transcript
- 1. REPORT ON FIELD DATA COLLECTIONFOR TSUNAMI RISK
ASSESSMENTHAMBANTOTA TOWNSRI LANKAAPRIL 2013Enhancing Coastal
Hazard Early Warning and Response:Tools and Institutional
Strengthening
- 2. CONTENTSCHAPTER PAGE1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Pilot site:
Hambantota town 41.2 Key activities 41.3 Standard accuracy and data
requirements for tsunami risk assessment 52. BATHYMETRIC SURVEY
122.1 Methodology 122.1.1 Sonar Survey 122.1.2 Tidal Survey 182.2
Data and Equipment 192.2.1 Data 202.2.2 Equipment 212.3 Results and
Discussion 232.3.1 Sonar Survey 232.3.2 Tidal Survey 242.4 Problems
Encountered and Recommendations 272.4.1 Sonar Survey 273.
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY 293.1 Methodology 293.1.1 Base Station
Preparation 293.1.2 Calculation of Undulation Value (Geoid Height)
293.1.3 Ground Control Point using Static GPS Observation 303.1.4
Land Survey using Real-Time Kinematic Observation 333.1.5 Accuracy
Assessment 353.2 Data and Equipment 353.3 Results and Discussion
363.3.1 Undulation value calculation (Geoid Height) 363.3.2 Ground
Control Points using Static GPS Observation 373.3.3 Land Elevation
using Real-Time Kinematic Observation 383.4 Problems Encountered
and Recommendations 404. SHORELINE DELINEATION 434.1 Methodology
434.2 Data and Equipment 434.3 Results and Discussion 444.4
Problems Encountered and Recommendations 45
- 3. CONTENTSCHAPTER PAGE5. RIVER SURVEY 475.1 Methodology
475.1.1 Sonar Survey 475.1.2 Pole Survey 475.1.3 RTK GPS 485.2 Data
and Equipment 485.3 Results and Discussion 495.4 Problems
encountered and recommendations 496. EXPOSURE SURVEY 516.1 Tsunami
vulnerability and loss estimation 516.1.1 Selection of tsunami
fragility curves for Philippines 516.1.2 Methodology 556.1.3 Data
and Equipment 566.1.4 Data gathering for support tsunami
vulnerability and loss estimation 596.1.5 Problems encountered and
recommendations 666.2 Assessment of peoples ability to evacuate
686.2.1 Methodology 696.2.2 Data and Equipment 716.2.3 Data
gathering for support tsunami evacuation planning 716.2.4 Problems
encountered and recommendations 78REFERENCES 80ANNEX1: Contact list
83ANNEX2: Information Collected from Hambantota Disaster Management
Center 86
- 4. 1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONFor countries with inadequate
resources for disaster preparedness, as is the case for
mostcountries in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian region,
identification of high-risk areas iscrucial for prioritizing
resource allocation. A tsunami risk assessment would
revealcommunities that would be highly vulnerable to the hazard.
This, however, entails detailedinundation modelling for a range of
scenarios from most important source zones, and
requirescomputational capability and good-quality near-shore
bathymetric, topographic, and exposuredatasets, which most
countries in the region lack. Investment of scarce resources also
favoursventures that are effective, efficient, and have
longer-lasting impact. In this regard,development of tsunami early
warning systems have taken a multi-hazard approach, and
earlywarning integration into broader disaster risk reduction and
development, and regionalresource sharing are among the
sustainability strategies.This project entitled Enhancing coastal
hazard early warning and response: tools andinstitutional
strengthening is proposed to build tsunami risk assessment
capacities inMyanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand,
building on UNESCO/IOC efforts in theIndian Ocean region and taking
advantage of low-cost methodologies developed at RIMES;and develop
a regional data sharing policy for RIMES Member States and
collaboratingcountries, for improving data availability for warning
purposes. RIMES shall build tsunamirisk assessment capacity through
training, demonstration of tool application, and transfer
ofequipment, software, systems, and training manuals to the
countries to facilitatereplication/upscaling. These tools are: a)
low-cost near-shore bathymetric, topographic, andexposure survey
methodologies, and data processing tool to generate high-resolution
datarequired for tsunami risk assessment; and b) computer-based
tsunami risk assessment andevacuation mapping.Target groups for
this project are:a) Technical government agencies involved in the
generation of near-shorebathymetric and topographic maps and
exposure data: i) Myanmar MyanmarNational Hydrographic Center and
Department of Land Survey; ii) Philippines National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA); and iii) SriLanka National
Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA)and the
Survey Departmentb) Technical agencies involved in tsunami risk
assessment: i) Myanmar Departmentof Meteorology and Hydrology
(DMH), ii) Philippines Philippine Institute forVolcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS), iii) Sri Lanka Coast ConservationDepartment,
and iv) Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM)
Thailandc) Research institutions/ universities involved in risk
assessmentd) Users of risk assessment products: i) Myanmar DMH and
GeneralAdministration Department/ Relief and Resettlement
Department, ii) Philippines PHIVOLCS and National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC), iii) Sri Lanka Department
of Meteorology (DoM) and DisasterManagement Center (DMC), and iv)
Department of Disaster Prevention andMitigation (DDPM)
Thailand
- 5. 2e) Local authorities and other disaster management
organizations at the pilot sites,such as the National Red Cross
Society, NGOs, and CBOsf) Members of the RIMES Council, consisting
of National Meteorological andHydrological Services (NMHSs) and/or
technical agencies mandated to generateand provide early
warningTable 1.1 Project activities, timeline and result indicators
(Revised in May 2013)Project Schedule 2012 2013 2014J A S O N D J F
M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J1. Project initiation1.1 Project
initiation meeting MM PH SL2. Capacity building in tsunami risk
assessment2.1 Training on near-shorefield surveysPH SLMM2.2
Training on survey dataprocessing and DEMgenerationPH SL MM2.3
Training on tsunami riskassessment and evacuationmappingPH SL MM3.
Improvement of response capabilities3.1 Evacuation map testingand
exercise, manualadaptationPH SL MM4. Regional resource sharing
policy and mechanism development4.1 Resource sharing policyand
mechanism developmentPH: (Philippines), MM: (Myanmar) and SL: (Sri
Lanka)
- 6. 3Table 1.2 Proposed involvements by project partnersTraining
Location DaysLocalStaffsTargetAdditionalparticipants*Tool,
equipment fortransfer to targetsNear-shorebathymetricsurveyOn-site
11 6 NARA/CCD/DoMSurvey methodologyEquipment: depthsonar,
laptopcomputer, low-costtide
gaugeNear-shoretopographicsurveyOn-site 10
5SurveyDepartment/CCD/DoMSurvey methodologyEquipment: handheldGPS,
leveling scopeExposuresurvey On-site 10 4SurveyDepartment/CCD/Local
government/DoMSurvey methodologySurvey dataprocessing
andDEMgenerationRIMES 30 6 NARA/SurveyDepartment/CCDDEM
generationmethodologyImagery processingsoftwareMapping
softwareTsunami riskassessmentusing INSPIRENational capital 5 20
CCD/DoM/NARAResearchinstitutions/universitiesINSPIRE
prototypeINSPIREproductinterpretationand applicationNational
capital 2 20 CCD/DoM/DMCEvacuationmapping usingESCAPENational
capital 5 20 DMC ESCAPE prototypeEvacuationmap testingand
exerciseOn-site 1 30 DMC/DoMLocal authoritiesand other
disastermanagementorganizations at thesitesTsunami
exercisemanualRisk mapsEvacuation maps* May be adjusted as required
by partner agenciesThis report, as part of the project, presents
details of field data collection and demonstrationof a low-cost
methodology to generate geographic information needed for tsunami
inundationmodeling , tsunami risk assessment and evacuation
planning for the pilot site in Sri Lanka.
