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Qualitative and Quantitative Water Scarcity
Issues in Bihar, India
ASHOK GHOSH
MANAGEMENT
A.N.COLLEGE, PATNA
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Water Quality and Quantity
"Water quality andquantity is going to be
the biggest challenge
in coming years tohuman beings on
planet Earth.......Many
persons have survivedwithout love, but none
without water"
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Our Life Style ???
If everyone on Earth
continue our current life
style, it would takemore than 7 Earths to
support human
population by the end ofthis century.
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THE
ONE
KNOW
TO
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Changes in the present century: GlaciersGan otri Glacier
(NASA) Receding since
1870 when data
gathering began
1,147 metersmelted away
during the 61 years
e ween an
1996 (19 meters
er ear
Receded 850
meters durin the25 years between
1975 and 1999 (34
meters per year)
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Bihar- A Water Resource Hub
Playground of perennial Himalayan
and seasonal Peninsular Streams
Abundance of a uifers at all levels
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NEPAL
Satelliteview ofas arPlains
.
Ganges Indian Craton
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Aquifers of Bihar
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GANGAMEGHNA
BRAMHAPUTRA
GMB Plains -Area 569 thousand sq km
Population >500 million
RIVERBASINS
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in the Eastern Plains of Indiain the Eastern Plains of India
2,300
Precipitation : 4,000 km3
2,100
2,200 Adequate Water ere are we ea ngto ?
1 800
1,900
2,000
Water Scarcity
1,600
1,700
1,500
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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ATER RE R E THE - RRE T IT TATI
High dependence on ground
water (85%) ver ex rac on o groun wa er
for irrigation
Neglect of traditional practices
,
harvesting
Inade uate inte rated watermanagement and watershed
development
Emerging water quality problems
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Shrinking Wetlands of Bihar- CurrentClimatic and Tectonic Chan es? Ghosh et
al,2004)
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Projection of Climate Change on Water
Availability
The gross per capita water availability in Bihar3
as low as about 1,170 m3/yr in 2050
Bihar will reach a state of water stress before
2020 when the availability of clean water falls3
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Remote Sensing Image - 1984
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Remote Sensing Image - 2004
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urren u o
Surplus River Water State Bihar
Surface water coverage in Ghagra-Gandakan a - os ones ecrease y .and 37.8% respectively
ass ve se mentat on ea ng to nearobliteration of water bodies, including
Increase in surface water area in Kosi Fan.
Eastward shift in mid-section of the Kosi.
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Im act on round water rechar e Impact on fish culture and makhana
Shrinkage and disappearance of wetlandeco ogy Shrinkin Kabar Tal is a ro osed
Ramsar Site. It covered 6786.05 hectaresin 1984, but in 2004 revealed shrinka eto 5043.825 hectares.
by our studies in North Bihar
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CHANGES IN MAJOR LAND USE CATEGORIES IN BIHAR
[Based on 1984 & 2004 remote sensing images]
Land use t ypes
[Fig. in
Hec ta res ] [Fig . in Hect ares]Change [ i n %]
e an s . . - .
Forest s, 4812.63 5773.54 19.96
inc lud ing
p lanta t ions
-. . .
Fal low 18653.12 20956.63 12.35
Sand and
Cloud
978.53 1373.12 40.32
cover/Haze
Unc lass i f ied 521.52 860.12 64.93
TOTAL 56138.23 56138.23 -
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easona ava a y
whole.
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water accounted for decline in the
.
Conversely in the middle plains,
shrinking wetlands gave way to newarable land in their outer confines.
The eastern segment is subject to rising
lands
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Water Disease Trian le Source of Health Hazard
Lack of
Clean Water
Lack of
Safe Sanitation
Lack of
Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2009
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Due to Climatic chan es and
Anthropogenic activities
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Status of Water Quality in Bihar
Surface water pollution
acter o og ca an em ca ,
Arsenic, Fluoride and Nitrate.
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The Gan es is thelongest river in South
Asia. With a total
length of 2,640 km
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Ganga at Gomukh
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Ganga at Gangotri
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Bihar
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Ganga at Patna
and also, a morgue
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anga a a na
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Herniation in Zooplanktons
The Ganga water has become highly polluted with
the growing urbanization and industrialization
have increased the pollution load discharged intothe River Ganga resulting in loss of the rivers
ass m at ve capac ty.
