Post on 17-Jan-2016
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Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
THECONTEMPORARY
OPERATINGENVIRONMENT
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
During the initial phase of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), US forces and our coalition partners were faced with a committed, experienced, and more sophisticated enemy. The following class is a glimpse into the lessons learned while fighting the Taliban and al-Qaida in the rugged terrain of Afghanistan….
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Terminal LearningObjective (TLO)
Action: Familiarize the recon and surveillance leader with the “Contemporary Operating Environment” (COE) and Anti-Coalition Militia (ACM) tactics, techniques, and procedures.
Condition: Given an intel handbook, group discussion, and slide presentation.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Safety Requirements: General safety
Risk Assessment: Low
Environmental Considerations: If you brought in, take it with you!!
Evaluation: Students will be evaluated during a written exam and during the graded FTX.
General Admin
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
It’s the end of the world as we know it - and I feel fine. (R.E.M.)
The EnvironmentToday and Tomorrow
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
THE CHANGING THREAT
The Cold War
Globalization
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Order of Battle
• Full Spectrum Operations• Social Fabric Issues• Implications for Training• Rules of Engagement?
Mugs
Thugs
CHANGE IN THREAT
Wackos
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Russia
RegionalStability
Balkans
Iran NorthKorea
Drugs
Terrorism
FragileDemocracies
InternalStability
China
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
ACM TTPs
• Maneuver
• Fire Support
• Air Defense
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Enabling LearningObjective A (ELO A)
Action: Identify the characteristics of ACM maneuver tactics, techniques, and procedures.
Condition: Given an intel handbook, group discussion, and slide presentation.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Maneuver
• Weapons• Ambush / urban ambush• Sniper ops• Raids• Individual / small team
tactics
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
PK – General Purpose Machine GunAKM - Automatic Kalashnikov
AK-47 - Automatic KalashnikovRPK – Light Machine Gun
ACM Small Arms
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless Rifles• ACM tactics for recoilless rifles are similar to that of RPGs• Caches of large amounts of B10 rocket ammunition used in the recoilless rifles are
placed near potential firing positions• The following systems are used by ACM
- 90-mm recoilless rifle
- B-10 82-mm recoilless rifle
- SPG-9 73-mm recoilless rifle
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless Rifles90-mm
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless Rifles90-mm
• Not much information available regarding ACM tactics for using the 90-mm recoilless rifle
• Characteristics
- 36 lbs
- 450m max. effective range
- 2100m max range
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless RiflesB-10 82-mm
Vehicle Mounted Tripod Mounted
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless RiflesB-10 82-mm
• The “favorite weapon” of the Taliban in Afghanistan, however, rarely used against US and coalition forces
• Characteristics
- 109 lbs
- 450m max. effective range for high explosive antitank rounds (self destruct round)
- 4500m max. effective range for high explosive rounds (self destruct round)
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless RiflesSPG-9 73-mm
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Recoilless RiflesSPG-9 73-mm
• Not much information available regarding ACM tactics for using the SPG-9 73-mm recoilless rifle
• Characteristics
- 99 lb firing tube, 35 lb trailer, 27 lb tripod
- tube can be shoulder fired
- 800m max. effective range
- 4500m max. (self destruction of the round) effective range
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
RPG-7 – Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher
Rocket-Propelled Grenades
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Rocket-Propelled Grenades• Designed to be used in an anti-armor roll, ACM use RPGs in various roles
- ambushes
- rotary wing aircraft
- limited fixed wing aircraft• RPGs display a back-blast and flash signature at launch
- rocket motor ignites approx. 20 meters after launch
- distinct puff of smoke appears as motor ignites
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
ACM RPG TTPs
• ACM usually deploy 2-man teams (1 gunner, 1 loader)• Gunners will sometimes wet the ground behind the firing position in an attempt to reduce backblast• Coalition flight plans are tracked as a basis for planning ACM attacks• Firing from high-ground, rooftops, and high-level windows are preferred techniques for firing RPGs• Some gunners use the RPGs 900m max range self-destruct feature to engage aircraft in flight or
unprotected ground troops
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
RPG Countermeasures
Two categories:
- Physical countermeasures
- Tactical countermeasures
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
RPG Countermeasures
Physical countermeasures:
- chain link fences
- berms
- sandbagging camps and individual positions
- reinforced bunkers
- natural obstacles (trees and shrubs can provide some degree of physical protection, but also reduce fields of fire)
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
RPG Countermeasures
Tactical countermeasures:
- suppressive fires on known or suspected firing positions
- speed of movement **
- varying speed of movement **
** avoids setting identifiable patterns of movement
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Ambush
Conducted for harassment or resupply
- generally small scale and brief
- followed by rapid withdrawl
- when conducted for spoils, requires more personnel
- destroyed or abandoned vehicles are looted
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Ambush
Consists of 2-15 personnel, up to 100-150 personnel
- observers, sometimes unarmed (children are sometimes used)
- firing element, “the ambush’s firepower”
- alert element, positioned along possible withdrawal routes
- reserve element, reinforces firing element or covers ambush element withdrawal
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Urban Ambush• Provide ACM forces excellent opportunities to conduct both combat and non-combat activities• Population conceals planning and execution• Homes, businesses, religious, and government facilities may be used as covers• Most preferred technique - car bombing
- Detonation of 2 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) several minutes apart
- initial blast elicits emergency response
- second blast (larger) inflicts massive collateral damage
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader CourseAlong w/vehicular mounting, IED’s placed in soda cans, plastic bags, dead animals, along railroad tracks, dropped from an overpass and floating in on a barge.
