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8/6/2019 Recovery of clear-water, macrophyte-dominated lakes: concepts and case studies
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9 J anuary 2004
recovery of clear-water,macrophyte-dominated lakes:concepts and case studies
Hugo Coops
RIZA Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste WaterTreatment, The Netherlands
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Delta of large rivers Rhine andMeuse
Hundreds of shallow lakes
Many lakes are man-made
Most lakes are strongly regulated
The Netherlands
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Man-made lakes
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Conservation: lakeNaardermeer
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Algal blooms
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P-reduction in the RiverRhine
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The foodweb of shallowlakes
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Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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9 January 2010
Limitation of phytoplanktongrowth
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9 January 2011
Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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9 January 2012
Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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9 January 2013
Impact of Bream ontransparency
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9 January 2014
Bream stocking experiment
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9 January 2015
Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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9 January 2016
Freshwater mussels
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9 January 2017
Algae
Suspendedsediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
AllelopathiccompoundsWaves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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Aquatic vegetation
Mechanisms
- Prevention of resuspension- Competition for nutrients
- Refugium for zooplankton
- Allelopathic substances
- Effects on fish community
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0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt
Concentrationcarb
on(mM
HCO3
CharaHCO3
outside
CO2CharaCO2
Macrophytes reduce C-availability
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Shifts between clear andturbid
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Alternative stable states
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Biomanipulation
Fish removal
Daphnia escapes predation
Spring clear water phase
planktivores benthivores
Reduced resuspension
Macrophyte proliferation
Nutrientfixation
Piscivorehabitat
Suppressionof algae
Reducedresuspension
Stable clear water
Clear water
Zooplanktonrefuge
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Biomanipulation cases:lake Zwemlust (1987)
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The three steps ofbiomanipulation
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Success of biomanipulationcases
Success = improved Secchi depth
18 cases in the Netherlands:- 16 (partially) successful
- 2 failures- 10 cases still clear after 5-10 year period
Lack of success:1. insufficient fish removal2. peaty sediment
3. high wind resuspension4. poor development of piscivores5. high nutrient concentrations6. presence of invertebrate predators
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Controlling fish stock iscrucial
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Biomanipulation cases:Lake Wolderwijd (1990)
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Wolderwijd: Fish stock
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Wolderwijd: watertransparency
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Role of the littoral zone
Algae
Suspended
sediment
NutrientsWater depth
Vegetation
Allelopathiccompounds
Waves
ZooplanktonFishes
Mussels
Turbidity
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Zooplankton migration
Horizontal migration of zooplanktonin Veluwemeer
At nighttime into the open lake (A)
At daytime inside vegetation (E)
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Pike depends on inundatedemergent vegetation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
% vegetated area
kg northern
pike / ha
34
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Water-level fluctuations
35
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Flooding-drawdown cycle
36W t l l i t
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9 January 2036Water-level experiment,
lake Volkerakmeer (1996-2001)
37
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Management of trophic state
turbidity
algae
P-lake
P-inflow
Nutrient management
(emergent)vegetation
(submerged)vegetation
filter-feeders
(mussels)
filter-feeders
(zooplankton)
resuspendedsediments
Water-level
ana
gement
Fisheriesm
anag
emen
tresuspendedsediments
38
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Veluwemeer: a lakerestoration case
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Veluwemeer rehabilitationprogram
Large efforts to reduce nutrientinflow since 1979
Recovery of the clear,
macrophyte-dominated state Stability of the macrophyte
dominated state
Biodiversity associated with the
macrophyte-dominated state Effects of macrophytes on
recreation
40
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Cyanobacteria, Charophytes,Bream and Zebra mussels
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
%fil
cyanobacteria
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
bream
(kg/ha)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
charophytec
overage(-)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0
200
400
600
zebramusse
ls(n/m2)
41
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Charophyte expansion (1)
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Charophyte expansion (2)
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Chara Potamogetonperfoliatus
Potamogetonpectinatus
pondweedscharophytes
Submerged macrophytes
44O f h t
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9 January 2044Occurrence of macrophytes
is limited by light and waterdepth
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.01-14 %
15-100 %
Turbidity (1/m)
Chara spp.
