Post on 30-Mar-2015
transcript
Quirine M. Ketterings, Joe Lawrence, Jon Klapwyk, Michele Wang, Quirine M. Ketterings, Joe Lawrence, Jon Klapwyk, Michele Wang, Miriam Goler, Karl CzymmekMiriam Goler, Karl Czymmek
Nutrient Management Spear ProgramNutrient Management Spear ProgramDepartment of Animal Science, Cornell UniversityDepartment of Animal Science, Cornell University
Fine-Tuning Corn Nitrogen ManagementFine-Tuning Corn Nitrogen Management
Cornell corn N recommendations are based on:
- Yield potential- soil type and drainage
- Soil N supply- soil type and drainage
- N fertilizer uptake efficiency- soil type and drainage
- N credits from sods- % legume/grass in the sod
- N credits from manure- application method + timing
Cornell Corn N Recommendations
(yield potential * 1.2) – soil N – sod N(yield potential * 1.2) – soil N – sod N N requirement = N requirement =
(fertilizer efficiency/100)(fertilizer efficiency/100)in lbs N/acre
in lbs N/acre
in %
in bushels/acre
= soil series specific
Cornell Corn N Recommendations
- soybean N or manure N credits- soybean N or manure N credits
Humid Northeastern Region
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Planting2001
Harvest2001
Planting2002
Harvest2002
Planting2003
Harvest2003
Planting2004
Nitr
ate
N (l
bs N
/acr
e)
Starter only (20 lbs N/acre) Starter + 100 lbs N/acre sidedress
Starter + 150 lbs N/acre sidedress Starter + 200 lbs N/acre sidedress
12 inch soil cores to when corn is 6-12 inches tall.
Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)
Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)
You really have to want to do this….
It can add to the work overload! Impractical timing for dairy farms.
Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT)
And there are many opportunities to make mistakes.
Pre-sidedress Nitrate TestPre-sidedress Nitrate Test
Test Method Test Method (Kahn et al., 2001)(Kahn et al., 2001)
• 1 g soil + 10 mL of 2M NaOH in mason jar.1 g soil + 10 mL of 2M NaOH in mason jar.• Add 5 mL of 4% boric acid to suspended petri dish.Add 5 mL of 4% boric acid to suspended petri dish.• Heat for 5 hours on hotplate griddles.Heat for 5 hours on hotplate griddles.• Titrate with sulfuric acidTitrate with sulfuric acid..
Illinois Soil N Test (ISNT)Illinois Soil N Test (ISNT)
225 ppm
Responsive Non responsive
Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT)Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT)
Main research questions in NY:Main research questions in NY:
Can this test separate responsiveCan this test separate responsivefrom non-responsive sites in New York?from non-responsive sites in New York?
Can we use regular 8 inch Can we use regular 8 inch cores instead of 12 inch cores?cores instead of 12 inch cores?
Can we sample before planting Can we sample before planting or after harvest?or after harvest?
Can we determine N rates?Can we determine N rates?
No Yes[ ? ] [ ? ]
[ ? ] [ ? ]
[ ? ] [ ? ]
[ ? ] [ ? ]
Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT)Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT)
Four Project Phases
1. Fine-tuning the laboratory procedure
2. Initial field calibration– 0-8 or 0-12 inch samples?
– Timing of sampling?
3. ISNT and manure N credits
4. ISNT use for corn in rotation
• High degree of day-to-High degree of day-to-day and within-griddle day and within-griddle variability.variability.
Initial Observation:Initial Observation:
Phase 1: Laboratory ProcedurePhase 1: Laboratory Procedure
Phase 1: Laboratory ProcedurePhase 1: Laboratory Procedure
Klapwyk and Ketterings (2005)
• Temperature did not affect N recovery.Temperature did not affect N recovery.• ISNT results increase with temperature.ISNT results increase with temperature.• Enclosing griddles resulted in:Enclosing griddles resulted in:
• Lower ISNT-N.Lower ISNT-N.• Lower CV.Lower CV.
• Similar findings in Illinois led to modifications to Similar findings in Illinois led to modifications to include jar rotation at 1.5 and 3 h in Illinois.include jar rotation at 1.5 and 3 h in Illinois.
• Enclosed griddles at 50.6°C gave results directly Enclosed griddles at 50.6°C gave results directly comparable with Illinois.comparable with Illinois.