Very high rate of herniation has been detected inGanga Water in Bihar
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Herniation: Cladocera Bosmina
0.6
0.7
tage(%)
0.3
0.4
0.5
ionPer
ce
0
0.1
0.2
Herniat
0 5 10 15
Serial Numbers
bosminaherniati
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Herniation: Nauplius
Nauplius Herniation %
0.8
0.9
tage(%)
0.4
0.50.6
.
ionPerce
0.1
0.2
0.3
Hernia
0
0 5 10 15
Serial Numbers
Nauplius
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ARSENIC IN GROUND WATER
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Himala a
Ganga GMB Plain
Area 569749 sq km
Population >500 million
Bay of Bengal
Arsenic Map of Bihar 2010
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West Champaran
ArsenicMapofBihar 2010
East amparan
Sitamarhi MadhubaniSupaul
Araria
Kishanganj
Gopalganj
Purnia
Darbhanga
Saran VaishaliSamastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
KatiharBhojpurBuxar Patna
Nalanda MungerSheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
Kaimur
GayaAurangabadNawada
Jamui
BankaLakhisarai
16ArsenicAffectedDistricts
SourceData:
Dept.
of
EWM,
A.N.C
ollege,
Patna
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NEPAL
-Play Ground
of
Rivers
Arsenicin
Bihar
Hig y
Arsenic
GangaIndian Craton
In ested
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. .
More than30thousand hand um s
tested 32%oftestedsourceshad
arsenic
contaminated
water
of>10
ppb.
HighestAs.ValueRecorded 1861ppb Atotalof16Bihardistricts(57blocks)
areaffectedbyhighlevelofarsenicin
Trivalentarsenic87%ingroundwater WorstaffecteddistrictsareBhojpur,
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e ottest rsen c an ump o ar
Krishna Kumar Panday,Pandaytola,Bhojpur Owner of hand pump
with highest recordedArsenic Concentration of 1861 ppb in Bihar
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Maize:Total As -0.24 ug As g-1
chainofBihar
FoodChainRice - 0.36 ug As g-1
Irrigation Tube well =As 980 ppb
Gif f h i
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Gift of home comin ..
Ram Ashan Panday Ex Army Man Developed Symptoms after hisReturn to native village - Panday Tola,Bhojpur
Gif f h i
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Gift of home comin ..
Kisan Panday
Symptoms after his
Panday Tola,Bhojpur
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-
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rsenic Patients Bhaglpur- Kahalgaon
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Arsenic Patients Khagaria
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FLUORIDE INGROUND WATER OF
BIHAR
FLUORIDE CONTAMINATED
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FLUORIDE CONTAMINATED
WATER SOURCES
Fluoride contaminated aquifers in dry areas of
confirmed:
Gaya Nawada
Rohtas
Munger
Bhagalpur
Bihar - Fluoride in
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West Champaran Ground Water
East amparan
Sitamarhi MadhubaniSupaul
ArariaKishanganj
Gopalganj
Purnia
Darbhanga
Saran VaishaliSamastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
KatiharBhojpur
Rohtas
BuxarPatna
Nalanda MungerSheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
Kaimur
GayaAurangabadNawada
Jamui
Banka
Lakhisarai
Fluoride affected Districts
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Our Fluuride Reserch
We have initiated study on Fluoride contaminationin Nawada District
Fluoride level u to 6.8 m has been detected
against the permissible limit of 1.5 ppm
very high concentration of Fluoride
have been identified
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Clinical Outcomes of Endemic Fluorosis
Dental Fluorosis in Children
Skeletal Fluorosis in Adults
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Children of Kachariya Dih, Nawada
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Trauma of Kachariya Dih, Nawada
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,
water quality striking humanity
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Dental Fluorosis
Kachariya Dih, Nawada: WE are
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Kachariya Dih, Nawada: WE are
allowing this happen to our children
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Nature vs. Man
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Challenge, Where Do We Begin?
Priorities
1. Control of indiscriminate ground water usage.
2. Match specific water demand toquality needed
3. Maximize use of reclaimed
4. Sustained resources for technology,
training, infrastructure5. Enforce healthy land use policy
6. Attention on agriculture and industry
7. Emphasis on water education, water as ultimate human
resource
Path Forward
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1.4
.
Projections
applicationof
moresustainable
technologies
1.2
NumberofEarthsUsedbyHumanity
ofEarths
0.8
1.0
NumberofEarthsAvailable
pathway
O ortunities for
Num
ber
0.6
innovation
0.4
Today0.2
1980 2000 20201970 1990 2010 2030
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YES Waterresourcema ers
ecausesurv va civilizationmatters!THANKS