Remember:What was theMonroe Doctrine?

(1823): ISOLATIONIST

*Europe “Stay Out” of Western Hemisphere

*West different from Europe (republics)

*U.S. regard as threat any attemptby Europe to colonize West

*U.S. will not interfere in Europe

ISOLATION TEST CASE: ALASKA

Alaska:Purchased from Russia (1867) for 7.2 million dollars Negotiated by Secretary of State, William SewardReaction is negative--“Seward’s Folly”/ “Seward’s Icebox”

$7.2 million = 2 cents an acre

In what ways will America’s foreign policy change at the turn of the 20th century?

I. America will emerge as a world power and adopt an imperialist outlook.

Imperialism- the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

Social Darwinism“survivalof fittest”

Adventure(a new“west”)

SpreadCivilization,Christianity,Democracy

“manifestdestiny”

Competitionwith Europe

New Markets

Reasonsfor

Imperialist policy

Monroe Doctrine

isolation*early 1800s

Industrialization,Urbanization,Immigrationinternal change

*late 1800sto early 1900s

ImperialismU.S. grows up,looks outwardin search for

markets/ “manifestdestiny” overseas

“Manifest Destiny”

God-given rightto expand

east to west*mid to

late 1800s

“Progress to Imperialism”

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Case in Point: Africa

Ethiopia and Liberia arethe only two independentAfrican nations in 1914

What year is a “key” turningpoint in U.S. expansion?

II. America Expands its influence--***1898

William McKinley(1897-1901)

Expansionist President

1) Hawaii:

(1875)American business interests insugar plantations grows- duty free

(1887)Pearl Harbor

(1891)Queen Liliuokalani/ “Hawaii forHawaiians”, forced from power

(***1898)Annexed

McKinley and Imperialism“Hawaiian islands should be controlled by the U.S. andno foreign power shall be permitted to interfere” McKinley

Sanford Dole, Hawaii’s 1st territorial governor.

McKinley and Imperialism

2) Spanish-American War (***1898):

Cuba Libre!!- free Cuba from Spanish rule

Jose Marti and Cuban revolutionaries attack property, including American owned sugar plantations

“Liberty is the right of every man to be honest, to think and to speak without hypocrisy.”Jose Marti--

Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler to “restore order.”Herds est. 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps.

What is the message to Americans?

William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) publish exaggerated accounts of Spanish atrocities, Yellow Journalism

Hearst Pulitzer

Feb. 1898--U.S.S. Maine explodes (266 Americans killed)Yellow Journalists blame Spain, but likely an accident

April 20, 1898 America declares war “Remember the Maine”

What is the Bill of Fare?Which President does the waiter portray?What is Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offering?

McKinley and Imperialism

3) U.S. views new territories as “protectorates”

Philippines-Removal Policies (1899)to suppress revolutionaries(Emilio Aguinaldo)

Puerto Rico- Foraker Act (1900)

Cuba-Platt Amendment (1901)

“Civilization Begins at Home” (1889)

Queen Victoria (England), Wilhelm II (Germany), NicholasII (Russia), Marianne (France), Samurai (Japan)

4.) China

Divided into “Spheres of Influence”by England, Germany, Russia,France, Japan.

McKinley and Imperialism

John Hay- U.S. Secretary of State issues a series of policy statements called the “Open Door Notes” (1899) (open trade in China, opened greater U.S. role in Asia)

Resistance in China

Boxer Rebellion (1900)-

Secret society, “Boxers,” terrorize Christianmissionaries and other “foreign devils.” Britain, France, Germany, Japan, andU.S. suppress uprising.

What is the Bill of Fare?Which President does the waiter portray?What is Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offering?

III. Imperialism under Theodore Roosevelt’s Administration

Theodore Roosevelt(1901-1907)

“Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick”

“Big Stick” = Powerful Military

Alfred Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

Advocated military expansion, modern fleet,naval bases in Caribbean, canal in Panama,annexation of Hawaii, and Pacific Islands

“I can say with perfect sincerity that I think it very muchthe clearest and most instructive general work of thekind…” Theodore Roosevelt

Influence on “Big Stick” Policy

Influence on “Big Stick” Policy

Dewey’s heroic capture of Manila Bay, Philippines in Spanish-American War.

Influence on “Big Stick” Policy

TR’s tendency to view the worldin tests of strength.

(Dec. 1907 to Feb. 1909) U.S. Atlantic Fleet traveled around theworld. Mission “Gunboat Diplomacy.” Purpose wasto impress foreign dignitaries.

Examples of “Big Stick” Policy

“Roosevelt Corollary”to Monroe Doctrine-

U.S. assumes roleof policing Latin America.Ensuring that European powersstay out.

Examples of “Big Stick” Policy

Examples of “Big Stick” Policy

Panama Canal (1904-1914)

Man-made waterway to connectAtlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean.

Commercial and Military benefits….

Problem??? Columbia will blocks sell of land to U.S.

Nov. 1903, U.S. aids Frenchofficial Bunau-Varillato organize “revolution,”declare independent Panama.

U.S. warships guard coast.

TR’s Solution??

IV. Imperialism under William Howard Taft’s Administration

William Howard Taft(1909-1913)

“Dollar Diplomacy-” influence outlying areas without controlling them.American investments.

“dollars for bullets”

(1911) U.S. supports revolution in Nicaragua, led by Adolfo Diaz officer of American-owned mining property. U.S. lends $15 million in exchange for control of Nicaragua’s bank, customs, railroad.

V. Imperialism under Woodrow Wilson’s Administration

Woodrow Wilson(1913-1921)

“Missionary Diplomacy”-U.S. has moral responsibilityto deny recognition to anyLatin Am. government itviewed as oppressive, undemocratic, hostile.

“…never again seek one additionalfoot of territory by conquest…” Wilson

Unrest in Mexico. Revolution threatens stability and American business.

Porfirio Diaz(Dictator to1911- encouragedAm. business)

Francisco Madero(Democraticreformer, ruleduntil 1913)

Victoriano Huerta(murdered Maderoseize control in 1913)

Venustiano Carranza(U.S. supported,leader 1914)

Problem??: Pancho Villa, Mexican bandit

(Jan- 1916) murdered Americans, burned Columbus, New Mexico.

General John Pershing-

12,000 U.S. troops sent to capture Villa. Anti-American feeling increases.

U.S. withdrawals 1917, turns toWWI.