Phase 1: Laboratory ProcedurePhase 1: Laboratory Procedure
Four Project Phases
1. Fine-tuning the laboratory procedure
2. Initial field calibration– 0-8 or 0-12 inch samples?
– Timing of sampling?
3. ISNT and manure N credits
4. ISNT use for corn in rotation
Phase 2: Initial Field Calibration2002:• Albers• Barney• Bossard• Carey• Czymmek• Kilcer• T&R Center
2003:• Albers• Barney• Bossard • Czymmek• Degni • Kilcer• T&R Center
2004:• Albers• Barney • Bossard • Czymmek• Degni • Hunter• Kilcer• Miller/Stockin• Miner Institute• Tillapaugh• T&R Center
Collaboration with local extension educatorsCollaboration with local extension educators
Soil Parameters Silage Yield %N N Uptake Milk YieldPSNT *** *** *** ***
OM NS S NS NS
ISNT at planting
0-20 cm S * S NS
0-20 cm, OM ** ** ** **
0-30 cm, OM * ** ** **
ISNT at sidedress
0-20 cm NS * S NS
0-20 cm, OM S * S *
0-30 cm, OM NS * S NS
ISNT at harvest
0-20 cm NS S NS NS
0-20 cm, OM * * * *
0-30 cm, OM * * * *
Klapwyk and Ketterings (2006)
Phase 2: Initial Field Calibration
Conclusions:Conclusions:• 8 inch samples ok8 inch samples ok
• Samples could be Samples could be taken outside taken outside growing seasongrowing season
• Both ISNT and Both ISNT and LOI were needed LOI were needed to predict to predict responsivenessresponsiveness
Phase 2: Initial Field Calibration
y = 126.36 + 4.0944x - 0.0199x 2
r 2 = 0.9851; n = 33
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Organic matter (g kg-1)
ISN
T-N
(m
g k
g-1)
NONRESPONSIVE
RESPONSIVE
Critical Values
y = 126.36 + 4.0944x - 0.0199x 2
r 2 = 0.9851; n = 33
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Organic matter (g kg-1)
ISN
T-N
(m
g k
g-1)
NONRESPONSIVE
RESPONSIVE
Critical Values
Loss-on-ignition (g kg-1)
Phase 2: Initial Field Calibration
Four Project Phases
1. Laboratory procedure
2. Initial field calibration– 0-8 or 0-12 inch samples?
– Timing of sampling?
3. ISNT and manure N credits
4. ISNT use for corn in rotation
Phase 3: ISNT and Manure
250
300
350
400
450
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Days
ISN
T . Manure
No manure
0
10
20
30
40
50
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Days
NH 4
-N
.
Manure
No manure
0
50
100
150
200
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Days
NO 3
-N
.
Manure
No manure
***
***
***
****** ***
***
***
*********
***
***
*
*
*
**
NS
NSNSNS
Mic
helle
Wan
g, 2
005
Klapwyk et al. (2006)
Nitrate
Ammonium
ISNT
Phase 3: ISNT and Manure N Credits
ISNT:ISNT:• Part of the soil N poolPart of the soil N pool• Increases with manure and compost additionIncreases with manure and compost addition
• Reflects NHReflects NH44++ peaks after manure application peaks after manure application
So, for assessment of soil N supply potential:So, for assessment of soil N supply potential:• Don’t sample within 5 weeks after manure Don’t sample within 5 weeks after manure
applicationapplication
Four Project Phases
1. Laboratory procedure
2. Initial field calibration– 0-8 or 0-12 inch samples?
– Timing of sampling?
3. ISNT and manure N credits
4. ISNT use for corn in rotation
NYS Corn N Trials (2005 - 2007)
1st yr corn2nd yr corn3rd (+) yr cornAfter soybeans
On-Farm TrialsResearch Station TrialsSod Plow Down Study
Trials made possible through
collaboration with
Cornell Cooperative Extension
1st Year: 162nd Year: 123rd Year: 24th Year: 1After Soybeans: 3Total: 34
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
1st yr corn after sod
• Small starter N• Forget about
sidedress N.• Grass or alfalfa
does not matter.• Late fall versus
spring does not matter.
