Post on 10-Jul-2020
transcript
Plant health and Global Food security:
Best Ecological Means, a triple-win
Prof. dr ir Rudy Rabbinge
Emeritus university professor
Sustainable Development & Food Security
CPM, FAO April 4th 2016
IPM October 22nd, 1976
Content
1 Agriculture & crop protection in historic and futureperspectives
2 Megatrends in agriculture
3 Incremental vs transitional approaches
4 Crop protection developments
5 Best Ecological Means in nature & agriculture
6 Future oriented approaches
7 Conclusions
3
4
Population vs scientific developments
genome project
high speed computers
penicillin
start industrial revolution
start 2nd agricultural revolution
(a.o. crop protection)rail roads
war on malaria
1st irrigation works
invention plow
start 1st agricultural revolution
time (years)
popula
tion
(millions)
Adapted from: Fogel & Robbert 1999
discovery DNA
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Development phases in crop protection
5
Recognition individual pest and disease control measures
Chemical control
Integrated Pest Management& Plant health
Empirical and descriptive studies
Systems approach
Production Ecology
IGlobal acceptance of crop protection andneeds for policy
IIIUruguay round:
Start IPPC, accepted as global player
IVStrategic planning accepted,
Standards adopted,
Subsidiary policy leading
IIConvention, ratification and standardization of terminology
1850 19001875 19501925 20001975
POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Two times…
lessmore healthier
Worldwide crop losses
Weeds
Pathogens
Insects
Human food
Crop losses due to plant diseases and pests: € 450.000.000.000
Weeds
Megatrends in agriculture
8
Megatrends: Productivity rise
land productivity
x 5 - 6
labor productivity
x 200 - 300
energy, other inputs
x 2 - 4
0.8
1.8
9
600
350
12
0
200
400
600
800
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
1250 1500 1750 2000
men h
our
per
ha
ton g
rain
per
ha
year
9
in the last centuries:
Food availability per person
10
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
world
developed world
Net
aggricultura
lpro
duction
Index p
er
capita
(1961=
100)
SSAfrica
Year
developing world
Megatrends (2): From craft to industry
11
From adapting to environment to maximum control (fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation)
Introduction of non-terrestrial agriculture
High level of value-added !!
Heterogeneity from liability to asset
Megatrends (3): Chain approach
From spade to plate
Reverse chain: consumer (or retail) driven
Quality, food safety, convenience foods, etc.
Logistic efficiency (on time delivery), unit cost of production
Value-added on numerous stages of the chain cumulative
12
Megatrends (4): Multiple objectives
Building on plant health
Codex alimentarius
Environmentally friendly
Animal friendly
Landscape
13
Megatrends (5): Food and health
Vegetables, fruit and fish are good for health
Aim to produce health inducing component through choices in inputs, farming systems and processing: multiple unsaturated fats
Good Agricultural Practices: agricultural products free from residues (nitrate, pesticides)
Food safety: tracking and tracing (BSE, dioxine)
100 %
Time
Health /
“Q
uality
of life
”Healthy food = healthy ageing
15
Megatrends (6): Biobased economy
High value products, e.g. flavours, fragrants, pharmaceuticals
Materials more efficiently and effectively produced
The plant as production facility
Various products and technologies in development & use
16
17
Incremental vs transitional approaches
incremental transitional
Four solution spaces
bio
-ph
ysic
al
so
luti
on
sp
ace
transitio
nin
cre
menta
l
socio-economic solution space
transitionincremental
Four solution spaces
metropolitanagriculture
reducing waste
circular economy
healthy foodaquaculture
proteinalternatives
increaseresource useefficiency
accessibility
GMOpromoteeco-literacy
blue revolution
bio
-ph
ysic
al
so
luti
on
sp
ace
transitio
nin
cre
menta
l
socio-economic solution space
transitionincremental
Crop protection developments
1850-1900: Recognize plant diseases
National Library of Ireland
IRISH FAMINE 1850(potato blight)
1900-1950: Empirical & descriptive studies
Wageningen UR Library: special collection wall charts
1950-1975: Chemical control
1975-1990: Integrated pest management
& Plant health
assimilates
leafarea
radiationdaylength
temperature
leaf
storage
stem
root
crop factors
photosynthesis
main
tenance
respiration
gro
wth