- 7. 41.1 Pilot site: Hambantota townDuring the project inception
meeting on 22 November 2012, Hambantota is selected as thepilot
site due to the appropriated scale for survey. In addition, the bay
condition of city area inHambantota is the suitable condition for
enhancing tsunami early warning and responsecapability.Figure 1.1
Pilot site at Hambantota, Sri Lanka1.2 Key activitiesData
collection and technology transfer on survey methodology involved
key technical anddisaster management stakeholders who participated
to near-shore bathymetric, topographic,and exposure surveys:
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency(NARA),
Survey Department, Coast Conservation Department, Department of
Meteorologyand Disaster Management Center in Hambantota.The
activities during 1-11 April 2013 trip were included:1) Project
launch meeting at the Government Office Complex in Hambantota for
projectintroduction and project implementation arrangement with
local authorities2) Bathymetric survey3) Topographic survey4)
Exposure survey
- 8. 5Data sourceBathymetric data1. Hydrographic chart Approaches
to Hambantota 1:30,000 with Hambantota Harbor 1:10,000 NARA2.
Predicted tide table NARA3. Tidal benchmarks Kirinda tide gauge
(location and elevation) NARATopographic data1. Aerial Photographs
Hambantota Survey Dept.2. Benchmarks GPS benchmarks in Hambantota
and vicinity Survey Dept.Level benchmarks in Hambantota and
vicinity Survey Dept.3. Topographic map Hambantota Town scale
1:5,000 Survey Dept.Terrain map scale 1: 10,000 (8820,8825,8916,
8912) Survey Dept.Other data1. Land use map LU map scale 1:10,000
(8820,8825,8916, 8912) Survey Dept.2. Transportaton map
Transportaton map scale 1:10,000 (8820,8825,8916, 8912) Survey
Dept.Data Type DescriptionTable 1.3 List of data received from
Survey Department and NARATable 1.4 Survey Schedule and
ActivitiesThu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
Thu Fri Sat Sun28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 141
Comparison of portable tide gauge with NARA tide gauge at Kirinda2
Establish tidal benchmark and installation temporaly tide gauge3
Oreintation for bathymetric survey4 Depth sounding (Fishfinder)1
Oreintation for about GPS-PPK for land elevation survey2 Field
survey3 Data processing and report preparation4 Additional survey
and data correctionExposure Survey1 Collect available data at local
government offices2 GPS camera shooting for building surveyWorking
daySpare dayApril AprilBathymetric SurveyTopographic
SurveyActivityProject launching meeting (Morning) in
HambantotaMarchSurvey preparation meeting in ColomboTravel from
Colombo to Hambantota1.3 Standard accuracy data requirements for
tsunami risk assessmentStandard accuracy data are geographic data
that are publicly available for free or for aminimum cost.
Typically, higher accuracy data such as large scale topographic
maps andnautical charts, if available, should be prioritized.
Otherwise, lower accuracy data such asASTER GDEM for topographic
DEM, GEBCO-08 for bathymetric DEM and Google Earthfor building
properties estimation shall be used. These data sources were
selected as thebaseline for standard accuracy data since they are
available for all parts of the world and havethe highest spatial
resolution among the freely available data in the internet. In
addition,GEBCO-08, with a spatial resolution of 30 seconds, is
recommended by the IOC which isconsidered as the authority for
establishing standards for tsunami modeling. The followingtable
shows the accuracy of each data source.
- 9. 6Table 1.5 Standard accuracy dataData Type Spatial
resolution Accuracy Data sourceTopographic DEM 30 m x 30 m X,Y: 20m
/ Z: 30 m ASTER G DEMBathymetric DEM 30 sec x 30 sec(900 m x 900
m)N/S GEBCO-08Building location 1 m X,Y: 5 m Google EarthBuilding
properties N/S N/S N/SN/S: Not Specified1.3.1 Bathymetric
DEMBathymetry can be defined as the seafloor topography relative to
a known vertical datum suchas the Mean Sea Level (MSL) for coastal
area management or the Mean Lower Low Water(MLLW) for navigation.
Bathymetric maps represent the seafloor depth as a function
ofgeographic coordinates in the same way the topographic maps
represent the elevation of theearths surface at different
geographic points. Usually, seafloor terrain is shown as
depthcontours (isobaths) and spot depths on bathymetric maps.A
digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of the
surface of the earth.Although it can be represented as triangulated
irregular networks (TIN), it is more oftenrepresented as a raster
or grid of squares for ease in model calculations. Land DEMs
aretypically acquired by remote sensing satellites but bathymetric
DEMs are mostly generated byinterpolating ship-mounted depth
soundings. Available data sources that can provide standardaccuracy
bathymetric DEM without the need for field survey include
interpolated soundingdata from bathymetric maps and DEMs that can
be downloaded freely from the internet suchas ETOPO and GEBCO
DEMs.Depending on the scale, accuracy of bathymetric maps or
nautical charts varies from the highaccuracy large scale maps
(1:50,000) to the low accuracy small scale maps
(1:200,000).Compared to the ETOPO and GEBCO DEMs, most bathymetric
maps can provide higheraccuracy. However, unlike the two DEMs which
can cover almost all areas in the world,bathymetric maps may be not
be available or may have limited extent for the areas of
interest.Up until 2009, the ETOPO1 DEM or the Earth TOPOgraphy 1,
developed by NOAA NGDCwith a 1 arcminute or approximately 2 km
spatial resolution was the most common source ofbathymetric DEM.
ETOPO1 is the latest version of the Global Relief Models developed
byNOAA NGDC in August 2008. It was developed to upgrade the
resolution and accuracy ofthe previous version ETOPO2v, a 2
arcminute global relief model and designed to aid intsunami
forecasting, modeling and warning as well as ocean modeling and
earth visualization.It is a one minute grid integrated from
different topographic and bathymetric datasets such asshoreline,
bathymetry, topography, integrated bathymetry-topography and
bedrock all overthe world that are shifted to a common horizontal
and vertical datum, the WGS84 and the sealevel respectively.Table
1.6 ETOPO1 DEM characteristicsVersions Ice Surface, BedrockCoverage
Area Global: -180oto 180o; -90oto 90oPosting interval(spatial
resolution)1 arcminuteGeographic coordinates Geographic latitude
and longitude( WGS84)Vertical Datum Sea LevelVertical Units
MetersData Format Multiple: netCDF, g98, binary float, tiff,
xyzSource: Amante & Eakins (2009).
- 10. 7In January 2009, the GEBCO-08 Grid or the General
Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans DEMwith a 30 arcsecond spatial
resolution was released by the British Oceanographic Data
Center(BODC). This is generated by quality-controlled ship depth
soundings with interpolationbetween sounding points guided by
satellite-derived gravity data. Although it is currently
adevelopment product, it undergoes periodic updates to reduce
errors in the dataset. GEBCOsaim is to provide the most
authoritative publicly-available bathymetry of the worlds oceans.It
operates under the joint auspices of the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission(IOC) (of UNESCO) and the International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO).The GEBCO-08 was developed to
improve the resolution and accuracy of the GEBCO OneMinute Grid
released in 2003. As with the ETOPO1 bathymetric DEM, the accuracy
of theGEBCO-08 DEM is only as good as the quality of the sonar
equipments and bathymetricsurveys conducted in the respective
countries. The bathymetric data are generated from theintegration
of sounding data, bathymetric contour maps, predicted depth data
based onversion V16.1 of the Sandwell and Samith gravity anomaly
from Geosat and ERS1 satellitealtimeter and the Smith and Sandwell
global topographic grid, as well as SRTM, GTOPO30and the Geoscience
Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the Ice, Cloud and
landElevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry digital elevation
model for topographic data. TheGEBCO-08 comes with a source
identifier (SID) grid that identifies which grid cells in
theGEBCO-08 Grid are based on bathymetric soundings or predicted
depths. The values in theGEBCO-08 SID Grid are as follows:0 data is
interpolated with the help of satellite-derived gravity data1 data
has been constrained by bathymetric sounding data during the
griddingprocess2 value is taken from version 2.23 of the
International Bathymetric Chart of theArctic Ocean (IBCAO)3 value
for land, in positive valueTable 1.7 GEBCO-08 DEM
characteristicsCoverage GlobalPosting interval(spatial
resolution)30 arcsecond (900 m x 900 m)Geographic coordinates
Geographic latitude and longitude( WGS84)Data format netCDF (signed
16 bits), ASCIISpecial DN values Positive for land body, and
negative for sea water bodyThe NOAA Center for Tsunami Research is
an organization that provides integratedbathymetric and topographic
DEMs for the United States coastal areas through the NOAANational
Geophysical Data Center. For the Indian Ocean and South East Asia
region, RIMESis currently initiating a move to generate updated and
accurate local bathymetric andtopographic DEMs for the region.
