Post on 31-Jul-2020
transcript
Public Health Criteria for
Direct Potable Reuse
Brian Pecson, Ph.D., P.E.
Trussell Technologies
March 19th 2013
The Water
Environment
Structure of Indirect Potable Reuse Scenarios
Source Control Conventional
Wastewater Treatment
Potable
Water Treatment
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
Environmental
Buffer/blending
Water
Consumers
•Indirect Paradigm
Distribution
System
The Water
Environment
Structure of Indirect Potable Reuse Scenarios
Conventional
Wastewater Treatment
Potable
Water Treatment
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
Environmental
Buffer/blending
Water
Consumers Distribution
System • IPR can be done safely!
– Numerous applications
• Groundwater Replenishment System
• Montebello Forebay
– Several studies demonstrating safety
– Various IPR regulations/guidelines
• CDPH Groundwater Recharge Regulations – 2013
The Water
Environment
Structure of Indirect Potable Reuse Scenarios
Source Control Conventional
Wastewater Treatment
Potable
Water Treatment
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
Environmental
Buffer/blending
Water
Consumers
•Indirect Paradigm
Distribution
System
The Water
Environment
Structure of Direct Potable Reuse Scenarios
Source Control Conventional
Wastewater Treatment
Potable
Water Treatment
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
Environmental
Buffer/blending
Water
Consumers
•Indirect Paradigm
•Direct Paradigm
Distribution
System
Engineered
Storage
Buffer
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
Direct Potable Reuse
Benefits
• No reliance on aquifer
• No WQ degradation
• Less costly
Direct Potable Reuse
Benefits
• No reliance on aquifer
• No WQ degradation
• Less costly
Disadvantages
• Reduction in response time
• Reduction in contaminant
removal
• Reduction in dilution &
blending
Direct Potable Reuse
Benefits
• No reliance on aquifer
• No WQ degradation
• Less costly
Disadvantages
• Reduction in response time
• Reduction in contaminant
removal
• Reduction in dilution &
blending
No regulations governing DPR!!!
No criteria to determine what is safe…or
what is equivalent to IPR….
Motivation
• What criteria must be met for us to say that direct
potable reuse provides an equivalent level of
treatment to indirect potable reuse?
• Significance: treatment trains meeting these
criteria are protective of human health
appropriate for municipal reuse projects
(both DPR & IPR)
• Focus of WateReuse Project #11-02
Public Health: The Principal Goal The minimum criterion that must be satisfied in DPR is
that water must not harm public health
Public Health: The Principal Goal The minimum criterion that must be satisfied in DPR is
that water must not harm public health
Carbamazepine
NDMA
PFOS
Pathogens Toxic Chemicals
Public Health: The Principal Goal The minimum criterion that must be satisfied in DPR is
that water must not harm public health
Ideal Criteria
1. Water is “free” of pathogens
2. Water is “free” of toxic chemicals
Carbamazepine
NDMA
PFOS
Pathogens Toxic Chemicals
Equivalency Criteria: Methodology
1. Develop and present draft Public Health Criteria
to Expert Panel (NWRI) – August 2012 workshop
2. Receive comments and refined criteria from
Expert Panel
3. Finalize and publish Public Health Criteria in 11-
02 State of the Science Report
Pathogen Criteria
Pathogens and Potable Reuse
• Pathogen removal: the most important aspect – “From a public health standpoint, provisions for adequate and reliable
disinfection are the most essential features of the advanced wastewater
treatment process” – UN 1992
– “Failures may cause a short-term risk to those exposed, particularly to acute
contaminants where even a single exposure can lead to an adverse effect” –
NRC 2012
• Why is this the case? – Pathogens (acute concern) immediate effect
– Chemicals (chronic concern) long-term effect
Pathogens and Potable Reuse
• Pathogen removal: the most important aspect – “From a public health standpoint, provisions for adequate and reliable
disinfection are the most essential features of the advanced wastewater
treatment process” – UN 1992
– “Failures may cause a short-term risk to those exposed, particularly to acute
contaminants where even a single exposure can lead to an adverse effect” –
NRC 2012
• Why is this the case? – Pathogens (acute concern) immediate effect
– Chemicals (chronic concern) long-term effect
Constant protection
Pathogens and Potable Reuse
• Pathogen removal: the most important aspect – “From a public health standpoint, provisions for adequate and reliable
disinfection are the most essential features of the advanced wastewater
treatment process” – UN 1992
– “Failures may cause a short-term risk to those exposed, particularly to acute
contaminants where even a single exposure can lead to an adverse effect” –
NRC 2012
• Why is this the case? – Pathogens (acute concern) immediate effect
– Chemicals (chronic concern) long-term effect
Constant protection
Brief exceedances less important than average
lifetime exposure
Free of Pathogens?
