Post on 16-May-2015
transcript
PsychologyUnit: Memory and Learning
By Timothy D. Bradley, Jr.
Memory
• EQ 1: How do humans encode, store, and retrieve information from memory?• EQ 2: How can humans enhance memory?
EncodingStorageRetrievalSensory memorySemantic memory
Episodic MemoryProcedural MemoryRecallRecognition
Vocabulary
MemoryDefinition: The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Take out a piece of paper…..
•Name the seven dwarves…..
Now name them…..
Was it easy or hard?• It depends on
several things….• If you like Disney
movies?• When was the last
time you have seen the movie?• Are you having
difficulty concentrating?
Explicit Memories• the conscious, intentional recollection of previous
experiences and information. • People use explicit memory throughout the day,
such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.• Episodic Memories – Specific Life Events
• Semantic Memories – Facts, Words, Concepts
Implicit Memories• a type of memory in which previous experiences aid
in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences• Procedural Memories• Conditioned Memories
The Memory ProcessThree step process….
1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Encoding
• Encoding is translating sensory information into a form in which it can be stored.• Visual coding enables information to be stored as
pictures. • Acoustic coding enables information to be stored • as sounds.• Semantic coding enables information to be stored as
meanings.
Storage
• Storage is the maintenance of encoded information over time.
• Storage is achieved through two types of rehearsal: –Maintenance rehearsal uses repetition to aid storage.– Elaborative rehearsal aids storage by fitting new information
into an organizational system (giving meaning).– Elaborative rehearsal is generally more secure than
maintenance rehearsal.
Retrieval• Retrieval is locating stored information and returning
it to conscious thought.• context-dependent: retrieved more readily when the
person is in a similar situation or environment as when the information was learned.• state-dependent: retrieved more readily when the
person is in a similar emotional state as when the information was learned.–Mood Congruence Effect
Recall Versus Recognition
Recall
• you must retrieve the information from your memory • fill-in-the blank or
essay tests
Recognition
• you must identify the target from possible targets• multiple-choice
tests
Memory Activity1 2 3 4 5
Nine Swap Cell Ring Lust
Plugs Lamp Apple Table Sway
Army Bank Fire Hold Worm
Clock Horse Color Baby Sword
Desk Hold Find Bird Rock
Assignment: Read for Understanding
• Read page 197 “The Primacy and Recency Effect”• Complete the Graphic Organizer under Serial Position
Effect.
Recalling Information• Serial Positioning Effect
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect
Learning Objectives• EQ 1: How do humans encode, store, and retrieve
information from memory?• EQ 2: How can humans enhance memory?
EncodingStorageRetrievalSensory memoryShort Term Memory
Long Term MemoryIconic MemoryMaintenance RehearsalElaborative RehearsalForgetting
Vocabulary
Three Box Model of Memory
Sensory Memory• A split second
holding tank for ALL sensory information
• Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
Short Term Memory• The stuff we encode
from the sensory goes to STM.• Events are encoded
visually, acoustically or semantically.• Holds about 7 +/- 2
items for about 20 seconds.• We recall digits
better than letters.Short Term Memory Activity
Interference Theory
• Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
Examples???
• Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
Examples???
Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.• Mnemonic devices• Storage is achieved through two types of
rehearsal• Maintenance rehearsal uses repetition to aid
storage.• Elaborative rehearsal aids storage by fitting new
information into an organizational system (giving meaning).• Elaborative rehearsal is generally more secure than
maintenance rehearsal.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Long Term Memory• Unlimited
storehouse of information.• Explicit
(declarative) memories• Implicit (non-
declarative) memories
Three Box Model of Memory
Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…
Spacing Effect
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Forgetting
Storing MemoriesLong Term-Potentiation• long-lasting enhancement
in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.• In other words…they learn
to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.
Constructive Memory• Memories are not always what they seem.• Elizabeth Loftus• A constructed memory is a created
memory.• Misinformation effect
Classical Conditioning• EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and
operant conditioning?