Since organizations operate differently, there is a need tofollow
the same standards when generating the datasets. In order to settle
issues involvingdifferences in standards, an international
organization, the Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC),
was given the authority to establish the standards for tsunami
modeling.In accordance with Yeh (IOC, 2001), the Scientific
Committee on Oceanic Research of theIOC (SCOR-IOC) has set some
scientific requirements for spatial resolution for tsunamimodeling.
In addition, it has emphasized the need to refer both the
topographic andbathymetric DEMs to the same datum to ensure
accurate elevation data along the coast. Table1.5 shows the tsunami
requirements set by these three organizations for comparison.
- 11. 8Table 1.8 IOC Scientific requirements for tsunami
modelsArea IOC NOAA RIMESHorizontal Resolution (m) 18Flow depth
(m)Figure 6.5 Damage curve for solid building
- 58. 550 (No damage)1 (Rm)2 (Rh)3 (Rc)2.1 to 3.7> 3.7 mFlow
depth (m) Mean damage level00.1 to 2.0Damage level curve - all
buildings01230 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Flow depth
(m)WeightmeandamagelevelFigure 6.6 Damage curve for all
buildings6.1.2 MethodologyFor the vulnerability and loss
estimation, building inventory is the main dataset whichprovides
information about location and properties of each building e.g.
building constructiontype, building usage and number of resident.
Building footprint can be captures from highresolution satellite
images or aerial photographs while the building properties are
mainlycollected from field survey and combined with the existing
data from national and localgovernment agencies.Under the current
project, location and properties of critical facilities and public
buildings arecollected one by one during site visit. For the
ordinary buildings in the town, cameras withGPS receiver mounted on
the survey vehicle is selected to record the building image along
thesurvey route. While traveling through road network in the area,
building images with itsgeographical coordinate are captured.
Building construction type and building usage will bevisually
post-processed from the VDO images in the office. Classification of
building type inthe area is based on the selected fragility curves
as presented in section 6.1.1.For the buildings located far from
the road networks, they may not be captured by VDOcamera. However,
building construction type can be estimated from the visual roof
shapeinterpretation from satellite image while building usage can
be estimated from theneighboring buildings and land use type where
the analyzed building is located. Theestimation technique assists
in completing the database gathered during field surveys, whichare
hardly satisfactory because of limitations in times as well as in
economic and humanresources.Population distribution data is
collected from the local government office e.g. statistics
andcensus data. Number of resort and hotel rooms are also collected
for the tourist areas toestimate number of tourist especially
during high season. Table 6.4 shows the list of the datacollected
for the vulnerability and loss estimation for Hambantota.
- 59. 56Table 6.2 List of collected data for tsunami
vulnerability and loss estimationData Type Data Source Analysis
Details1. Building Footprint Building footprint layer fromSurvey
Department Digitizing from Google earth Roof shape Building
location2. BuildingConstruction Type Field visit Analyze from VDO
and linked tobuilding footprint ) Roof shape interpretation Type A:
Non-solidbuilding Type B: Solidbuilding3. Building Usage Field
survey Analyze from VDO and linked tobuilding footprint Land use
map interpretation Estimate from neighboringbuildings Residential
Commercial Industrial Agriculture Religion Government Education
Tourist Supply NGOs4.Populationdistribution Census data from
Statisticdivision(to be linked to buildingfootprint) Resident
interview at the criticalbuildings Estimated populationdistribution
in eachhousehold/functionbuilding5. Touristdistribution Interview
the hotel staffs Google earth and Google map forhotel location and
number ofroom-assumed 2 pax/room (ifhotel website is available )(to
be linked to building footprint) Estimated touristnumber
distribution ineach resort/ hotelbuilding6.1.3 Data and Equipmenta)
Survey of critical facilities and public buildingsGeographical
location and building properties for critical facilities and public
buildings werecollected during the site visit by handheld GPS and
interviewing of the residents using thebuilding survey form as
presented in the next page. Experiences of tsunami inundation
depthand loss/damage from Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 were also
collected and recorded as theremarks.
- 60. 57Building Usage (HAZUS Occupancy) :ResidentialRES 1:
Single Family DwellingRES 2: Mobile HomeRES 3: Multi Family
DwellingRES 4: Temporary LodgingRES 5: Institutional DormitoryRES:6
Nursing HomeCommercialCOM 1: Retail TradeCOM 2: Wholesale TradeCOM
3: Personal and Repair ServicesCOM 4:
Professional/Technical/Business ServicesCOM 5: BanksCOM 6:
HospitalCOM 7: Medical Office/ ClinicCOM 8: Entertainment and
RecreationCOM 9: TheatersCOM 10: ParkingIndustrialIND 1: HeavyIND
2: LightIND 3: Food/Drugs/ChemicalsIND 4: Metals/Minerals
ProcessingIND 5: High TechnologyIND 6: ConstructionAgricultureAGR
1: AgricultureReligionREL 1: Church/Membership
OrganizationGovernmentGOV 1: General ServicesGOV 2: Emergency
ResponseEducationEDU 1: Schools/LibrariesEDU 2:
Colleges/UniversitiesBuilding survey form for tsunami risk
assessment in Sri LankaDate:__________________ Time:______________
Name of surveyor:__________________________Building
ID:________________________________ Village Name:
_______________________________Building Name: GPS
Coordinate:____________________ N____________________ ENo. of
floor: No. of resident:Day time ___________Night time
___________Max. Capacity _________(in case of potential
shelter)BuildingConstruction Type:Type A Non Solid building :
brick/block-built or wooden, 1-2 floorsType B Solid Building: RC or
steel, >=2 floorsBuilding Usage (Additional):TouristTOU 1:
Hotel, Resort, BangalowSupplySUP 1: Public utiliitesNon-Government
OrganizationNGO 1: Office of Non-Governmental Organization
- 61. 58Figure 6.7 Collection of critical facilities, public
buildings using building survey formb) Building image capture by
VDO cameraVDO camera with GPS receiverTwo VDO cameras with GPS
receiver were mounted on the survey vehicle. One each canrecord the
building image on right and left side of the road. Traveling speed
through roadnetwork in the area is limited to about 30 km/h. Camera
should be properly mounted with theappropriated angle at from
horizontal line, therefore all building stories can be
captured.Figure 6.8 VDO camera with GPS receiver mounted on the
survey vehicleHandheld GPS and road network mapHandheld GPS is used
to navigate and check location while road network map was used
tonavigate the survey route and record the survey track in each
survey day.
- 62. 59Figure 6.9 Handheld GPS for navigation and travel route
record on road network mapTable 6.3 Summary of data and equipment
used for exposure survey supported loss estimationActivity
(Duration) Data Used Equipment Used Personnela) Survey of
criticalfacilities and publicbuildingsb) Building imagecapture by
VDO cameraSurvey formRoad network mapHandheld GPSDigital
cameraSurvey VehicleVDO cameraHandheld GPSLocal
guideRecorderDriverLocal guideRecorder6.1.4 Data gathering for
support tsunami vulnerability and loss estimationAdministration
boundaryGIS layer of Grama Niladari (GN) boundary of Hambantota
district were collected fromSurvey Department office in Hambantota.
