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Conceptual Framework of Industrial Engineering

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Sasaran

Memahami disiplin Teknik Industri baik yang terkait dengan:

• Cakupan keilmuan, bidang garapan dan profesi

• Perkembangan pola pikir, keilmuan dan keahlian

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Materi

• Conceptual Framework of IE

• Evolution & Development of IE

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Engineering

ScienceIndustrial

Engineering

Object : Natural System Artificial System Integrated SystemPhenomena : Determistic Det./Probabilistic Prob/UncertaintyOutput : Theory/Knowledge Product/service Value AddedPerformance : Truth Benefit EfficiencyValidity : Absolute Relative ContextualStart : Curiosity Need/Problem Need/ProblemProfession : Scientist Engineer Industrial Engineer

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Science

Prime objective: increase knowledge of natural system

Research(Scientific Method)• Formulate Hypothesis

• Execute Experiment

• Analyze Result

• Generalize Hypothesis Theory/Law

(New Knowledge)

• Publish the New Knowledge

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Basic Knowledge And Tool

• Basic knowledge» Logic

» Creativity

• Tool» Analysis

» Synthesis

• Process» Scientific Research

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Engineering

Prime objective: use the knowledge to design and develops usable devices, structure and processes

for better human life

Design ProcessIdentification of Need

Problem DefinitionSearch

ConstraintCriteria

Alternative SolutionAnalysisDecision

SpecificationCommunication

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Basic Knowledge And Tool

• Basic knowledge» Mathematics

» Natural Sciences

• Tool» Analysis

» Synthesis

• Process» Applied Research

» Design

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Basic Engineering Process

Problem (Incl.Outcome)

Decision ( Best Altv.)

Synthesis of Alt.Solution

Analysis(Incld. Exp’tation)

Symptom/Need

Solution, System or Method

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Characteristic Of Engineer

• Solve Problem

• Analyze

• Design System– Creativity

– Analysis

– Synthesis

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Engineering Function

• Research

• Development

• Design

• Production &Testing

• Construction

• Operation

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Engineering Era

Early ModernEra : Before 1750 - After 1750 Knowledge : -Mathematics - Not Only Mathematics &

-Physics Physics * Chemical

* Molecular * Social Sciences

Object : Physical System - Not Only Physical System * Life System Abstract

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Early Engineering Era

• Egyptian Engineering (3200 BC)

• Mesopotamian Engineering (2000 BC)

• Greek Engineering (500 BC)

• Roman Engineering (320 BC)

• Oriental Engineering

• European Engineering

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Modern Engineering Era

Big Five Engineering Newer Engineering• Civil . Nuclear • Mechanical . Computer• Electrical . Bioengineering• Chemical . Environmental • Industrial Engineering . Etc.

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Big 5 Disciplines• Military Engineering

• Civil Engineering• Mechanical Engineering

Mathematics + Physics Mechanical Principle Steam Engine

• Electrical EngineeringMathematics + Physics Electrical Science

Telegraph: Samuel MorseCarbon filament lamp: Thomas Edison

• Chemical EngineeringMathematics + Physics + Chemistry Synthetic Material

• Industrial EngineeringMathematics +Physics +Man Integrated System

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Why IE Was Born ?

• As a Result of Industrial Revolution

• Need for Technically Trained People Who Could Plan, Organize, and Manage the Operations of Large Complex System

• Need to Increase Productivity and Efficiency of Operation System

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Pioneers Of IE

• Adam SMITH

• Charles BABBAGE

• Eli WHITNEY

• Henry TOWNE

• Frederick W TAYLOR

• Frank B GILBERTH

• Lillian GILBERTH

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Adam SMITH (1723-1790)

Wealth of Nations (1776)

Specialization of Labor– Division of the task in pin making into 4

separate operations increased output by a factor of almost 5

– 10 worker could produce 48.000 pins per day

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Keuntungan adanya pembagian kerja dengan memberikan contoh

sebuah pabrik jarum. Di dalam pabrik jarum tersebut seorang

buruh secara pasti dapat membuat 20 buah jarum sehari. Dari

hasil kunjungan Smith atas suatu pabrik jarum yang telah

melakukan pembagian pekerjaan, ternyata 10 orang buruh dapat

membuat 48.000 buah jarum, dengan pembagian pekerjaan yaitu

ada yang khusus menarik kawat, ada yang khusus memotongnya

dan ada yang khusus meruncingkan jarumnya, serta lainnya.

