Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport

Session 5Joints

Re-Cap – Last Session• Assignment 1

• Questions??

Aim

• To complete assignment 1

Objectives

• To be able to describe the main classifications of joints in the body

• To be able to describe a synovial joint structure

• To be able to provide examples of each classification of joint

Joints

A joint is where two or more bones meet and

muscles act together to cause movement.

The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement.

Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints.

The bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots.

1. Fixed or Immoveable JointsThe bones at an immoveable joint cannot move - they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.

2. Slightly Moveable JointsThe bones at a slightly moveable joint can only

move a little - they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined by protective

pads known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.3. Freely Moveable JointsAt a freely moveable joint the bones move

freely.They are also known as synovial joints, andare the largest group of joints found in the

body, e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.

Types of JointThere are 3 main classifications of joint found in the body.

Drag the labels to the correct place on the skeleton...Types of Joint

Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints. They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet. There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human

skeleton. A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics:

2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds the bones together and protects the joint.

3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint capsule which also produces synovial fluid.

4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement.

5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to bone, holding the joint together.

6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.

1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and which helps prevent friction between the joint.

Freely Moveable Joints

The knee is a hinge joint.

Ligaments

TendonsTibia/Fibula

FemurCartilage

Synovial Fluid

Synovial Membrane

Patella

The Synovial Joint of the Knee

The Hip is a ball and socket joint.

Ligaments

Synovial Fluid

Tendons

SynovialMembrane

Pelvis

Cartilage

Femur

The Synovial Joint of the Hip

Elbow Joint

This joint can be moved in the following ways: Bend Straighten Circle Move away from the body Move towards the body

This joint can be moved in the following ways: Bend Straighten

Hip Joint

Examples of Synovial Joints

This joint can be moved in the following ways: Bend Straighten Circle Move away from the body Move towards the body

This joint can be moved in the following ways: Bend Straighten

Shoulder JointShoulder Joint Knee JointKnee Joint

This joint can be moved in the following ways:

Bend – but not as much as the knee & elbow. Straighten - but not as much as the knee & elbow. Circle – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. Move away from the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. Move towards the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.

Wrist Joint

KEYBall & Socket JointHinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Gliding Joint

Saddle Joint

Condyloid Joint

Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon how they move.

Types of Synovial Joint

Types of Synovial JointDrag the labels to the correct place on the skeleton...

Summary• Classification of joints

• Structure of synovial joint

• Examples of each classification of joint

Objectives• To be able to describe the main classifications

of joints in the body

• To be able to describe a synovial joint structure

• To be able to provide examples of each classification of joint

Next Session

• Types of joints

• Movement