Figure shows the GN boundary (blue line) andproject area in
Hambantota town (red frame) located in Hambantota DS Division,
covering byfour (4) GN Division namely, Siribopura, Samodagama,
Hambantota East and HambantotaWest.Figure 6.10 GN boundary in
Hambantota District and survey area (Area in shaded rectangle)in
Hambantota townBuilding footprintBuilding footprint for Hambantota
is collected and extracted from Hambantota Town mapscale 1:5,000
from Survey Department of Sri Lanka. This building footprint will
be validated
- 63. 60and updated by comparing to high resolution satellite
images from Google earth captured inJuly 2012.Figure 6.11 Building
footprint (location and roof shape) used Google earth as the base
mapCritical facilities and public buildingsData of sectional damage
and possible tsunami affected schools, hotels and
designatedshelters were collected from Hambantota Disaster
Management Center to guide for field visit.Location of the critical
facilities and public buildings are plotted in Fig.6.12. The
properties ofbuildings are classified and presented by Fig. 6.13,
6.14 and 6.15 according to theconstruction type, building usage and
tsunami inundation records respectively. The detailedbuilding
information is described in Table 6.4.Figure 6.12 Location of
surveyed critical facilities and public buildings(Point IDs are
linked to building ID in Table)
- 64. 61ConstructionType!( A!( BUsage#* COMn EDU: GOV!. NGO^_
SUPG REL"J TOUFigure 6.13 Critical facilities and public buildings
classified by building construction type(A: non-solid building and
B: solid building)Figure 6.14 Critical facilities and public
buildings classified by building usage
- 65. 62Table 6.4 Survey information for critical facilities and
public buildingsPlace name Long LatNo. ofFloorsNo.
ofBldg.ResidentDaytimeResidentNighttimeCapacityBldg.typeBldg.usageGN
NameBld.IDRemarksAl Masjidun NoorJumma Mosque81.1234 6.1415 2 1 650
- B REL.1 Siribopura 1DMC Evacuation Centre, Under Construction,
Already finished 1stFloor.Peacock BeachHotel81.1314 6.1338 4 1 248
248 298 B TOU.1HambantotaEast2Tsunami affected. Inundation depth
was about 17 FeetJadewin Restaurant 81.1308 6.1356 1 1 36 36 150 A
COM.8HambantotaEast3 Tsunami affected. Inundation depth was about
10 FeetSurvey Department District SurveyOffice 81.1278 6.13301 4 18
- 22 A GOV.1 HambantotaEast4 Tsunami affected. Inundation depth was
about 6 FeetIqra Primary School 81.1250 6.12832 2574 -
574BEDU.1HambantotaWest5Completely Damaged. Inundation depth was
about 10 feet.Capacity more than 1,000 peoples during emergency1 2
AZahira College 81.1247 6.12643 4626 - 626BEDU.1HambantotaWest6 Not
Effected by tsunami1 1 ASt.Merys College 81.1233 6.12833 11172 -
1172BEDU.1HambantotaWest7 Tsunami affected. Inundation depth was
about 10 Feet1 26 ADistrict HospitalHambantota81.1225 6.12694 12200
891 2200BGOV.1HambantotaWest8Not affected by tsunami. Last Tsunami
in 2004, this hospital provided medicalservices to 10,000 peoples3
1 B2 1 B1 8 AWater Tank81.1232 6.1251 1 1 n/a n/a n/aB
SUP.1HambantotaWest11 Water supply & Drainage Board. 650m3/per
dayElectricity Board-Sub Station81.1231 6.1249 1 1 12 2 12 A
SUP.1HambantotaWest12No Tsunami affected. There are 180
Transformers. One Transformer supplies 100houses. No Generators. In
case of emergency they can be requested by Ambilipitiya.Provide
service 24 hours.Hambantota ArabicCollege 81.1226 6.1249 2 1 100
n/a 1000 BREL.1HambantotaWest13Mosque. Not affected by tsunami.
Potential Evacuation Shelter
- 66. 63Police Station 81.1255 6.125721 100 60 100 B
GOV.1HambantotaEast14 DMC Evacuation Centre with Early Warning
Tower1 3Main Bus stand81.1258 6.125721 800 200 1000B
GOV.1HambantotaEast15Completely Damaged. Inundation depth was about
12 feetTelecom Office-Hambantota 81.1267 6.123731 55 49 67B
COM.4HambantotaEast 16 Tsunami affected .Inundation depth was about
10 feetMaha NagaMandiraya 81.1277 6.122811 n/a n/a
1500AGOV.2HambantotaEast 17 Not affected by tsunami. DMC Evacuation
Centre.Ceylon FisheryHarbour 81.1287 6.123521 32 2 32B
GOV1HambantotaEast18 Tsunami affected. This building is
re-constructed.Fishery CommunityCenter 81.1287 6.123512 100 n/a
100Chamee GuestHouse81.1214 6.12422 16 6 6BTOU.1HambantotaWest19
Not affected by tsunami1 2 ANimbaAramaya(temple)81.1208 6.12562 215
15 15BREL.1HambantotaWest201-2stories (under construction),
Evacuation center, no tsunami affected1500 peoples can accommodate
with camping facilities16ARecreation Ground 81.1200 6.1263n/a n/a
n/a n/a 3000 n/a GOV.1HambantotaWest21 Safety location. Only for
camp managementSeetharama Vihara(temple)81.0712 6.11672 17 7
500BREL.1 Sisilasagama 22Evacuation Centre with Tsunami Tower.
1,000 peoples capacity with campmanagement1 3 AOasis Beach Resort
81.0708 6.11192 1 5555 138BTOU.1 Sisilasagama 23 Tsunami affected1
10 20 APallemalala PrimarySchool81.1846 6.26862 1258 - 258BEDU.1
Pallemalala 24 Tsunami affected.1 4 ADevi Rest 81.0806 6.12392 1114
100 114 B NGO.1 Mirijjawila 2530 Rooms. Not affected by tsunami1
3Udamalla MahaVidyalaya 81.1665 6.1685 1 6335 - 335 AEDU.1
Udamalla26Tsunami affectedSamodagamaPrimary School81.1215 6.14051
5298 - 298 A EDU.1 Siribopura 27Not affected by tsunami. There are
Water Board Water TankSamren Restaurant 81.1271 6.14813 130 27
30BCOM.8 Siribopura 28 Not affected by tsunami1 2 A
- 67. 64School of Nursing 81.1109 6.1232 1 1792 86 92 B
EDU.2HambantotaWest29 Not Effected by tsunamiGotapabbatha RajaMaha
Vihara81.5190 6.11012 12 2 130BREL.1 Ambantota 30 Not Affected. By
tsunami. Evacuation Centre with Warning Tower1 3
AP.WeerasingheCeypetro 81.1262 6.1247 1 1 -- -
ASUP.1HambantotaEast31 Consumption of fuel per day:(Gov. gas
station) Petrol: 2000 L, Diesel:2000 L, Kerosen: 3000LStock of fuel
per day:Petrol: 9000 L, Diesel:21000 L, Kerosene: 9000 LVending
machinePetrol: 1, Diesel: 2, Kerosene: 1IOC Weldisi Pvt.Ltd 81.1212
6.1246 1 1 -- - ASUP.1HambantotaWest32 Consumption of fuel per
day:(Private gas station) Petrol: 1500 L, Diesel:3500 LStock of
fuel per day:Petrol: 9000 L, Diesel:21000 LVending machinePetrol:
2, Diesel: 2Ceypetro Sri LankaRed-Cress FillingStation 81.1433
6.1534 1 1 -- - ASUP.1HambantotaEast33 Consumption of fuel per
day:(Private gas station) -Stock of fuel per day:Petrol: 1400 L,
Diesel:4500 LVending machinePetrol: 3, Diesel: 3
- 68. 65Figure 6.15 Inundation record status due to Indian Ocean
Tsunami event in 2004at critical facilities and public
buildingsBuilding images captured by VDO camera with GPS
receiverDuring 3-5 April 2013, survey team conducted the survey
trip to capture building images inHambantota town. Figure 6.16
presents the survey route in the area of interest. Example
ofbuilding image captured by VDO camera is illustrated in
Fig.6.17.Figure 6.16 Survey route for building image captureOrange
line: trip on 3 Apr 2013, Green line: trip on 4 Apr 2013, andYellow
line: trip on 5 Apr 2013Inun_sta!( 0!( 1!( 2No tsunami
impactRecorded tsunami impactUnknown
- 69. 66Figure 6.17 Example of building image and location
capturealong the survey route on 5 Apr 2013Population
distributionHousehold location with number of resident is not
available in Hambantota. Population perGN Division provision in
2012 by Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka
wascollected for further analysis and estimating household size.