• Stand needs to be sod, not weeds…
Yield MilkTons/acre at
35% DMlbs per ton
0 21.7 a 3193 a
50 22.2 a 3234 a
100 22.4 a 3214 a
150 22.4 a 3211 a
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
Lawrence et al. (2008)
N sidedress 2005 2006 2007lbs/acre tons/acre tons/acre tons/acre
0 22.3 a 30.0 a 19.0 a
50 22.5 a 31.3 a 19.7 a
100 22.9 a 29.7 a 20.5 a
150 22.3 a 29.8 a 19.9 a
Average 22.5 30.0 19.8
2nd+ yr corn or corn after soybean?
Responsive: 8 sites, Nonresponsive: 10 sites
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOI (%)
ISN
T (
pp
m)
Correct Incorrect
Overall Accuracy: 83% (15 of 18).
Mean Min Max
ISNT (mg kg-1) 388 294 537LOI (g kg-1) 56 41 75
High Variability
Site A
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOI (%)
ISN
T (
pp
m)
Correct Incorrect
Overall Accuracy: 83% (15 of 18).
Site B
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
Hail storm 2 hours after sidedressing
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOI (%)
ISN
T (
pp
m)
Correct Incorrect
Site C100
105
110115
120
125
130135
140
145
0 30 60 90 120 150
Sidedress N rate (lbs N/acre)
Gra
in Y
ield
(to
ns/a
cre,
35%
DM
)
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
Overall Accuracy: 83% (15 of 18).
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LOI OM (g kg-1)
ISN
T (
mg
kg-1
)nonresponsive
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LOI (g kg-1)
ISN
T (
mg
kg-1
)
nonresponsive
responsive after corn
responsive after soybeansnonresponsive after soybeans
A
B
First year corn:Correct: 10 sitesIncorrect: 6 sites63% accuracy
2nd+ year corn:Correct: 15 sitesIncorrect: 3 sites83% accuracy
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
ISNT (ppm) First year
ISN
T (
pp
m)
Se
co
nd
ye
ar
Measures soil organic N mineralization potential?
Samples taken at PSNT time…
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
ISNT in year 1 versus year 2…
Phase 4: ISNT for Corn in Rotation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1 2 4 6 8
Time (weeks)
ppm
ISNT KCl Nitrate KCl Ammonium
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1 2 4 6 8
Time (weeks)
ppm
• Un-amended soil had constant ISNT.
• ISNT follows ammonium release for both roots and shoots.
• Nitrification gives flush of nitrate 4-6 weeks after alfalfa incorporation.
• ISNT does not reflect nitrate N.
A
B
NO3-N
NH4-N
ISNT
Miriam Goler, 2007
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LOI OM (g kg-1)
ISN
T (
mg
kg-1
)nonresponsive
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LOI (g kg-1)
ISN
T (
mg
kg-1
)
nonresponsive
responsive after corn
responsive after soybeansnonresponsive after soybeans
A
B
First year corn:Correct: 10 sitesIncorrect: 6 sites63% accuracy
2nd+ year corn:Correct: 15 sitesIncorrect: 3 sites83% accuracy
Sod N credits need to be added!!
Conclusions for ISNT
• ISNT is an accurate tool for predicting corn responsiveness (yes or no) to sidedress N in NY for 2nd+ year corn
• Fits well with 3-year sampling protocol for general fertility
However:
• ISNT can capture ammonium release 1 – 5 wk after manure application or sod plowdown
And:
• 1st yr corn does not need N so no need to sample for ISNT
Therefore:
• Avoid sampling within about 5 weeks after manure application, sod/cover crop plowdown or chemical kill
• Add manure N and cover crop N credits
Main research questions:Main research questions:
Can this test separate responsiveCan this test separate responsivefrom non-responsive sites in New York?from non-responsive sites in New York?
Can we use regular 8 inch Can we use regular 8 inch cores instead of 12 inch cores?cores instead of 12 inch cores?
Can we sample before planting Can we sample before planting or after harvest?or after harvest?
Can we determine N rates?Can we determine N rates?
No Yes[ ? ] [ x ]
[ ? ] [ x ]
[ ? ] [ x ]
[ x ] [ ? ]
Illinois Soil Nitrogen TestIllinois Soil Nitrogen Test
Cornell Nutrient Management Spear Program – qmk2@cornell.eduCornell Nutrient Management Spear Program – qmk2@cornell.edu
Fine-Tuning Corn Nitrogen ManagementFine-Tuning Corn Nitrogen Management
Questions?