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5/20/2010
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REGENERATION DYNAMICS OF
FOREST TREES IN PERMANENT FIELD
LABORATORY AREAS AT MT.
MAKILING FOREST RESERVE
by
A.C. Luna, N.M. Pampolina & B.A. Punzalan
PFLAs in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve
Established as venues for gathering data in order that the dynamics of forest ecosystem may be better understood
Gathered data from PFLAs will help the College become more effective in forest and natural resources instruction, research and management
PFLAs is a realization of the long-term objective of the College to use MFR as a training laboratory for graduates of forest and natural resources management
As envisioned, appropriate laboratory exercises will be conducted in these PFLAs
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Mt Makiling
Forest ReserveLuzon Island
4,244 hectares
Established 1910
Average annual rainfall of 239.7 cm
Temperature is 25.5oC to 27.5oC
Climate is tropical monsoon, two pronounced seasons, wet from May to December and dry from January to April.
Soil is clay loam, derived from basalt and andesite
• located 14°08 N, 121° 11 E
• 65 km southeast of M.M.
• highest peak at 1090 m asl
Mt. Makiling Forest
Reserve
Molawin
Saran
DampalitPansol
Tigbi
Puting
Lupa
Sipit
Maitim
Cambantoc
PangawKabaong
Salusan
PFLA 1
PFLA 2
PFLA 3
MCME
CFNR Admin.
Location of Permanent Field Laboratory Area (PFLA) in MFR
CFNR Campus
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Objectives of the project
General Objective:
Monitor the forest dynamics of PFLA in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, including the demographic characterization of major component tree species.
Specific Objectives:
Characterize the structure, composition, and mechanisms that explain the species diversity in PFLA.
Analyze regeneration traits of major component tree species by studying survival of wildlings and sapling.
Evaluate micro-environmental factors that affects regeneration and successional patterns in PFLA; and
Recommends ecological and silvicultural approaches for sustainable management of PFLA.
Materials and Methods
Site selection and identification of main component trees
Criteria: maturity of the stand, topography, elevation, and accessibility
Main component trees are those of which importance values (IV) belongs to top ten highest values
Species were already matured and produced regenerations in the area
Described in term of species, height, diameter at breast height (DBH), plant diversity, and phenology (eg. flowering and fruiting)
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Establishments of sampling plots and regeneration plots
A permanent plot of three 1-ha was surveyed and gridded
For the investigation on seedling demography, 12 regeneration quadrats (2m x 3m) were established, seedlings were identified and measured for height and root collar diameter
Succession of regenerants on the forest floor was monitored, including their growth and survival
Comparative description of the PFLAs in MFR
PLFA Size of
Initial
Plot
Watersh
ed Area
Toporaphy Elevation
(m asl)
Vegetation Accessibility
1 1 ha. Molawin Steep slope 160 natural
secondary
forest
5 minute walk from CFNR
Forest Science Building
2 1 ha. Maitim Moderate to
steep
260-265 natural
secondary
forest
15 to 20 minute walk from
PFLA No.1
3 1 ha. Maitim rolling
topography
270 core area is
a 70-year old
mahogany
plantation
100 m away from PFLA No. 2
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PFLA 1
PFLA 2PFLA 3
MFR
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Litterfall collection and production
Litter was collected at interval of one month from August 2006 to July 2007 using 0.5 m2 traps
Sampled litters were sorted separately into leaf and non-leaf part and then placed in properly labeled paper bags and oven-dried for 48 hours at 700C
Total litter was obtained by adding their weights and expressed in g m2
Litter decomposition
The litter bag technique was used
to monitor the rate of leaf litter
decomposition, using a 20 x 20 cm
litter bag with mesh of 1.5 mm
Approximately 15 grams of leaf
litter were placed in every bag
The rate of decomposition was
expressed as percent loss in initial
weight over oven-dry weight
Monthly change in weight was
monitored and determined
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Monitoring of microclimate
Environmental factors like, light intensity, relative humidity, and air temperature were quarterly measured and recorded.
The amount of light intensity in lux was determined using a light meter.
The digital thermohygrometer was used to measure the relative humidity and air temperature.
These environmental factors will be correlated with the possible influence on seedling growth, survival of the regenerations, and volume of litterfall.
Results and Discussion
Basic structure and composition
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8796
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PFLA 1 PFLA 2 PFLA 3
PFLA
Nu
mb
er Family
Genera
Species
PFLA site- dominated by Celtidaceae, Meliaceae and Tiliaceae
Tallest trees recorded is narra (49.8m) and biggest dbh in kanapai (171 cm)
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Population structure dynamics of main component trees in PFLA 1
SpeciesMean
DBH
Density
(ha-1)
BA
(m2 ha-1)
RD
(%)
Rdom
(%)
RF
(%)
IV
(%)
Celtis luzonica 9.7 108 0.79 11.0 3.2 11.0 25.2
Swietenia macrophylla 11.2 103 1.02 10.5 4.1 10.5 25.1
Parashorea malanonan 33.9 24 2.16 2.4 8.7 2.4 13.6
Triplaris cumingianus 5.5 71 0.17 7.2 .7 7.2 15.1
Pometia pinnata 20.3 33 1.07 3.4 4.3 3.4 11.0
Pterocarpus indicus 28.4 23 1.46 2.3 5.9 2.3 10.6
Strombosia philippense 11.0 37 0.35 3.8 1.4 3.8 9.0
Diplodiscus paniculatus 19.4 27 0.79 2.7 3.2 2.7 8.7
Pouteria duclitan 16.2 28 0.57 2.9 2.3 2.9 8.0
Knema glomerata 11.0 32 0.30 3.3 1.2 3.3 7.7
Stand density (ha-1) 984
Total basal area (m2 ha-1) 24.9
IV provide an overall estimate of the influence or importance of tree species in a community
Summary of survival rate by species of regenerants in PFLA 2
Species
# of
seedlings
8/1/2006
# of
seedlings
12/1/2006
Survival
rate (%)
Celtis luzonica 33 31 93.94
Strombosia philippinensis 27 24 88.89
Diplodiscus paniculatus 5 5 100.00
Swietenia macrophylla 2 2 100.00
Papulathia lanceolata 2 1 50.00
Aglaia iloilo 1 1 100.00
Nephelium mutabile 1 1 100.00
Palaquium philippense 1 1 100.00
Aglaia diffusa 1 1 100.00
Drypetes maquilingesis 1 1 100.00
Total 82 85 92.39
Mortality of old regenerations was compensated by the number of new
regenerations although not of the same species.