The information was extractedonly for the area covering by pilot
site.Table 6.5 Household and census data for Pilot area for each GN
DivisionHambantota DS DivisionGN Division
HouseholdNo.TotalPopulationGender Age rangeMale Female <
15year15-59year> 59yearHambantota East 221 978 572 451 272 624
82Hambantota West 1757 7280 3548 3732 2016 4504 760Sirobopura 1675
6487 3188 3299 2146 3877 464Samodagama 432 1756 901 855 643 1006
107Source: Department of Census and Statistic of Sri Lanka6.1.5
Problems encounter and recommendationsDevelopment of building
inventory Building footprintAfter validating building footprint map
1:5000 scale collected from Survey Department toGoogle earth which
is presenting the most updated and freely available satellite image
inJuly 2012, there is mismatches of the building location and
deviation of building shape insome area. Most probable reason is
the temporal difference and rectification method ofbased image used
for footprint map generation as illustrated in Fig.6.18. To update
thefootprint map and filling the missing buildings, Google earth
will be used as the baseimage to adjust and add the missing
building in 1:5000 scale footprint map. Adjustmentand digitization
can be operated on Google earth for consistency of image
rectification.
- 70. 67Figure 6.18 Mismatch of building location and Google
earth Linking number of resident to building footprintSince
household location with number of resident is not available for
Hambantota town,average household size for each GN division is
computed from total population dividingby household number. This
average household size is equivalently distributed to allbuildings
in this area, except the critical facilities and public buildings
where the residentnumber is available from interview during field
visit. By this method, the estimatedhousehold size is calculated
and presented in Table 6.6. It is observed that the
averagehousehold size for all GN division is comparable at
approximately 4 person/household.Table 6.6 Average household size
for each GN DivisionHambantota DS Division Land use map assisting
the identification of building construction type and usageFrom the
VDO image, it was observed that in some area, the buildings are
covered by thetrees and it is difficult to interpret building
construction type and usage as illustrated inFig.6.19. Land use map
can be jointly used to identify building type and usage for
thebuildings that cannot be capture clearly by VDO camera. Details
and large scale land usemap was collected from Survey Department
for facilitating the building usage estimation.GN Division
HouseholdNo.TotalPopulationAverage household
size(person/household)Hambantota East 221 978 4.4Hambantota West
1757 7280 4.1Sirobopura 1675 6487 3.9Samodagama 432 1756 4.1
- 71. 68Figure 6.19 Image showing buildings covered by trees6.2
Assessment of peoples ability to evacuateAssessment of evacuation
ability is the important information for evacuation
planning.Evacuation plan should be based on a hazard assessment by
analyzing possible hazardscenarios affecting the target area and
should develop procedures for safe transfer from theaffected area
into safe places. The hazard assessment requires knowledge of
probable tsunamisource, probability of occurrence and tsunami
characteristics at different places along thecoast. For the case of
limited past data exists, numerical model of tsunami inundation
canprovide estimates of tsunami inundation profile and minimum time
of tsunami arrival.INSPIRE-Tsunami hazard assessment module will be
applied to assess the tsunami hazard forthis project.To assess
peoples ability to evacuate, the following questions have to be
answered forsupport evacuation decision in case of tsunami event:a)
Where are the safe places for evacuation?In general, temporary
gathering areas or shelters should be located outside tsunami
affectedareas at ground elevation higher than 15 m from the mean
sea level. Public locations withadequate capacity can be selected
as the gathering/assembly points. This evacuation process iscalled
horizontal evacuation (horizontally evacuate away from inundated
area). However, inthe area that is too far from the horizontal
evacuation places, people may not have enoughtime to reach the safe
places before tsunami strikes. Vertical evacuation which is the
processto move people to higher floor in the buildings may be
considered instead. Public facilities,multi-storey buildings,
available reserve space for temporary evacuation and
goodconstruction quality buildings can be identified as the
vertical evacuation buildings. The areaidentified as shelters must
be manageable in terms of health and sanitation and
necessaryfacilities and infrastructure at adequate number should be
in placed (DDPM, 2005).
- 72. 69b) Where are the potential evacuation routes?To define
the best evacuation route from a given point, the safe and fastest
path from thatpoint to the safe places has to be searched. The
fastest path is not always the shortest path butthe concept of
accessibility is calculated on a cost surface of the area. The cost
surfaceconsists of a regular two-dimension grid where each cell
represents the time required to acrossthe cell. Physical condition
of the area influents to the traveling cost e.g. a flat road
allowsfaster travel speed (lower cost) than dense vegetation. For
this reason, when we compute adistance between two points we
consider not only geometric distance but also the cost tomove along
a particular path. Therefore, Cost Weight Distance (CWD) is
replaced to thegeometric distance. Once the cost of all cells is
defined, CWD between two given points canbe calculated for the best
or fastest path which could be guided for the potential
evacuationroutes. Instead of defining the CWD surface as the
distance between starting point and eachcell in the cost surface
domain, it is possible to define it as the distance between each
cell andthe safe areas which can be more than one. The path with
lowest accumulated cost from eachcell to safe place gives the
fastest route to the closet evacuation point. Therefore, the
escaperoute from every point within the domain can be computed
(ADPC, 2007).c) Are the shelter capacities enough to accommodate
evacuees?By CWD method, it is possible to define the area
influenced by each safe place (subdivisiontaken care by each safe
place). Disaster managers can understand if the safe place is
bigenough to accommodate the evacuees in subdivision and estimate
the necessary supplies forevacuees during the event.d) Are people
in the risk area able to reach the safe place within the given of
time?Since the safe place can be designated to each subdivision and
cost grid is known for theentire area, required evacuation time
from any point in the area can be calculated. Disastermanagers can
assess whether people have enough time to reach the safe place
before tsunamistrikes.6.2.1 MethodologyIn this project, ESCAPE
(http://escape.rimes.int), a tool developed at RIMES, is used
tosupport evacuation planning. The system provides information on
the fastest path and theevacuation direction toward the shelters.
Evacuation basins can be determined to partition thearea to several
zones which can be accommodated by the designated safe
places/shelters. Thecapacity of shelters can be evaluated if the
number of people in the risk areas is identified.Evacuation speed
and capability considers several factors including topographic
condition,land cover, location of critical facilities, and
population density, age and gender.A spatial information system is
developed for Hambantota town from the dataset collectedfrom the
local government agencies and field survey to provide data as
listed in Table 6.4 tosupport planning and counter-measure
development to ensure effective and safe evacuation ofpeople from
threatened location before the tsunami strikes.
- 73. 70Table 6.7 List of collected data collected for supporting
tsunami evacuation planningData Type Data Source Analysis
Details1.Land use/Land cover Land use map from Survey
Departmentscale 1:10,000 BLTPA: Built up area BRRNA: Barren land
CHENA: Chena HOMSA:Homesteads/Garden HYDRA: Waterbody MRSHA: Marsh
OTHRA: Other Cultivation PDDYA: Paddy QRRYA: Quarry SCRBA: Scrub
land SPRSA: Sparsely used cropland SWMPA: Swamp UNCLA:
Unclassified2.Topographic slope To be derived from field survey
databy topographic survey team 0% 0-5% 5-15% 15-30% 30-45%
>45%3.Road network Transportation network map fromSurvey
department scale 1:10,000 Field survey Highway Local road Walk way
to safe areas4.Potential safe areas forhorizontal evacuation Field
survey by exposure surveyteam Coordinate
Occupancy/Capacity5.Potential safe areas forvertical evacuation
Field survey by exposure surveyteam Coordinate Capacity6.Critical
facilities and suppliesduring emergency Field survey by exposure
surveyteam Coordinate Capacity Operation plan7.Population density,
age andgender Interview GN division head Census data from
Department ofCensus and Statistic of Sri Lanka Total population
Age/gender ratio8. Administration boundary forplanning and
disastermanagement Hambantota city boundary map fromSurvey
department scale 1:10,000 GN division map from SurveyDepartment
district survey office GN division boundary Land parcels
- 74. 716.2.2 Data and EquipmentHandheld GPS and digital
cameraHandheld GPS and digital camera are used to record
geographical location and photos of thepotential safe places and
critical facilities.Figure 6.20 Handheld GPS for recording location
and photosof potential safe places and critical facilitiesTable 6.8
Summary of data and equipment used for exposure surveysupported
evacuation planningActivity (Duration) Data Used Equipment Used
PersonnelSite visit to evacuationshelter, critical facilitiesand
supplies duringemergencyLocal map(capture from Googleearth)Building
survey formSurvey VehicleDigital cameraHandheld GPSDriverLocal
guideRecorder6.2.3 Data gathering for support tsunami evacuation
planningLand use map and transportation networkLand use map and
transportation network layer (scale 1:10,000) were collected from
SurveyDepartment for Hambantota town as shown in Fig.6.21.