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Dari keadaan tersebut dapat dikemukakan bahwa pembagiaan pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan itu dapat mempertinggi hasil produksi setiap buruh dari 20 buah menjadi 4800 buah jarum atau meningkatkan sebanyak 240 kali lipat.

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Pembagian pekerjaan sering dibedakan menjadi

dua pengertian, yang pertama adalah membagi

pekerjaan menjadi sederhana sehingga semua buruh

dengan tingkat keahlian tertentu dapat melakukan

pekerjaan. Pengertian yang kedua adalah pembagian

pekerjaan bersusun yang membagi pekerjaan suatu

kegiatan produksi menjadi beberapa bagian.

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Di dalam perkembangannya, konsep pembagian pekerjaan terus berkembang dan terarah kepada kegiatan pekerjaan yang terspesialisasikan, dan di dalam kegiatan produksi yang lebih modern terjadi pembagian pekerjaan sistem ban berjalan (”conveyor system”).

“Produksi masal mobil oleh Ford sendiri juga terinspirasi dari konsep pembagian pekerjaan, sehingga ongkos produksi semakin murah. Dengan ongkos produksi yang lebih efisien, harga yang ditawarkan dapat lebih kompetitif dengan produk lain. Saat ini konsep pembagian pekerjaan telah digunakan secara luas di hampir seluruh sektor industri.”

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Keuntungan pembagian pekerjaan

1. Setiap orang dapat melakukan pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan bakatnya.

2. Dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan di dalam pekerjaan tersebut sehingga lebih mantap.

3. Orang yang bersangkutan mengerjakan pekerjaan yang sama secara berkelanjutan sehingga dapat menghindarkan kehilangan waktu, ini berarti semakin efisien.

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Charles BABBAGE (1832)

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture (1832)

– motion and time study– division of labor

• Result of factory visit in England and USA(early 1800)• Observed the manufacture of straight pins that:

– involve 7 distinct operations– measured the cost and time of performing each operation

Money Could Be Saved Using Woman and Children

• Critics : Do not attempt to improve the work methods or reduce the operation time

Charles Babbage (1832)

Menulis buku :

1.“On the Economy of Machinery and manufacturers”

Membuat prototipe:

2.“different engine”

(prototipe kalkulator mekanis); serta

3.“analytical engine” (prototipe komputer).

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Eli Whitney

Konsep Produksi “interchangeable”dan

Konsep Produksi Massal

(Mass-Production)

Melalui Pembuatan Cetakan (die mould).

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Henry TOWNE

The Engineer As Economist (1886)

Stressed the Need for Engineers to Be Concerned With the Profitability Effect of Their Decisions

Henry Towne (1886)Menulis paper

“The Engineers as Economist”

Dalam jurnal Transaction of ASME yang menekankan perlunya engineer untuk memperhatikan aspek ekonomis (costs/profits) dalam setiap proyek teknis maupun keputusan yang diambil.

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Frederick Winslow TAYLOR(1856-1915)

FW Taylor was Influenced by Towne and Wentworth

• 1874 : Machinist Apprentice in the Hydraulic Work

• 1983 : Mechanical Engineer From Stevens Institute and

Work at Midvale Steel Company

• 1881 : Began Study of Metal Cutting

• 1895 : Presented “A Piece Rate System” at ASME Meeting

• 1903 : Presented “ Shop Management”

• 1909 : Presented “ Principle of Scientific Management”

Frederick Winslow TAYLOR(1856-1915)

• 1895 – menyajikan paper “A Piece of Rate System” pada pertemuan ASME.