• What do we mean by “pathogen free”?
• Pathogens reduced no observable effect on consumers
• Can understand safety in terms of RISK:
– Since SWTR (1991), industry has accepted that when a risk is
reduced to a certain level “negligible”
– A consumer has 1 in 10,000 risk of infection from drinking water for
a year
De minimis risk: 10-4 annual risk of infection
Pathogens and de minimis risk
• Recommendation for PH Criteria:
– Use U.S. de minimis standard of 10-4 infections/y
– Logic: Potable Reuse projects must meet or
exceed the standard applied to local conventional
drinking water sources
Calculating Pathogen Removal
1. Identify target pathogenic organisms
2. Determine maximum concentrations in sewage
3. Define acceptable pathogen levels in drinking water
4. Determine removal goals based on difference
NOTE: Methodology used by CDPH to develop GRR; also used by US EPA for DW
standards
Calculating Pathogen Removal
1. Identify target pathogenic organisms
2. Determine maximum concentrations in sewage
3. Define acceptable pathogen levels in drinking water
4. Determine removal goals based on difference
Step 1: Identify Target Pathogens
• Focus: commonly present in sewage, causing illness
• Pathogens of interest – agree with CDPH IPR (+1)
– Enteric virus
– Cryptosporidium oocysts
– Giardia cysts
– Bacteria?
No. Pathogen Episodes Hospitalizations Deaths
1 Norovirus 20,796,079 55,825 569
2 Giardia intestinalis 1,121,864 3289 31 3 Salmonella spp. (non-typhoid) 1,095,079 20,608 403
4 Campylobacter spp. 1,058,387 10,599 95 5 Clostridium perfringens‡ 966,120 438 26
6 Cryptosporidium spp. 678,828 2473 42 7 Shigella spp. 421,048 4672 32
8 Staphylococcus aureus‡ 241,188 1063 6 9 Toxoplasma gondii 173,415 8859 654
10 STEC non–O157 138,063 331 0 11 Yersinia enterocolitica 108,490 592 32
12 STEC O157 93,094 3152 30 13 Bacillus cereus‡ 63411 20 0
14 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 40,309 116 4
15 Diarrheagenic E. coli other
than STEC and ETEC 39,739 26 0
From CDC (2011)
Step 2: Determine Concentrations in
Raw Sewage
• Literature review – journal publications, reports,
textbooks, etc.
Parameter Units
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Raw WW
concentration IU/L 105 105 105 105
Step 3: Define acceptable pathogen levels in
drinking water
• Select safe level of risk: 10-4 annual risk of infection
• Determine # of pathogens risk level
• Determine “safe” concentrations
Step 3: Define acceptable pathogen levels in
drinking water
• Select safe level of risk: 10-4 annual risk of infection
• Determine # of pathogens risk level
• Determine “safe” concentrations
Step 3: Define acceptable pathogen levels in
drinking water
• Select safe level of risk: 10-4 annual risk of infection
• Determine # of pathogens risk level
• Determine “safe” concentrations
Step 4: Determine Removal Goals
27
Parameter Units
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Raw WW
concentration IU/L 105 105 105 105
Drinking Water
Goal IU/L 2x10-7 3x10-5 7x10-6 2x10-5
Step 4: Determine Removal Goals
Parameter Units
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Raw WW
concentration IU/L 105 105 105 105
Drinking Water
Goal IU/L 2x10-7 3x10-5 7x10-6 2x10-5
Ratio - 5x1011 3x109 2x1010 2x1010
Log removal - 12 10 10 10
Our Conclusions
• Methodology used by CDPH in IPR regulations and
EPA SWTR is rational and rigorous
• Large factors of safety conservative estimates
• Independent analysis supports use of pathogen
removal requirements chosen by CDPH
• Additional analysis: requirements also provide
protection from outbreaks
• Overall: came up with the same pathogen
requirements as the CDPH (+ Salmonella)
Triclosan
Bisphenol a
Caffeine
Carbamazepine
NDMA
PFOS
PFOA
Chemical Criteria
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk
Exposure
Daycare
More personal example
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk
Exposure
Daycare
Risk level
De minimis More personal example
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk
Exposure
Daycare
Risk level
De minimis More personal example
(avoiding risk via
homeschooling)
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk
34
Exposure
Daycare
Risk level
De minimis
Risk level
Acceptable (> de minimis)
More personal example (avoiding risk via
homeschooling)
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk
Exposure
Daycare
Risk level
De minimis
Risk level
Acceptable (> de minimis)
More personal example (avoiding risk via
homeschooling)
Use daycare, but use
Extra care re. hygiene
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk Exposure
Risk level
De minimis
Risk level
Acceptable (> de minimis)
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk Exposure
Risk level
De minimis
Risk level
Acceptable (> de minimis)
Pathogens: 10-4 infections/yr
Chemicals:
- MCLs: some set at de
minimis levels
De minimis vs. Acceptable Risk Exposure
Risk level
De minimis
Risk level
Acceptable (> de minimis)
Pathogens: 10-4 infections/yr
Chemicals:
- MCLs: some set at de
minimis levels
Chemicals:
- MCLs: some set at
acceptable levels
- Cr(VI)?