respiration
develop-ment
waterstress
dryingpower
transpiration
+rain+irrigation-evaporation-percolation
soil factors
+fertilization+mineralization-leaching-immobilisation
soil nutrients
nutrientstress
nutrientuptake
soil moisture
weed:- nutrientcompetition
weed:- watercompetition
leaf/roottissue
consumer
assimilatesucker
xylemblocker
weedshading
lightstealer
pollu-tant
biopathbuster
>1990: Production ecological systems
approach
Production ecological principles
Defining factors
•CO2
•radiation•temperature•crop genetics
potentialproduction
Limiting factors
•water•nutrients(N,P,K)
attainableproduction
Reducing factors
•weeds•pests•diseases•pollutants
actualproduction
Post-harvestlosses
•microbial•insects•rodents•waste
availableproduction
post-harvest-
technology
•storage
•packing
yie
ldgap
yieldincreasingmeasures
yie
ldle
vel yield
protectingmeasures
P R O D U C T I O N S I T U A T I O N
biotechno
logy
26
Approaches
Limiting factors
•water•nutrients(N,P,K)
attainableproduction
yieldincreasingmeasures
Reducing factors
•weeds•pests•diseases•pollutants
actualproduction
yieldprotectingmeasures
yie
ldle
vel
P R O D U C T I O N S I T U A T I O N
27
eliminateyield
limitingfactors
manageyield reducing
factors & plant health
Production situation & resource input
yield level(kg output ha-1)
resource use efficiency(kg output kg-1 input)
marginal endowed well-endowed
potential
attainable
actual
Bio
div
ers
ity
& e
cosyste
ms
serv
ices
Agricultural yield
To share or to spare
production ecology• high productivity• efficient resource use
resource ecology• multifunctional• secure local resources
evolution ecology• ecological integrity• biodiversity
Interventions & issues at different levels
crop farm region continent globesocio-economic factors
bio-physical factors
31
Towards Best Ecological Means
Cropping system
5 year rotation (e.g. wheat, potato, sugarbeet, onionand lucerne
● Increased efficiency
● Soil fertility
● Far less incidences of pests and diseases
Farm level
Introduce plant health instruments
Extend rotation period
Reconnect / Disconnect
● Reconnect plant & animal production
● Disconnect purely crop/animal oriented approaches
Application Best Ecological Means
0
100
200
300
400
500
free market &trade
regionaldevelopment
nature &landscape
enviromentprotection
reference(1992)
Acti
ve a
gen
t (m
lnkg
)
Ground for Choices (1992)
pesticides
EU
pollution
EU
~ 30%
~ 20%
Future oriented approaches
LED farming
PlantLab, DenBosch
optimal pest controlno emissions
Breed or spray against ‘potato blight’
37
CIS-GENETIC MODIFICATION
only desiredgene inserted
TRADITIONALBREEDING
many genestransferred
desired gene
‘cultivated’
potato
‘wild’
potato
BREEDING PROGRAM
fungicid
e
Adapted from: P. Boonekamp et al. (2010)
Farming bots
Agro drone monitoring crop growth
Imaging result with high resultion
Rowbot, 2014
N - application
unibots.com
WeedingEUROP: European Robotics technology Platform
Pesticide by prescription using drones
39
source: drone4agro
Root microbes & plant heath
beneficial microbesBerendsen et al. (2012) Mendes et al. (2011)
BIOCOMES: New biological control
methods for sustainable farming & forestry
41www.biocomes.eu
Entomopathogenic nematodes (R-U. Ehlers)
Entomopathogenic viruses (M. Züger).
Nutrient emissions to the environment
0
40
80
120
160
200
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Gross added value
N to soil
P to soil
NH3 to air
Emissieregistratie (www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl)
index (1980=100)
Insecticide & fungicide use in the Netherlands
0
200
400
600
800
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
43
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
insecticides (x 1000 kg active ingredient)
fungicides(x 1000 kg active ingredient)
bio
logic
al contr
ol
substitution
source: www.clo.nl
…Conclusions…
Conclusions 1
Megatrends continue
Sufficient food of good quality possible
Right decisions at all levels paramount
Technical sciences offer opportunities
Conclusions 2
Developments in ecological production techniques are impressive
Sustainable systems may cause win-win-win-win situations
Best Ecological Means just started
Plant health pivotal
Ecological literacy is the basis at all levels
Best guarantee food security
Best Ecological Means: triple win
1 economically efficient
2 least detrimental for the environment
3 more space for biodiversity
4 best approaches for plant health
5 best guarantee food security
Thank you