• Learning• Unconditioned• Conditioned• Stimulus• Response• Generalization
• Extinction• Spontaneous Recovery• Higher-Order
Conditioning• Taste Aversion
Vocabulary
Learning The modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding
Habituation The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change.
Dishabituation The reappearance of your original response when a stimulus changes
Sensitization Increase in responsiveness to a stimuli
Define the Terms
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Pavlov’s Experiment(Identify the Parts)
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Pavlov’s Dog
Watson’s Experiment (Identify the Parts)
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Generalization and Discrimination• Stimulus Generalization: A phenomenon in which a conditioned
response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
• Stimulus Discrimination: A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one
In pairs, complete CTA-Steps in Classical Cond.
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Garcia and Koelling Study
NS UCS Learned (CR)
Food, Light, & Clicker Shock Avoid Light (CS) and Clicker (CS)
Food, Light, & Clicker Radiation (nausea) Avoid Food (CS)
• Biological preparedness: tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
• Disproved Pavlov’s ideas concerning one trial learning & equipotentiality.
Learned Taste Aversions
• When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong.
• Even when food and sickness are hours apart.
• Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Are there any foods that you cannot eat or could not eat at one time due to food poisoning or some other sickness that you had at the time?
Operant Conditioning
• EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and operant conditioning?
• Positive Reinforcement• Negative Reinforcement• Punishment• Discrimination• Shaping
• Chaining• Fixed Ratio• Variable Ratio• Fixed Interval• Variable Interval
Vocabulary
Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence , it will be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated.
Instrumental Conditioning: Responses are strengthened when they are instrumental in producing a reward
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning: The focus is on the effect of consequences on voluntary (operant) behavior.
Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer(Token Economy)
Operant Conditionin
g
Reinforcement and Punishment
Find the Mistake
Operant Conditioning
• EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and operant conditioning?
• Positive Reinforcement• Negative Reinforcement• Punishment• Discrimination• Shaping
• Chaining• Fixed Ratio• Variable Ratio• Fixed Interval• Variable Interval
Vocabulary
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
FIXED VARIABLE
RATIO(# of Occurrences)
INTERVAL(Passage of Time)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Shaping and Chaining
• Shaping: the reinforcement of successive approximation (steps) to teach a specific behavior
• Chaining: Linking two learned behaviors together in a specific order.
Operant Conditioning at Work
Cognitive Factors in Learning• EQ: How is behavior affected by cognitive
learning? • EQ: What impact does the cognitive process have
on learning?
• Latent learning• Cognitive Map • (Mental Map)• Insight• Learned Helplessness
• Observational Learning• Albert Bandura• Edward Tolman• Wolfgang Kohler• Martin Seligman
Vocabulary
Activator
Other that through classical and operant conditioning, how else does one learn?
Cognitive Maps and Latent Learning• Edward Tolman’s Maze Study• Latent Learning: learning that remains hidden until its
application becomes useful• Challenged Skinner’s Theory (How?)• Cognitive/Mental Maps: Mental representations people
rely on to understand complex patters.• Examples???
Kohler’s Insight Learning
• How were the chimpanzees able to demonstrate insight?• Insight: a sudden
“coming together” of all elements of a problem in a kin of “aha” moment• Example of insight
learning
Cognitive Differences: Humans and Chimpanzees
According to the video, how does the learning behavior differ between human children and chimpanzees?
Learned Helplessness
• Martin Seligman’s (founder of positive psychology)• Dog Study: Original intent was to study escape or
avoidance learning• Related it to Depression
Definition: Failure to continue exerting effort for an outcome because all previous attempts have failed
Albert Bandura and Observational Learning
Observational Learning: learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behaviorModeled: imitated the behavior that was observed
Study for the Learning and Memory Exam
Lesson Activator
Any questions prior to the Learning and Memory Exam?