• 1903 – menyajikan “Shop Management” yang menyangkut beberapa prinsip dan konsep mengenai methods study, time study, standardization of tools, planning department, classification systems for parts and products, routing system, dll. Tanggapan kurang positif.

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Frederick Winslow TAYLOR(1856-1915)

• 1907 – menulis makalah panjang (200 halaman) berjudul “Study of Metal Cutting” pada Transaction of ASME (rumus Taylor yang terkait dengan biaya produksi dan umur pahat).

• 1909 – menulis “The Principles of Scientific Management” yang sangat kontroversial dan fenomental : (1) menaikkan output produksi sekaligus menurunkan biaya operator, namun juga menaikkan gaji/upah mereka, (2) melatih operator dan meminta mereka bekerja pada kemampuan maksimal untuk kenaikan upah (bonus/insentif) yang melebihi standard.

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Principle of Scientific Management

1. Develop a science for each element of a man’s work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method

2. Select scientifically and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas previously he chose his own work methods and trained himself as best as he could

3. Cooperate heartily with the men so as to ensure that all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of the science which has been develop

4. There is almost an equal division of the work and the responsibility between management and the workmen. The management takes over all work for which they are better fitted than the workman.

Empat Prinsip Manajemen Ilmiah-Taylor

1. Buatlah ilmu untuk tiap elemen pekerjaan dengan standardisasi penerapannya dan metode kerja yang efisien

2. Lakukan seleksi karyawan secara ilmiah, yakni sesuaikan keahlian dan kemampuan karyawan dengan jenis pekerjaan yang ditekuninya, lalu didik dan latih karyawan tersebut dengan cara yang paling efisien.

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3. Pastikan karyawan bersikap kooperatif dengan cara memberikan insentif, dan sediakan lingkungan kerja yang dapat mendorong terciptanya hasil kerja yang optimal melalui cara-cara yang ilmiah.

4. Bagilah tanggung jawab kerja antara tanggung jawab managing dengan tanggung jawab working (pelaksana) sembari mendukung individu-individu pada tiap kelompok kerja untuk mengerjakan apa yang mereka paling mampu kerjakan.

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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth (1868 -1924)

• Frank Gilbreth (1868 -1924)

• Sambil bekerja sekaligus mengevaluasi dan memperbaiki sistem kerjanya sendiri.

• Meningkatkan produktivitas hampir tiga kali lipat hanya dengan cara mengurangi gerakannya dengan mengatur lokasi/ penempatan bahan baku.

• Menganalisa kerja dan menyusun klasifikasi gerakan kerja mikro (micro-motion study) dengan mengintroduksi elemen-elemen gerakan Therbligs.

• Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

• Istri dari Frank Gilbreth, seorang doktor psikologi.

• Mengkoreksi pendekatan yang menempatkan manusia sebagai bagian dari “mesin kerja” dengan lebih menekankan pada aspek perilaku (behavior) manusia.

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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth (1868 -1924)

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Industrial Engineering ?

Industrial Engineering Is Concerned With the Design, Improvement, and Installation of Integrated Systems of

People, Material, Information, Equipment, and Energy. It Draws Upon Specialized Knowledge and Skill in the

Mathematical, Physical, and Social Sciences Together With the Principles and Methods of Engineering Analysis and Design to Specify, Predict, and Evaluate the Results to

Be Obtained From Such System

Object Knowledge Skill Job

Industrial Engineering ?