D Cell Batteries
Car Alarm
Electric Blasting Cap
Explosive Charge
Firing Wire
D cell Batteries
Car Alarm
IEDs Found in Baghdad
Car Alarm w/ Batteries
Explosive Charge(s)Blasting Cap
Firing Wire
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
AmbushLessons Learned
• Advance recon of routes
- drive through is not enough
- R&S elements must secure entry and exit locations IVO suspected ambush sites
- all high ground must be cleared• Helicopter support is crucial
- narrow time gap between recon flight and point element of patrol/convoy
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
AmbushLessons Learned
• Continual use of same ambush sites
- Soviets paid the price
- ensure all resources are used when planning patrol routes (ie. historical
databases, obstacle overlays, etc.) • Avoid predictable and set patterns of movement
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Sniper Operations
• US and coalition experience with ACM snipers has been minimal
• Little evidence of well trained snipers• Most sniper activity includes high volume of fires
that are poorly aimed• al-Qaida pose the biggest sniper threat
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Sniper TTPs
• Boulders, shadows, cloaks, and blankets are typically used for concealment
• Underground water canals increase maneuverability• Integrated into ambushes on opposite side of the initial fire assault• Used in coordination with other attacks• Nighttime operations are generally employed for psychological effect
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Sniper TTPs
• High powered weapons w/ telescopic sights are used to target rotary wing aircraft
• Bounties are offered for the killing or capture of coalition personnel
• Russian SVD is usually the weapon of choice, however AK-47/74s are sometimes used
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Dragonov SVD – Sniper Rifle
Sniper Operations
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Raids
• Usually conducted at night• Targets are usually looted for resupply• Intense surveillance conducted prior to moving on a target• Targets usually include non-government facilities due to poor security• Several probing attacks might precede the actual raid• Might be supported by indirect fire
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Raids
Composition of an ACM raid
- Commander w/ body guards
- 3-4 scout observers
- 2-3 combat groups (6-8 men each)
- 1-2 mortar crew
- 1-2 DShK (or similar) machine gun team
- mine laying group (4-5 men)
- MANPAD SAMs and ZU-23s for air defense
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Individual andSmall Team Tactics
• Individuals and small teams usually attempt to infiltrate the area near an installation
• Most attacks include firing from a distance with a rapid withdrawal from the area
• Target damage assessment is accomplished by a follow-on element• Once response patterns have been identified, follow-on attacks using
improvise explosive devices (IEDs) or ambushes occur
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
QUESTIONS???QUESTIONS???
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
10 Minute Break10 Minute Break
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Enabling LearningObjective B (ELO B)
Action: Identify the characteristics of ACM fire support tactics, techniques, and procedures.
Condition: Given an intel handbook, group discussion, and slide presentation.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Fire Support
• Mortars
• Rockets
• Artillery
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Mortars
• Principle ACM first response when coalition forces make contact with prepared defense
• Firing positions usually abandoned when coalition close air support approaches (systems left behind)
• ACM use higher elevation to increase field of observation• 60mm - found in caches but rarely used• 82mm - primary indirect-fire weapon used by ACM• 120mm - used but not preferred
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
82mm Mortar
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
82mm Mortar
Two firing methods
1. Indirect - ACM fighters fire from the reverse slope utilizing a forward observer
2. Direct observation - referred to as “disturbance firing”, the system is within line of sight of the target
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
82mm Mortar(cont.)