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Summary of survival rate by species of regenerants in PFLA 3
Species
# of
seedlings
8/1/2006
# of
seedlings
12/1/2006
Survival
rate (%)
Swietenia macrophylla 240 162 67.50
Strombosia philippinensis 33 30 90.91
Artocarpus ovata 5 5 100.00
Diospyros pilosanthera 3 3 100.00
Streblus asper 2 2 100.00
Garcinia biunucao 2 2 100.00
Parashorea malaanonan 2 2 100.00
Ficus nota 1 1 100.00
Aglaia diffusa 1 1 100.00
Neotrewia cumingii 1 1 100.00
Artocarpus blancoi 1 1 100.00
Spathodea campanulata 1 1 100.00
Total 293 212 72.35
Mahogany seedling were present in all PFLA sites because nearest potential mother trees
were located in all plots. Mahogany seeds are wind dispersed thus they can travel several
meters before reaching the ground for germination
0-50 50-100 1-300 above 300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Distribution of seedling height of PFLA sites in Mt. Makiling.
PFLA1
PFLA2
PFLA3
Height (cm)
Nu
mb
er
Most of seedling height were distributed from 0-50cm. Showed
typical reverse-J-shape
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1-10mm 10-20mm 20-30mm above 30mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Distibution of seedling root collar diameter of PFLA sites in Mt. Makiling.
PFLA1
PFLA2
PFLA3
Diameter (mm)
Num
ber
Seedling root collar diameters concentrated on 1-10 mm. Pattern
showed typical reverse-J-shape.
Litterfall production in the PFLA sites
(Values in italics represent percentages of each litter components)
SiteLeaf
(g m2 yr-1)
Non-Leaf
(g m2 yr-1)
Total
(g m2 yr-1)
PFLA 1 992 (75.95) 314 (24.04) 1306
PFLA 2 1254 (80.49) 304 (19.51) 1558
PFLA 3 981 (75.57) 317 (24.42) 1298
Leaf litter constituted 76%-80%, while non-leaf ranged from 19-24% of the total
litterfall.
Non-leaf part was higher PFLA 3 maybe because of bigger biomass prod’n of
mahogany plantation.
In contrast of Cuevas and Sajise that mature trees produced 3 x more than the
young trees.
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August, 2006
September
October
November
December
January, 2007
February
March
April
May
June
July
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PFLA 1
PFLA 2
PFLA 3
Month
Lit
terf
all (
g/m
2/y
r)
Seasonal variation in leaf litterfall in the PFLA sites in Mt. Makiling.Two peaks of litterfall, dry season (Jan-April) and start rainy season (September),
much higher in dry season.
Highest in Feb/March for PFLA 3 because trees shed their leaves and maybe due
to water stress and maturity of leaves.
August, 2006
September
October
November
December
January, 2007
February
March
April
May
June
July
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PFLA 1
PFLA 2
PFLA 3
Month
Lit
terf
all
(g
/m2/y
r)
Seasonal variation in non-leaf litterfall in the PFLA sites in
Mt. Makiling.
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August, 2006
September
October
November
December
January, 2007
February
March
April
May
June
July
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
PFLA 1
PFLA 2
PFLA 3
Month
Lit
terf
all (
g/m
2/y
r)
Seasonal variation in total litterfall in the PFLA sites in
Mt. Makiling.
Litter decomposition (remaining weights in litter bag)
September, 2006
October
November
December
January, 2007
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
PFLA 1
PFLA 2
PFLA 3
Month
Weig
ht
loss (
g)
Litter loss weight continuously as it stays longer on the soil.
Analysis will be conducted whether the rate of litter decay varied in PFLA sites.
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Problem encountered and recommendations
1. Frequent loss of littertaps.
2. There are certain tree species whose seedlings are difficult to identify in the field.
3. Regeneration surveys should be conducted annually for several years following any type of treatment to closely monitor changes in population structure.
4. If seedling densities continue to drop or productivity declines or trees start to dies, some form of remedial treatment should be initiated:
* enrichment planting for enhancing the seedling abundance of a valuable species
* selective weeding to increased survival and growth of young plants and decreases the competition at ground level
*cutting and removing woody vines from the crowns of adult trees
Acknowledgments
UP Los Baños - College of Forestry and Natural Resources
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD)
UPLB Basic Research Program
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