- 75. 72Figure 6.21 Land use map and transportation
networkEvacuation shelters, critical facilities and supplies during
emergencyEvacuation shelters, critical facilities and supplies
during emergency were collected duringfield visit as shown in Table
6.9 and Fig. 6.24. The designated evacuation shelters are theplaces
that are already officially identified as the evacuation shelters.
The potential evacuationshelters are identified under this project
for the places that did not affect from the IndianOcean tsunami in
2004, can be easily accessed by public with available evacuation
facilities.
- 76. 73Table 6.9 Inventory of evacuation shelters, critical
facilities and supplies during emergencyLong LatBld.IDCode
Place_name PhotoDesignated Evacuation Shelters by DMC81.12339
6.141491 SHLT_1Al Masjidun NoorJumma Mosque81.12545 6.12572 14
SHLT_2 Police Station81.12767 6.12279 17 SHLT_3 Maha
NagaMandiraya81.12076 6.12565 20 SHLT_4 NimbaAramaya(temple)
- 77. 7481.11996 6.12629 21 SHLT_5 Recreation GroundPotential
Evacuation Shelters81.12472 6.12639 6 PT_SHLT_01 Zahira
College81.12261 6.12490 13 PT_SHLT_02 Hambantota
ArabicCollege81.12147 6.14048 27 PT_SHLT_03 SamodagamaPrimary
School
- 78. 75Critical Facilities and Supplies during emergency81.12250
6.12694 8 HOSPITALDistrict Hospital -Hambantota81.12322 6.12508 11
WATER_01Water Tank-Hambantota-West81.12768 6.12210- WATER_02Water
Tank-Hambantota-East81.12313 6.12491 12 POWER Electricity Board-Sub
Station
- 79. 7681.12581 6.12569 15 BUS_ST Main Bus stand81.12667 6.12370
16 TELECOM Telecom Office-Hambantota81.12620 6.12469 31 PETRO_1
P.WeerasingheCeypetro(Gov. gas station)81.12117 6.12464 32
PETRO_2IOC WeldisiPvt.Ltd(Private gas station)
- 80. 77Early Warning Siren81.12545 6.12572 14 SIREN_1 Police
Station(1.5 km effectiveradius)Telecom Tower81.11372 6.12530 TT_1
TelecomTower81.12754 6.13328 TT_2 TelecomTower81.12523 6.12990 TT_3
TelecomTower81.13889 6.12527 TT_4 TelecomTowerBuilding and site
condition imagesBuilding and site condition images taken during the
Tsunami Damage Assessment projectusing very high resolution images
in October 2010 by Survey Department and the JointResearch Center
(JRC), European Commission were collected to corporately use under
thecurrent project. Fig.6.22 presents the location of images of
building and site condition.Figure 6.22 Location and example of
image taken duringThe Tsunami Damage Assessment project (Source:
Survey Department)
- 81. 786.2.4 Problems encounter and recommendationsPotential
evacuation route and safe place near south eastern areaDuring field
visit, it has been observed that the south east coast of
Hamabantota town are thearea where a number of commercial and
business sectors, city bus stand and fish harbor arelocated. Two
designate shelters including police station (SHLT_2) and Maha Naga
Mandiraya(SHLT_3) are the closet shelters. At police station
(SHLT_2), from the interview, there wasno record of tsunami impact
during the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. However, its locationis
just behind bus stand which was recorded tsunami height of 12 feet
and severely damage.This shelter should be carefully examined with
the detailed land elevation whether it is reallyappropriated and
safe for the assembly point and shelter. In addition, the early
warning sirenis also located there. Vertical evacuation is not
recommended to Hambantota town since thelead time before tsunami
arrival is long enough for horizontal evacuation.For the high
ground area where Maha Naga Mandiraya (SHLT_3) is located (shading
area inFig.6.30), it is the suitable natural high land which is
suitable to identify as the assembly pointduring the event sine the
overall area can accommodate a number of people . The access
roadsare also available to reach this high elevation area since it
is the previous DS office complex.During field visit, the survey
team found the small walking path which can be used as theshortcut
for evacuation to the high ground as shown in the Fig.6.22 and
6.23. However, if thisroute will be used, stair way should be
expanded and maintained.Figure 6.22 Stair way connected seaside
area to the high ground near fishing harbor
- 82. 79Figure 6.23 Red line shown the location of stair way
which is the shortcut to the high groundFigure 6.24 Map of
Evacuation shelters, critical facilities and supplies during
emergency
- 83. 80REFERENCESAcharya, B.. (2000). Accuracy Assessment of DTM
Data: A Cost Effective Approach forLarge Scale Digital Mapping
Project. IAPRS, Vol. XXXIII, Amsterdam, 2000. Retrievedfrom
http://www.earthmapping.com/pdf/papers/Accuracy-Assessment-of-DTM-Data.pdfAmante,
C. & B. W. Eakins, 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief
Model: Procedures,Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical
Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, 19 pp,March 2009.Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC), 2007. Evacuation routes tools ArcGIS
toolbox-Users manual.-Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and
Sea. Department ofEnvironmental Research and Development, 88
pp.Axes, F., et al. (2004). SPOT 5 Builds a Global Multi-Purpose 3D
Database: Reference3D.Retrieved from
http://www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2004/Papers/3DG04-7.htmBureau
of Meteorology, Australian Government (BMAG). Tsunami Facts and
Information.Retrieved from
http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/info/index.shtmlBurrough, P.A. &
McDonnell, R.A. 1998. Principles of Geographical Information
Systems.Oxford University Press, Oxford. 333pp.Department of
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM), 2005. Master Plan for
TsunamiEvacuaton, 72 pp.Dost, R.J.J. & Mannaerts, C.M.M.
(2004). Generation of Lake Bathymetry Using Sonar,Satellite Imagery
and GIS. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and
EarthObservation (ITC). Netherlands. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2004/n_p_conf/dost_bat.pdfDoytsher,
Y. (2009). Producing Seamless Multi-Source Quality-Dependent
Digital TerrainModels. Retrieved from
http://www.fig.net/pub/vietnam/papers/ts02e/ts02e_doytsher_dalyot_
3590.pdfField Procedures Manual. (2009. August). Office of Coast
Survey, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsd/docs/Field_Procedures_Manual_April_2009.pdfFoytong,
P. and Ruangrassamee, A., 2007. Fragility curves of reinforced
concrete buildingsdamaged by a tsunami for tsunami risk analysis,
The Twentieth KKCNN Symposium on CivilEngineering, Jeju, Korea, 45
October 2007, S8-47, 2007.Garcin M., Desprates J.F., Fontaine M.,
Pedreros R., Attanayake N., Fernando S.,Srirwardana C.H.E.R, De
Silva U. and Poisson B., 2008. Integrated approach for
coastalhazards and risks in Sri Lanka, Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,
Vol.8, pp.577-586.Hatanaka, K., Toda, M. & Wada, M. (2007).
Data Analysis of a Low-Cost BathymetrySystem Using Fishing Echo
Sounders. IEEE Xplore.Heyman, W.D., Echochard, J.B. & Biasi,
F.B. (2007). Low-Cost Bathymetric Mapping forTropical Marine
Conservation-A Focus on Reef Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites.
MarineGeodesy, 30:1, 37-50. Available at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490410701295996.
- 84. 81International Oceanographic Commission (IOC), 2001.
Improved Global Bathymetry. FinalReport of SCOR Working Group 107.
Technical Series 63. Retrieved from
http://www.scor-int.org/Working_Groups/WG107Report.pdfInternational
Hydrographic Organization (IHO). (2005, May). Manual on
Hydrography.International Hydrographic Bureau. Monaco. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.syqwestinc.com/downloads/m-13-contents-chapter1.pdfInternational
Hydrographic Organization (IHO). (2008, February). IHO Standards
forHydrographic Surveys. Fifth Edition. Special Publication N44.
International HydrographicBureau. Retrieved form
http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S-44_5E.pdfInternational
Oceanographic Commission (IOC). (2001). Improved Global Bathymetry.
FinalReport of SCOR Working Group 107. Technical Series 63.