• ACM forces displace the system, carrying only the tube and bipod
• Base plates are sometimes cemented in place for future fire missions
• Systems are also abandoned while crews conduct resupply operations
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
82mm Mortar
The 82mm mortar is used for the following purposes:
- Covering for withdrawal
- Defending in fortified positions
- Supporting the attack
- Harassing fires
- Illumination rounds
- Pre-plotted targets
- Raids
- Ambushes
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Rockets
ACM have no organized units, but they use 107-mm and 122mm rockets. Key points are as follows:
- Firing positions placed on high ground
- Crude, expedient launching methods
- Harassment fire is considered both valuable and accurate
- Cities and military bases are prime targets
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
107mm Rocket
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
107-mm Rocket
Characteristics:
- truck mounted, towed, portable variations
- transported by vehicle, man-pack, or animal
- max effective range of 8400m
- small area of level ground needed for firing
- 107mm rocket ammunition is easily obtained
- all rounds are high-explosive
- simple mortar sights used for target acquisition
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
107-mm Rocket
Characteristics (cont.):
- fired from reverse slope when possible
- can be fired from transport vehicle
- launchers typically fire 12 rounds, however, single tube variations are available
- ACM use improvised launchers (rock piles and crossed sticks)(makes time-delay firing possible)
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
122mm Rocket
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
122-mm Rocket
Two versions:
1. Long rocket - fired by the BM-21 truck-mounted launcher with four rows of 10 launch tubes with a range of approx. 20,380m
2. Short rocket - fired by smaller, more portable systems
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
122-mm Rocket
Man-portable versions:
- fire a short-range rocket (14,000m)
- variations include single, double, and 12-tube
- ideal for use in unconventional warfare where fire direction is simple
- 3-4 men used to transport launchers
- can be used in more restrictive firing positions
- expedient aiming methods
- range increases at higher altitude, but loses accuracy
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Artillery
• ACM forces employ their artillery unconventionally• Target acquisition is done visually, without the use of computers• 122-mm D-30 Howitzer (M-1963)
- ACM primary artillery fire weapon
- towed, close support gun
- conventional range of 15,300 meters, direct fire range of 1000m
- placed under trees, in heavy brush, or in cave entrances to avoid detection
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Enabling LearningObjective C (ELO C)
Action: Identify the characteristics of ACM air defense tactics, techniques, and procedures.
Condition: Given an intel handbook, group discussion, and slide presentation.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Air Defense
• Man-Portable (MANPADS)
• AAA / Machine Guns
• Snipers
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
MANPADS
• Gunners work in pairs or small groups• One missile fired, if target is missed, second missile is fired
from separate position• ACM gunners try to use the high ground (provides more time
for gunners to acquire targets)• Common method of attack is to fire during take off and
landings
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Antiaircraft Artillery /Machine Guns
Three types of systems used:
1. DShK 12.7mm machine gun
2. ZGU 14.5mm machine gun
3. ZU 23-2 23mm machine gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
DShK 12.7mmMachine Gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
DShK 12.7mmMachine Gun
• Primary choice of ACM forces• Characteristics:
- requires a crew of 2-4 when ground mounted
- requires 1 person when vehicle mounted
- 1000m tactical aircraft range
- 4200m max vertical range
- 7800m max distance range in ground support
- vehicle mounted or man-pack/animal-pack
- used in both AA and anti-personnel roles
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
ZGU 14.5mmMachine Gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Characteristics:
- requires a crew of 10 when man-packed
- requires a crew of 2 when firing
- 1400m tactical AA range against fast movers
- 3700m max vertical range
- 5900m max distance range in ground support
- towed or vehicle mounted
ZGU 14.5mmMachine Gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
ZU 23-2 23mmMachine Gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Characteristics:
- requires a 5 man crew
- 2500m tactical AA range against fast movers
- 5100m max vertical range
- 7000m max distance range in ground support
- towed or vehicle mounted
ZU 23-2 23mmMachine Gun
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
Snipers
• When situated on mountainsides, will target rotary wing aircraft flying through mountain passes
• Snipers typically target the crew in attempt to bring the aircraft down
• Aircraft are also targeted during take off and landings• Most high-powered rifles and machine guns can be used in an
AA sniper role
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course
QUESTIONS???QUESTIONS???