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.01-14 %
15-100 %
P. pectinatus
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
100 200 300 4001.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
1-14 %
15-100 %
P. perfoliatus
turbidity(1/m)
depth (m)
Potamogeton pectinatus Chara species Potamogeton perfoliatus
45
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
19691972197519781981198419871990199319961999
hainternalcover
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
doorzicht(dm) kranswier
Doorgroeid Fonteinkruid
Schedefonteinkruid
doorzicht
Charophytes
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Potamogeton pectinatus
transparency
Macrophytes andtransparency
46
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Clear water
Nutrients
Algae
Zooplankton
Zooplanktivorous
fish
Predatory fish
Benthivorous fish
Resuspension
Waves
Sedimentation
Water plants
-
-
-
-
-
--
--
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
47
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Stability of themacrophyte-dominated state
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0%bedekking
>75%
bedekking
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
3.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
depth / transparency (-)
3.0
0 % 0-1 % 1-5 % 5-15%
15-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%
0%Chara-cover
> 75%Chara-cover
49
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mac
rophyt
es
Plake
chlorophyll-a
transparency
externalP-loading
(depth/ transparency)
enhanced
retention
grazer refuge,allelopathy a.o.
reduced
resuspension
Empirical model
50
Gesimuleerde tijdseries van de Chara
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low
intermediate
high
Gesimuleerde tijdseries van de Charabedekking bij drie niveaus P-belasting
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
cha
rophytecovera
ge(-)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
time
Simulations of Chara-cover at three levels of P-loading
51
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clear alternative states turbid
Kans op de troebele of heldere toestand inrelatie tot P-belasting
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
P-loading factor (-)
P(turbi
d)(-)
P(clear) P(turbid)
Probability of clear and turbid water
52
h d l di
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macrophytes
nutrient loading
redrawn from:Scheffer (1998)
Chara bedekking in relatie tot nutrientenbelasting
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
P-loading factor (-)
charo
phyte
coverage
(-)
clear water state turbid state
Chara-cover and P-loading
53
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Gecombineerd effect van nutrientenbelasting en
peilbeheer
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
P-loading factor (-)
changeinwa
terlevel(m)
turbid water
alternative
clear waterstable
states
Combined effect of nutrient loading and water level
54
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Biodiversity of themacrophyte-dominated state
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Water birds in Veluwemeer
PiscivoresGreat crested grebe, Cormorant, Smew*,Goosander
Benthivores
Tufted duck*, Pochard*, Coot* (winter),Goldeneye
HerbivoresMute swan*, Bewicks swan*, Coot* (autumn),Pintail*, Red-crested pochard, Gadwall*, Teal,
Wigeon
* exceeding 1% of W-palearctic population(Ramsar criterium)
56
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997
Mosseleters
Planteneters
Viseters
Molluscivores
Herbivores
Piscivores
Food guilds of water birds
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9 January 20Piscivorous birds
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
%b
iomassa
Brasem >24cmBrasem 15-24cm
Brasem 24 cm
Bream 15-24 cm
Bream
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
AalscholverFuut
Nonnetje
Grote Zaagbek
doorzicht
CormorantGreat crested grebeSmewGoosander
transparency
Piscivores and transparency
9 J 2060Benthivorous water birds
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f
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Brilduiker
Kuifeend
Tafeleend
mosselen
GoldeneyeTufted duckPochardmussels
Benthivores and freshwatermussels
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9 January 20Herbivores and Chara
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R t ti Ch
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Chara oppervlak
Graasdruk
Chara area (ha)Grazing pressure (kg bird)
Reconstruction Chara-covered area
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999
Pijlstaart
Kleine Zwaan
Krooneend
Meerkoet
Knobbelzwaan
Pintail
Bewicks swan
Red-cr. Pochard
Coot
Mute swan
Grazing pressure
9 January 2066
F i d th i l ti t
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
waterdepth (cm rel. to winter level)
%o
fmaximum
nu
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Charabiom
Kranswier
Wintertaling
Pijlstaart
Knobbelzwaan
Chara
Teal
Pintail
Mute swan
Foraging depth in relation toChara-distribution
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9 January 20Water-level fluctuations
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1-sep-99 6-okt-99 10-nov-99 16-dec-99 19-jan-00 23-feb-00 26-apr-00
nr.ofMallards
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
waterlevel(cma.s.l.)
Mallard duck and water level
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Effects of macrophytes on recreation
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0
25
50
75
100
25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
425
475
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
P. perfoliatus
Chara
Nuisance vegetation
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Macrophyte cutting
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9 January 20Macrophyte cuttingexperiment
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9 January 20Thanks
Rob Portielje
Marcel van den Berg
Ruurd Noordhuis
Regional Directorate the IJ sselmeer Region
Regional Directorate Zeeland
Dutch Lake Restoration Platform