Retrieved from
http://www.scor-int.org/Working_Groups/WG107Report.pdfIUGG/IOC TIME
Project, 1997. Numerical method of tsunami Simulation with the
leap-frogscheme, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Manuals
and Guides, Vol. 35.Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
(2009). ASTER GDEM Readme File ASTER GDEM Version-1. Retrieved from
http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/ASTER_GDEM_
Validation_Summary_ReportJohnson, S. (2000). The Engineering
Handbook Elevation. Retrieved from
ftp://ftp.seu.edu.cn/Pub2/EBooks/Books_from_EngnetBase/pdf/8576/Section23/
Ch144.PDFKechine, M. (2003). Network Differential GPS: Kinematic
Positioning with NASAsInternet-based Global Differential GPS.
Retrieved from http://www.gmat.unsw. edu.au/wang/jgps/v2n2/
v2n2ForumC.pdfLayug, J E. Development of a Low-Cost Bathymetric
Mapping System for TsunamiInundation Modeling. MEng thesis Asian
Institute of Technology, 2010. Print.Magron, Franck. 2007. Shallow
Water Bathymetry. SPC Fisheries Newsletter #120.Naparat, P.
Development of Methodologies to Generate Topographic DEMs for
TsunamiSimulation Model INSPIRE MEng thesis Asian Institute of
Technology, 2011. Print.NOS Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and
Deliverables. (2009, August). U.S.Department of Commerce. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrievedfrom
http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsd/docs/Specs2009.pdfNew York
State Department of Transportation. (2009). Land Survey Standards
andProcedures Manual. Retrieved from
https://www.nysdot.gonv/divisios/engineering/design/design-services/land-survey/repository/LSSPM09.pdfPortable
Instrumentation for Real-Time Measurement of Scour at Bridges. Pub.
No. FHWA-RD-99-085. Research, Development and Technology
Turner-Fairbank Highway ResearchCenter. McLean, Virginia. March
1999. Retrieved
fromhttp://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/bs/Fhwa-rd-99-085.pdfPromdumrong,
N. Developing Methodology for Generating Building Database at Low
CostCondition. MEng thesis Asian Institute of Technology, 2011.
Print.Ruangrassamee, A., Yanagisawa, H., Foytong, P.,
Lukkunaprasit, P., Koshimura, S. andImamura, F., 2006.
Investigation of tsunami induced damage and fragility of building
in
- 85. 82Thailand after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami,
Earthquake Spectra, Vol.22,pp.377-401.Satellite Imaging Corp.
(2004). SPOT DEM Product Description Version 1.1, Retrieved
fromwww.satimagingcorp.com/.../SPOT_DEM_Product_Description_v1-1.pdfSingle
Beam Acoustic Depth Measurement Techniques. EM-1110-2-10003. (2002,
January).Retrieved from http://gisceu.net/PDF/U150.pdfSrivihok P.,
Honda K., Ruangrassamee A., Muangsin V., Naparat P., Foytong
P.,Promdumrong N., Aphimaeteethomrong P., Intavee A., Layug J.E.,
and Kosin T., 2012.Development of an online tool for tsunami
inundation simulation and tsunami loss estimation,Continental Shelf
Research Journal, In Presss.
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.08.021)Stumpf, R.P.,
Hordelred, K., 2003. Determination of Water Depth with High
ResolutionSatellite Imagery over Variable Bottom Type. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 48(1, part 2), pp. 547-556.Sugimoto, T., Murakami, H.,
Kozuki, Y. and Nishikawa, K., 2003. A human damageprediction method
for tsunami disaster incorporating evacuation activities, Natural
hazard 29,pp. 585-600.The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2002,
Hydrographic Surveying, Engineeringand Design, Engineer Manual,
Washington DC.Umbach, M. J. (1976, July 4). Hydrographic Manual.
Fourth Edition. U.S. Department ofCommerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and National Ocean.Rookville, Maryland.
Retrieved
fromhttp://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsd/docs/Hydro_Man_Ed_4_Umbach_1976_81.pdfWilson,
G. & Richards, J. (2006). Procedural Documentation and Accuracy
Assessment ofBathymetric Maps and Area/Capacity Tables for Small
Reservoirs. Scientific InvestigationsReport 2006-5208. U.S.
Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
Denver,Colorado. Retrieved from
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5208/pdf/SIR-06-5208.pdfValencia, N.,
Gardi, A., Gauraz, A., Leone, F. and Guillande, R., 2011. New
tsunami damagefunctions developed in the framework of SCHEMA
project: application to European-Mediterranean coasts, Natural
Hazards and Earth System Science, Vol.11, pp.2835-2846.
- 86. 83ANNEX 1Contact listOffice Contact Details Participant
Name , Designation, EmailMinistry of DisasterManagementVidya
Mawatha, Colombo-7,Colombo, Sri LankaTel: +94-112-136136Hon.Mahinda
AmaraweeraMinisterMrs. S.M. MohamadSecretaryDisaster
ManagementCenter(DMC)Vidya Mawatha, Colombo-7,Colombo, Sri
LankaTel: +94-112-136136DMC HambantotaNew Building
Complex,HambantotaMr. Sugath DisanayakeDirectorTraining and
Awareness DivisionMr.S.RanasingheDirectorPreparedness and Planning
DivisionMobile: +94-718-314-377Mr.Pradeep KodippiliAssistant
directorNational Emergency Operation
CentreTel:+94-11-213-6242Mobile:+94-7723-20530Email:pradeepkodippili@gmail.comMr.
M.D.N. CoorayAssistant directorPreparedness and Planning
DivisionMr.D.NwarathneAssistant directorMr.Thusitha
WaidyarathnaAssistant directorEmail:thusitha@dmc.gov.lkMr.Nuwan
MadawanarachchiAssistant
directorMobile:+94-7739-57906Email:nuwan@dma.gov.lkMr.I.W.R.Indika
PushpakumaraAssistant directorNational Emergency Operation
CentreEmail:iwrindika@yahoo.comMr.Rohan CooraADPC Project
CoordinatorEmail:rohancooray@gmail.com
- 87. 84Mr.W.A. DharmasiriAdditional District
SecretaryTel:+94-47-2220232Email: wadshb@yahoo.comMr. K.K.H
RavindraSqcuadron LeaderAssistant Director DMC
HambantotaTel:+94-7739-57875Email:
harsharavindra39@yahoo.comharsharavindra39@gmail.comMr.D.M.W.
DissanayakeEmail: shamikasudese@gmail.comDepartment of
Meteorology(DoM)383, Bauddhaloka Mawatha,Colombo -7, Sri LankaTel:
+94-112-694846Local Meteorological officeMattala International
AirportMr.S.H.KariyawasamDirector GeneralTel:+94-269-4104Email:
khsunila@gmail.comMr.S.R.JayasekeraTel:+94-269-1443Email:siriranjith1957@gmail.comMr.D.A.
JayasinghearachchiDeputy DirectorTel:+94-268-4746Mobile:
+94-773-772780Mr.W.W.DayanandaOfficer in charge, Meteorological
officeMattala Internation AirportTel: +94-7736-21976Survey
Department No. 150, Kirula Road, Narahenpita,Colombo 05Tel : +94
112369011 to 14Mrs. Shyamalie PereraDeputy Surveyor
GeneralTel:+94-11-236-9865Mobile:+94-772-642362Email:
shayamali16@gmail.comMr.S.D. Kelum PriyanthaEmail:
sdkelum@hotmail.com,sdkelum@gmail.comMr.W.J.K.A.N. PrahathEmail:
npjasinghe@yahoo.comNational Aquatic ResourcesResearch and
DevelopmentAgency (NARA)Crow Island, Mattakkuliya,ColomboDr.
ArulananthanHead, National Institute of Oceanography andMarine
SciencesTel: +94-11-252-1932,
- 88. 85Mobile: +94-7736-85319Email: k.arulan@gmail.comMr.R.M.
JayathilakaScientistMobile:+94-11-716-405118Email:
ruchira.jayathilaka@gmail.comCoast ConservationDepartment (CCD)4 th
Floor, New SecretariatBuilding, Maligawatta,Colombo10Tel:+94 11 244
9754Mr. Anil PremarathneDirector
GeneralTel:+94-11-244-9197Mobile:+94-7184-07395Email:premaratnaanil@yahoo.comMr.R.A.S.
