Post on 25-Dec-2015
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What is the quality
ISO gives a vague definition of quality as “the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs”
What is the quality
Good quality Conformance to requirements
The project delivers in accordance to written requirements
Fitness to use The product can be used as it is intended to be
Project team must communicate to key customers to understand what the quality means for them
Quality control/ management
The objective The product must meet the requirements It also must meet the time and cost
constraints Performing quality control means in fact
periodical evaluation of the overall project performance
Quality management processes
Quality planning Performing quality assurance Performing quality control
Quality planning
Decide about the standards Introduce quality requirements and metrics Quality checklists
MS Excel spreadsheet used to track quality requirements implementation
Planning the process of quality assurance and control
Quality planning
Identify relevant quality standards Current standards are developed by
International Standards Organization (ISO). For IT this is a series of ISO 9000
Service Level Agreement (SLA) defines quality requirements from a customer perspective in terms of reliability and usability
Quality planning
Design quality into the products of the project
Design quality into the project management processes
Quality planning
Design of experiments Quality planning technique used to identify
which variables have the most influence on the outcome
In project management this can be used to analyze various issues, such as cost and schedule trade-offs, cost and security trade-offs, etc.
Quality planning
Communicating the correct actions for ensuring quality to the development team
Focus on particular statements of the product and project description which affect quality
Formalize them as the quality criteria list and the quality baseline
Quality planning
Quality criteria apply to Functionality
What functions must be implemented System outputs (GUI, reports, etc)
How the outputs must look to provide high level usability for a customer
Performance Response time, the volume of data and
transactions, number of concurrent users
Quality planning
Quality criteria apply to Reliability
Ability of the product to perform as expected under normal circumstances
Data accuracy, availability as defined by SLA Maintainability
Cost and simplicity of maintenance and operation Scalability
Ability to scale when the business or technology requirements change
Quality assurance
This is the process that runs from start to end of the project
It assumes tracking of the quality requirements implementation both by fact and by process
System Development Lifecycle (SDLC) methodology and supporting documentation create a foundation of the process
Quality assurance
SDLC can be implemented for example as the gate-based process where: each gate assumes completion of a particular
deliverables and A deliverable goes through solution review
performed by a designated organizational body. Normally this is an assembled team of subject matter experts (SME)
Quality assurance
Techniques used in quality assurance Design of experiments Benchmarking
Comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to the Best Industry Practice
Quality audit Structure review of specific quality management
activities in practice Examine and evaluate factual information
Quality Assurance
Processes, standards, organizational requirements, and other documents that outline the company Information Technology development and operational practice must be consolidated into a library, known as Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)
A librarian must maintain the library up-to-date
Performing quality control
Quality control process outcomes Acceptance decisions
Determines if a project will be accepted or rejected If a project, or a part of it, is rejected it must be
reworked Rework
This is an action taken to bring rejected part to compliance with the quality requirements.
Often results in change requests, can be very intensive
Performing quality control
Quality control process outcomes Process adjustments
Correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements
Updates to the quality control baseline, organizational processes, and the project management plan
Quality control tools
Special tools used to monitor project parameters to ensure that they are compliant with the relevant quality standards
Seven Basic Tools of Quality Cause-and-effect diagrams, aka fishbones Control charts Run charts Scatter diagrams Histograms Pareto chart Flowchart
Cause-and-effect diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations
They help you find the root cause of a problem Also known as fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
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Figure 8-2. Sample Cause-and-Effect Diagram
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A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time
The main use of control charts is to differentiate issues that are caused by random problems from ones that are systemic
Quality control charts allow you to determine whether a process is in control or out of control When a process is in control, any variations in the results of the
process are created by random events; processes that are in control do not need to be adjusted
When a process is out of control, variations in the results of the process are caused by non-random events; you need to identify the causes of those non-random events and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them
Quality Control Charts
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Figure 8-3. Sample Quality Control Chart
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A run chart displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time
It is a line chart that shows data points plotted in the order in which they occur
Can be used to perform trend analysis to forecast future outcomes based on historical patterns
Run Chart
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A scatter diagram helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables
The closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related
Scatter Diagram
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A histogram is a bar graph of a distribution of variables
Each bar represents an attribute or characteristic of a problem or situation, and the height of the bar represents its frequency
Histograms
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Pareto charts
A histogram that can help to identify and prioritize problem areas
The diagram collect stats of a problem occurrences
Use Bar Charts to indicate most common quality problem causes—address these first (taking severity into account of course)
A Pareto chart is a histogram that can help you identify and prioritize problem areas
Pareto analysis is also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that 80 percent of problems are often due to 20 percent of the causes
Pareto Charts
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Flowcharts are graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
They show activities, decision points, and the order of how information is processed
Flowcharts
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Quality control tools
Statistical sampling Based on stats collected during sufficient period of time
Validity of statistical data is critical
Consult with an expert when using statistical analysis
Quality control tools - Six Sigma
Cannot separate quality from how you run the business
Addresses quality by addressing business processes Key is to reduce variation in process outputs
Five phase improvement process Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
Toyota, Motorola, GE
DMAIC stands for: Define: define the problem/opportunity, process, and
customer requirements Measure: define measures, then collect, compile, and
display data Analyze: scrutinize process details to find improvement
opportunities Improve: generate solutions and ideas for improving the
problem Control: track and verify the stability of the improvements
and the predictability of the solution
DMAIC
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The training for Six Sigma includes many project management concepts, tools, and techniques
For example, Six Sigma projects often use business cases, project charters, schedules, budgets, and so on
Six Sigma projects are done in teams; the project manager is often called the team leader, and the sponsor is called the champion
Six Sigma Projects Use Project Management
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Six Sigma Projects
Focus on Customer Drive out waste Raise quality levels
By reducing variation! Improve financial performance
Quality Assurance - Testing
Define testing “strategy” Unit Regression Integration System User Acceptance
Frameworks, Standards
Figure 8-10. Testing Tasks in the Software Development Life Cycle
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The cost of quality is the cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance Conformance means delivering products that meet
requirements and fitness for use Cost of nonconformance means taking
responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
A study reported that software bugs cost the U.S. economy $59.6 billion each year and that one third of the bugs could be eliminated by an improved testing infrastructure
The Cost of Quality
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Prevention cost: cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range
Appraisal cost: cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality
Internal failure cost: cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product
External failure cost: cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer
Measurement and test equipment costs: capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities
Five Cost Categories Related to Quality
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Maturity models are frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems
The Software Quality Function Deployment Model focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects
The Software Engineering Institute’s Capability Maturity Model Integration is a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes
Maturity Models
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CMM for the processes
Maturity Definition None – process does not exist Initial – process is ad-hoc and disorganized Repeatable – process follows a regular pattern Documented – process is documented and
communicated in a standard, company-wide way Optimized – process is designed to bring added value
to security requirements understanding Project Management and SDLC processes must be at
the level 4 to comply with the best industry practice