in humans(4) interfere with the production of antibiotics by

white blood cells

Researchers have found that formaldehyde and asbestos can alter DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of these chemicals has been greatly reduced because they

(1) may act as fertilizers, increasing the growth of algae in ponds

(2) have been replaced by more toxic compounds(3) are capable of causing mutations in humans(4) interfere with the production of antibiotics by white

blood cells

A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of

(1) an inherited disorder(2) environmental influence on gene expression(3) expression of a hidden trait(4) a characteristic controlled by more than one pair of genes

A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of

(1) an inherited disorder(2) environmental influence on gene expression(3) expression of a hidden trait(4) a characteristic controlled by more than one pair of genes

The sickle-cell trait is an inherited condition resulting from the presence of abnormal molecules of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. A person with the sickle-cell trait may have a child with the same condition because the child receives from the parent

(1) abnormal red blood cells(2) abnormal hemoglobin molecules(3) a code for the production of abnormal hemoglobin(4) a code for the production of abnormal amino acids

The sickle-cell trait is an inherited condition resulting from the presence of abnormal molecules of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. A person with the sickle-cell trait may have a child with the same condition because the child receives from the parent

(1) abnormal red blood cells(2) abnormal hemoglobin molecules(3) a code for the production of abnormal hemoglobin(4) a code for the production of abnormal amino acids

Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in a squirrel?

(1) The squirrel stops using its claws for digging.(2) The squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days.(3) Oak trees gradually become less common.(4) The weather becomes wetter for a short period of

Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in a squirrel?

(1) The squirrel stops using its claws for digging.(2) The squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days.(3) Oak trees gradually become less common.(4) The weather becomes wetter for a short period of

Presenting: DNA and RNA

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