RanawakaSenior EngineerTel: +94-1124-49754Email:
sujeewa7@hotmail.comMs. Rajitha M.
LakminiEmail:ccd_rajitha@yahoo.comMr. Mahesha Samera PereraEmail:
maheshasameera@yahoo.comGeological Survey and MinesBureau
(GSMB)569, Epitamulla Road, PitakotteTel:+94-11-2886289 /
2886290Ms.S.N.B.ThaldenaGeophysicistTel:+94-11-288-7680Email:
nilminith@yahoo.comUniversity of Moratuwa Campus Road,
MoratuwaTel:+94-11-2650441Prof.S. HettiarachchiProfessorMr.Shayani
WeerasingheResearch assistantEmail: shayani_w@hotmail.comRIMES
Outreach Bldg., AIT campus58 Moo 9 Paholyothin RdKlong Nueng, Klong
LuangPathumthani 12120 ThailandTel: +662-516-5900 to 01Fax:
+662-516-5902Dr. Patchanok SrivihokCoastal Hydrodynamics
Scientistpatchanok@rimes.intMs. Ruby Rose PolicarpioInstitutional
Development Specialistruby@rimes.intMs.J Elaine J LayugSurvey and
GIS Specialistj.elaine@rimes.intMr.Payuha Naparat (Yam)Topographic
survey and GIS specialist(Consultant)Fox_oneone@hotmail.com
- 89. 86ANNEX 2Information Collected fromHambantota Disaster
Management CenterName of province/district/sub-district/village
Hambantota DS DivisionContact person: KKH RavindraContact detail:
Tel: 0773957875Email: harsharavindra39@yahoo.comI. Disaster
Management Policy and InitiativeRefereeing to the current
guidelines for disaster management provided by the governmentlevel,
the process information flow during disaster includes:1. Informed
to The Government Agent2. Informed to DG-DMC3. Informed to
Divisional Secretary4. Informed to Grama Niladari5. Informed to
Police Station6. Taking action according to the early instruction
given by AssistantDirector(District) DMC to Grama Niladari. Working
groups are:a) Early warning and Distribution team.b) Search and
recue team,c) Camp management & Coordinating team.d) Health
&Welfare teame) Patrol & security team.II. Major hazards in
the areaElephant attack, flood, drought, strong windIII. Specific
fund for Disaster ManagementOn requestIV. Human resource and
equipments for rescue How many staffs are involved in the Unit?
(Please specify if these staffs are technicalor non technical)20
staffs What are the equipments the municipality currently has for
rescue operation afterany disaster?On request by various pvt/Gov
Are these equipments are sufficient for such rescue operation?Not
sufficient
- 90. 87Sectional Damage Report - Hambantota Ds DivisionSector
Relavant Institute Damage BuildingsEstimated Damages(Rs.
Million)Outside Plant 80Buildings 15Transmission Plant 20Power
Plant 10Switching Plant 120Tower 15Vehicles 5TOTAL 265Peakok Beach
Hotel 250Seaspray HotelJade Grenn RestaurantTOTAL 250Hambantota
Kachcheriya Road 2.5Hambantota Hospital Road 0.8Mahalewaya
Hambantota Road 230TOTAL 233.3Curcuit Bunglow 2.5Vehicles 1.5TOTAL
4Houses 562Commercial Buildings 163Lands 53Hotels 3Private Office
2Government Office 17TOTAL 800Buidings 0.075School Theator
0.675Toilets 0.145Wall 0.75TOTAL 1.645Main Hall 1.6Thee Stories
Building 8.5Single Floor Building 1.8TOTAL 15.19House Connection
3.6Distribution & Pumping 0.42Bridge Crossing 0.02Vehicles
0.03TOTAL 4.07Paddy Land - Bandagiriya 3.5Other Crops 0.83TOTAL
4.33Main Office of Society 8.2Paddy Miller & the Store
4.8Seminar Room with Equipment 6.5Vehicles 1.1Rural Devisional Bank
Office 0.799Medical Centre 0.764Stors 1.03Filling Centre 1.14Rented
Building Complex 1.5Unrecovered Payment 15.8TOTAL 41.633Whole Sale
46.7Construction 12.1Services 75Irrigation Board Irigation
DepartmentCommercial (AccordingTo UDA)RoadsTelecomunication Sri
Lanka TelecomTourism Hotels & ResturentRoads &
BridgesCo-operativeCommercial Private PremisesEducationSt.Meris
CollegeSazira CollegeWater Board Water Board -
HambantotaAgriculture Agrarian Service
- 91. 88Population - 2010 (Nationality)Sinhala Srilankan Tamil
Burger Malle Sri Lankan Yonaka Total45,786 746 112 6,923 3,816
57,383Population - 2012 (Gender & Age)Male Female Below 15
Between 15-59 60 & Above 60 Total Population28,668 28,385
16,061 35,528 5,464 57,053GenderTsunami Damage Houses 2004 event -
DS HambantotaFully Partially Fully Partially Fully Partially232 77
278 130 510 207In Side Out Side TotalTsunami Effected PersonalsNo.
of effected Families No. of effected Personals3,500 13,208Death and
missing list from tsunami diaster in Hambantota districtType of
Death Bodies Number of death bodiesMale 847Female 1215Children
350Foregone 42Total 2454Number of missing personnel 616Total
affected 3070Tsunami Affected Personnels in DS divisionDS Division
Number of affect families Number of affected personelTangalle 5591
21348Ambalantota 2452 10036Hambantota 3500 13208Tissamanharamaya
1873 7236Beliatta 266 1028Weeraketiya 87 348Walasmulla 25
89Katuwana 62 224Okewela 24 83Augunakolapelessa 82 315Sooriyawewa
112 457Lunugamwehera 158 683Total 14232 55055
- 92. 89Damaged Houses (Inside/Outside -Buffer zone)DS
DivisionFully Partially Fully Partially Fully PartiallyTangalle 419
277 202 653 621 930Ambalantota 58 7 78 223 136 230Hambantota 232 77
278 130 510 207Tissamaharamaya 43 12 94 20 137 32752 373 652 1026
1404 13992803Inside Outside TotalTsunami AffectedHotel - Hambantota
DistrictSER No. Hotel name and address GS Division Contact No.50
Oenser beech hotel sisilasagame hambantota Hambantota 47220650751
Fun bech restturant layan rathnawera Hambantota 77710716852 Chamila
gest vhouse rathna kumara Hambantota 47348933853 Pecok bech hotel
hambantota Hambantota 47567100054 Jed greenrest hambantota
Hambantota 47222069255 Kalana restaurant hambantota Hambantota
71268992456 Chamee rest hambantota Hambantota 713647857Tsunami
AffectedSchool - Hambantota DistrictSER No. Name of school GS
Division Contact No.01 H/Bondala K.V. Hambantota 77606650002
H/Shantha Mery National School Hambantota 0713120100/047222088003
H/Samodagama K.V. Hambantota 71807994604 H/Udamala K.V. Hambantota
71802043805 H/Pollemalala K.V. Hambantota 71830707806 H/Hungama
Vijayaba N.V. Hambantota 71449639107 H/Theraputta Primary School
Hambantota 0772029019/047222603608 H/Magama M.V. Hambantota
0718276535/047222546009 H/Andaragasyaya Primary School Hambantota
0718096282/047720331010 H/Kirindagama MuslimM.V. Hambantota
714477025611 H/Kirindagama Hambantota 71857751512 Primary School
Hambantota 485717494
- 93. 95Number of damaged housing and non housing building units
due to tsunami 2004 - Hambantota DistrictAffected DS Division
Housing Units Non Housing Units Total Building UnitsCompletely
Damage Partially Damage Partially DamagedTotal Completely Damage
Partially Damage Partially DamagedTotal Completely Damage Partially
Damage Partially Damaged Total(Unusable) (Usable) (Unusable)
(Usable) (Unusable) (Usable)Tissamaharamaya 132 26 52 210 105 4 9
118 237 30 61 328Hambantota 549 55 178 782 225 23 92 340 774 78 270
1122Ambalantota 104 21 65 190 12 0 2 14 116 21 67 204Tangalle 433
202 724 1359 96 31 191 318 529 233 915 1677Total 1218 304 1019 2541
438 58 294 790 1656 362 1313 3331
- 94. 95