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nuclearsafety.gc.ca
Regulatory Experience and Developments Related to Accelerator
Isotope Production
Regulatory Experience and Developments Related to Accelerator
Isotope Production
Abdul AlwaniSenior Project OfficerCanadian Nuclear Safety Commission
WAO 2012August 6, 2012
Menlo Park, California, USA
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Canadian Nuclear Safety CommissionCanadian Nuclear Safety Commission
Celebrating 66 years of nuclear safety!
Established May 2000, under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act (NSCA)Replaced the AECB of the 1946 Atomic Energy Control Act
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Our Mission Is ClearOur Mission Is Clear
Canada’s nuclear watchdog
protect the health, safety and security of Canadians and the environment; and to implement Canada’s international commitments on the peaceful use of nuclear energy
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CNSC Regulates All Nuclear-Related Facilities and ActivitiesCNSC Regulates All Nuclear-Related Facilities and Activities
Nuclear fuel cycle• Uranium mines and mills• Uranium fuel fabricators & processing• Nuclear power plants• Waste management facilities
Other facilities and activities• Nuclear substance processing• Industrial and medical applications of
nuclear substances • Research and educational facilities • Export/import of controlled nuclear
substances, equipment and technology
…From Cradle To Grave
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…Including Particle Accelerators…Including Particle Accelerators
High Energy above 50 MeV (Class I)
Lower Energy (Class II)
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Class II Nuclear Facilities in CanadaClass II Nuclear Facilities in Canada
300
Licences
6547
SitesLicensees
Research8%
Medical86%
Industrial6%
Medical
Industrial ResearchLinear accelerator
Pool irradiator Pelletron
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Medical Isotope Shortage and Government ResponseMedical Isotope Shortage and Government Response
• Medical Isotope Shortage after extended shutdown of NRU reactor 2008 -2009
• Government initiatives to secure supply and develop alternatives• Expert Review Panel• NISP and ITAP
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Expert Review Panel on Medical Isotope ProductionExpert Review Panel on Medical Isotope Production
• 4 experts blue ribbon panel• Main recommendations
• Diversity and redundancy• Multi-use infrastructure• Discourage reliance on
reactor and HEU solutions• Support Research and
development for cyclotrons and high power linacs
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TwoMethodsTwoMethods
Indirect
Electron Linac
Direct
Proton Cyclotron
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Area of ResearchArea of Research
• Target and converter design and optimization
• Cooling capacity• Target processing and
achievable yield• Generator design and
optimization• Mo-100 costs, availability
and recycling• Overall process
optimization, including yield optimizations
• Work to address product regulatory requirements
Courtesy of TRIUMF
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0
5
10
15
20
25
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
Num
ber
ofFa
cilit
ies
In operation: 18
Under construction: 2
More Cyclotrons for Isotope Production
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New Facility - ExampleNew Facility - Example
35 MeV linac
35 MeV electron linac at Canadian Light Source Inc.Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Courtesy of Canadian Light Source Incorporated
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New Facility - ExampleNew Facility - Example
24 MeV Proton Cyclotron at Centre hospitalier universitaire de SherbrookeSherbrooke, Québec
Courtesy of CHUS
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SHIELDING
TargetAccelerationIonSource
“Conventional” Safety Features“Conventional” Safety Features
“Prompt” Radiation
Door Interlock
Beam On Light
Emergency Stop LPO or
“Search Switch”
Pre-irradiation
alarm
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“New” Hazards“New” Hazards
With isotope production•Higher beam intensities •Creation of dispersible radioactivity•Radioactive material processing
Need more attention to •Shielding•Residual Activation•Contamination Control•Nuclear Ventilation
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Lessons Learned - ExamplesLessons Learned - Examples
Stack not high enough
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Lessons Learned - ExamplesLessons Learned - Examples
Target not cooled enough
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Lessons Learned - ExamplesLessons Learned - Examples
Monte Carlo shielding calculations not detailed enough: Trenches not modelled
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What Is Safety Culture?What Is Safety Culture?
Safety Culture is that part of an organization’s culture that determines its general readiness to act safely
It cuts across all level and all aspects of an organization's performance.
Attitudestowards risk
and safe behaviour
Workers observations in the workplace
ContextPhysical/
Social
Perceptionsof motivesin others
Behavior at work
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More Formal DefinitionMore Formal Definition
“Safety culture refers to the characteristics of the work environment, such as the values, rules, and common understandings that influence employees’ perceptions and attitudes about the importance that the organization places on safety.” (CNSC definition from RD-337 / RD-367)
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Artifacts
Espoused Values
Basic assumptions
Not visible
Management System
Safety Culture
Visi
bilit
ySafety Culture and Management System