Acceptable Risk Involves Compromise
• The process of establishing regulatory
limits is a process of balancing risk,
benefit and cost to determine an
acceptable level of risk
risk cost
Proposed Methodology
1. Meet all criteria where a judgment has
been made on acceptable risk
2. Where no judgment of acceptable risk
is available, seek de minimis risk
Toxic Chemicals
• Use all drinking water MCLs (acceptable risk)
• For unregulated compounds, use order of priority:
– 1st use guidelines that consider consequences beyond risk
– 2nd use measures of risk below regulatory concern published by recognized authorities
– 3rd use measures of risk developed for medical purposes
– 4th use guidelines published by earlier studies
EPA MCL
WHO DWG
State MCL
State provisional level {e.g. NL)
De minimis concentration? (HA or PNEC)
De minimis dose? (RfD, ADD, etc.)
Medical Benchmark? (MTD, MRTD, etc.)
De minimis benchmark from secondary source
Ord
er
of
decre
asin
g p
refe
rence
Acce
pta
ble
risk
D
e m
inim
is
risk
Expert Panel Recommendations
and Final Equivalency Criteria
Final Pathogen Removal Goals
Parameter
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Log removal 12 10 10 10
Original Criteria
45
Parameter
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Log removal 12 10 10 10
Modified Criteria
Final Pathogen Removal Goals
46
Parameter
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Salmonella
Log removal 12 10 10 10
Modified Criteria
- Crypto requirements address Giardia, other protozoa
Final Pathogen Removal Goals
Parameter
Pathogens
Viruses Crypto Giardia Total Coliform
Salmonella
Log removal 12 10 10 9
10
Modified Criteria
- Crypto requirements address Giardia, other protozoa
- TC addresses pathogenic enteric bacteria, including Salmonella
Final Pathogen Removal Goals
Chemicals
• Meet all drinking water regs (MCLs, NLs, etc.)
• Three additional groups:
1. Disinfection by-products
2. Chemicals of potential interest (if present in
wastewater sources)
3. Chemicals used for evaluating effectiveness of
organics removal
Chemicals
• Three groups:
1. DBPs
2. Chemicals of potential
interest (if present in
wastewater sources)
3. Chemicals to evaluate
effectiveness of
organics removal
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
Chemicals – Group 1
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔ ✔
Chemicals – Group 2
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔
• Rationale:
– Monitor for these chemicals
– If present at high levels, continue frequent monitoring
– If not present or below thresholds, less frequent
monitoring
Chemicals – Group 2
Chemicals – Group 3 Occurrence
Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔ NO ✔
Chemical
Universe
Chemicals – Group 3
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Cat. 3
Cat. 4
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔ ✔
Physical – Chemical
Properties
Chemicals – Group 3
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Cat. 3
Cat. 4
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔ ✔
Physical – Chemical
Properties
Used as indicators of removal of broad range of
chemicals
Chemicals – Group 3
Chemicals
• Three groups:
1. DBPs
2. Chemicals of potential
interest (if present in
wastewater sources)
3. Chemicals to evaluate
effectiveness of
organics removal
Occurrence Toxic
levels? Other uses?
✔ ✔
✔
✔ NO ✔
What about specific concerns?
• What are safe levels for chemicals outside
of this list?
– Other pesticides?
– Pharmaceuticals?
Additional Frameworks
Conclusion
• Provided summary of process to determine
removal criteria
– Pathogens
– Chemicals
• For further detail see 11-02 SOS report
• But removal criteria are just the beginning…
finito