We can learn many things from nature…

BATS - ECHOLOCATION

Bats are nocturnal animals

But they have very poor eyesight

They detect their prey/obstacles by echolocation

RADAR

TECHNOLOGY

Presented by

Mrs. Premavani Rajendra

Lecturer, Dept of Electronics,

Govt. Science College, Tumkur

What is a RADAR ? RADAR :RAdio Detection And

Ranging It is an electromagnetic

system for the detection and location of reflecting objects, such as aircraft, ships, spacecrafts, vehicles, people and the natural environment.

Invention of RADAR In 1887, a physicist named Heinrich Hertzbegan experimenting with radio waves in his laboratoryin Germany

Sir Robert Alexander

Watson-Watt (1892-1973):

Scottish physicist who developed the radar locating of aircraft in England.

Principle of Operation

A transmitter radiates electromagnetic signal into space by an antenna.

A portion of the transmitted

energy is intercepted by the target and re-radiated into many directions.

The re-radiation directed back towards the Radar is collected by the Radar Antenna which delivers it to a receiver.

There it is processed to detect the presence of the target and determine its location

RADAR Operation … EM waves are transmitted at the

target and echo waves are monitored.

Block Diagram of RADAR

Courtesy: Introduction to Radar – Merill Skolnik 3rd Edn

Radar Mixer

Radar Magnetron

Radar Antenna

Radar Amplifier

Primitive RADARS

This was the first surveillance radar system designed to detect objects in space by Federation of American Scientists (FAS)

Decca 41 – First Weather detecting Radar of Hong Kong Observatory in 1959

First Defense RADAR RADAR Monitoring Screen

TYPES OF RADARSurveillance Radar includes target detection, target recognition, target tracking and designation to a weapon system

Weapon –Control Radars track targets, direct the weapon to an intercept and asses the effectiveness of the battle damage assessment.

A Missile System Radar might employ Radar methods for guidance and fusing of the weapon

High resolution Imaging Radars, such as synthetic aperture Radar have been used for reconnaissance purposes and for detecting fixed and moving targets on the battle field.

Airborne Radars are mounted on the aero planes that allow the pilot to avoid hazardous weather conditions.

APPLICATIONS OF RADAR

Military: In air defense it performs the functions of surveillance and weapon control.

Remote Sensing: All Radars are remote sensors. They are used for weather observation, planetary observation, short range below-ground probing and mapping of sea ice to route shipping.

Air Traffic Control: They safely control the air traffic in the vicinity of airports as well as ground aircraft traffic.

Law Enforcement & Highway safety: The Radar speed meter is used by police for enforcing speed limits.

Space: Space vehicles use Radar for rendezvous and docking and landing on moon. They are employed for planetary exploration.

Entomologists & Ornithologists have applied Radar for the study of movements of insects and birds which cannot be easily achieved by other means.