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Object

Integrated System

People/Man

+Material + Equipment + Information + Energy

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Schematic Representation of Integrated System

MachineMan

Mat

Boundary

Environment

Input Out-put

: InteractionFeed-back

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Types of Research

Basic Research Applied Research - Curiosity - Need/Problem

- Theory/Explanation - Product/Service/Method

- Neutral - Purposive - Public Domain - Private Domain

Discovery Invention

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Knowledge

• Mathematics

• Physics

• Social Sciences

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Skill

• Method of Engineering Analysis

• Design

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Job

• Design

• Installation

• Improvement

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Performance

Efficiency

Effective + Min Cost

Objective

Achievement/Actual

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Contextual

2 + 2 = ?

Kompetensi Teknik Industri Menyongsong Masa Depan

Sumber: Sinks, DS. Can IE’s Become Master of Change?Journal Industrial Engineering, December 1985

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What Design IE Do ?

Integrated System

Industrial System(Manufacturing System)

Human Activity Management Control System System

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What Does IE Do ?

Production Management Corporate Operations System Services* Product &Services * Information System *Comprehensive Planning* Manufacturing Process * Financial &Cost System *Policies & Procedures* Facilities * Personnel * Performance Measurement* Work Methods & Standards * Analysis * Production Planning & Control

Phase-Phase PerkembanganAktivitas Produksi di Industri

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Phase-PhasePerkembangan

Macam & Volume Produk

Area LokasiPemasaran

Sifat PerubahanTerjadi

Periode

Job Order Customized,kecil, terbatas

Lokal Tersendat, trial & error

Sebelum revolusi industri

MassProduction

Standard, seri,batch, massal

Regional Lambat,Scientific Method

RevolusiIndustri - 1930

MassMarketing

Diversifikasi, banyak model

Nasional Cepat 1930 - 1950

MassCustomization

Sangat terdiver sifikasi & masal

Global/ Internasional

Turbulent 1950 - Skg

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Evolution and Development of Industrial Engineering

Dicipline

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Chronology Of Development In The Evolution Of IE

1494 1750 1890 1900 1915 1929 1941 1958 1980 1990 2000

Industrial World Depres World Space High Globalization Revolution War I sion War II Age Technology

Time Piece Layout Net- Optimi- Auto- CIMAccounting Studi Work SQC work zation mation

Scientific ManagementIndustrial Engineering

Industrial & SystemEngineeringOperation Research

Micro View

InterchangeablePart

Macro View

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Relationship of Industrial Engineering to Other Engineering and Scientific Disciplines

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

MechanicalEngineering

ChemicalEngineering

Industrial Engineering

ManufacturingEngineering

Early Industrial Engineering(Scientific

Management)

Ergonomics

Economics

Physiology

Psychology andSociology

Statistics

Mathematics Physics

Operation Research

Quality & Reliability

Computer & Inf.Sci

Control Theory

ProductivityScience

Chemistry

Military Engineering

Logic

Early ManagementPhilosophy

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IE Thought

ScientificManagement

Adm & BehaviorManagement

ManagementScience

Systemic &Integrated

Man-MachineSystem

Human and Organization

Optimization and Modeling

IntegratedSystem

End of 18Century

End of 18Century

Beginning of 20 Century Mid of 20

Century

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Obyek dan Keilmuan Teknik Industri

Obyek Komponen Keilmuan KinerjaWork Man, Machine Ergonomy ProductivityStation Material Eng. Economy Efficiency Psychology

Manufactur Man, Machine Inventory, PPC QCD Material Quality Control Lay out, OR & Modeling

Company Labor, Facility Management ROI, IRR, Material Leadership ROE Behavior Science

Industrial Labor, Material Policy QualitySystem Infrastructure Systemic Approach Welfare

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri S/D 1950

– TOKOH-TOKOH:• Adam Smith (1776) : Specialisation, productivity

• Charles Babbage (1832): Pembagian kerja • Frederick W. Taylor (1905): Scientific management • Frank & Lilian Gilberth (1912): Micro-motion study• Fayol : The 14 Principle of Management

– ORGANISASI:• Society to Promote the Science of Management (1912),

The Taylor Society (1915), Society of Industrial Engineers (1917).

– KONSEP-KONSEP:• Wealth of Nations: spesialisasi / keahlian untuk

produktivitas• Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers: pembagian

kerja• Principles of Scietific Management• Human Factors: micro-motion economy• Principle of Management

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri 1950 - 1970

• AIIE : American Institute of Industrial Engineers (1948)– BIDANG PERHATIAN:

• Teknik tata Cara• Pengukuran Kerja• Pengendalian: Produksi, Persediaan, Mutu,

Beaya, Anggaran• Evaluasi Jabatan, Sistem Pengupahan: analisis

jabatan, analisis kinerja, upah perangsang, administrasi pengupahan

• Rancangan dan Fasilitas Pabrik: tata letak, pengadaan dan peremajaan peralatan, perancangan produk, perkakas, peralatan.

– SARANA:• Statistika, Penelitian Operasional, Psikologi

Industri

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri 1970 - 1990

• AIIE menjadi IIE– BIDANG PERHATIAN:

– Bidang Industri, : Antariksa, Bank dan Keuangan, Industri Elektronika, Pemerintahan, Seni Grafis, Pelayanan Kesehatan, Retail, Industri Baja, Transportasi dan Distribusi, Utilitas

– Bidang Sistem Manusia dan Informasi : Komputer dan Sistem Informasi, Ekonomi Teknik, Ergonomi, Hubungan Kerja dan Industri, Manajemen, Pengukuran Kerja, Tatacara.

– Bidang Sistem Produksi : Manajemen Energi, Perancangan dan Perencanaan Fasilitas, Sistem Manufaktur, Penelitian Operasional, Pengendalian produksi dan Persediaan, Pengendalian Mutu, Keandalan.

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Perkembangan Sejak 1990• TOPIK-TOPIK BARU:

• CIM : Computer Integrated Manufacturing• DSS : Decision Support System• JIS : Just-in-Time Process Planning• Perkembangan Variasi dari Sistem Produksi,

Penelitian Operasional, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, dsb.

• Knowledge-based Management, dll.• TOPIK-TOPIK LAMA TETAP BERKEMBANG:• Ergonomi, dsb.

• DIDASARI OLEH PERKEMBANGAN KOMPUTER DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

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Proyeksi Perkembangan Abad Ke -21

• SANGAT DIPENGARUHI OLEH TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI:

• Perubahan pola kerja, gaya hidup dan bentuk transaksi

• Perubahan gaya kepemimpinan dan manajemen• Pergeseran pengendali kekuasaan ekonomi dan politik

– PERUBAHAN POLA KERJA, GAYA HIDUP, TRANSAKSI:• Kerja individual, outsourcing / networking, modal

maya• Internet driven : E-commerce, e-mail, distance

learning & services– KEPEMIMPINAN MASA DEPAN:

• Visioner, Kreatif, Transformatif, Komunikatif, Memberdayakan, Integratif-Networking-Sinergis, High-Touch & High-Tech, Antisipatif, Adaptif, Kompeten.

– PENGENDALI KEKUASAAN:• Bergeser dari Pimpinan Negara ke Pimpinan

Pengendali Informasi

Kronologis PerkembanganDisiplin Teknik Industri

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Chronological Development of Production Technology(Hardware) and Production Methodology (Software)

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The Role of the Industrial Engineersin Integrating New Technologies

(1960 – 1980)

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Sumber : Pritsker, AB. Defining the Role of the Industrial Engineer in Integrating NewTechnologies. Journal of Industrial Engineering, December 1985.

Management

The Role of the Industrial Engineersin Integrating New Technologies

(1980 – 2000)

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Sumber : Pritsker, AB. Defining the Role of the Industrial Engineer in Integrating NewTechnologies. Journal of Industrial Engineering, December 1985.

Management