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Research Overview
Department of Fire Protection Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA
http://www.fpe.umd.edu
February 2015
Faculty Research Areas
M. di Marzo suppression, detection
M. Gollner wildfires, flammability, structures
K. E. Isman suppression systems
A.W. Marshall fire flows, combustion, suppression
J. A. Milke structures, detection, egress
S. I. Stoliarov pyrolysis, flammability, fire growth
P. B. Sunderland soot, fire dynamics, diagnostics
A. Trouvé turbulent combustion, fire modeling
Full-Time Faculty
Faculty: M. Gollner, A. Trouve
Ph.D. Student: W. Tang, C. Zhang
Visiting Students: M. Durant
Title: Real-time wildland fire modeling
Sponsor: National Science Foundation
Collaborators: UC San Diego
Objective: NSF-funded Development of a
cyberinfrastructure for real-time wildfire monitoring
and prediction
Wildland Fires
WIFIRE – Real Time Wildfire Predictions
Example of a test simulation performed with FIREFLY showing the time evolution of the burnt
area (in blue) on a complex terrain. (a) t = 225 s; (b) t = 1275 s (Trouve)
Faculty: M. Gollner
Ph.D. Students: W. Tang and C. Miller
B.S. Student: R. Hakes, J. Scheer
Title: Buoyant instabilities influencing fire spread
Sponsor: US Forest Service
Collaborators: M. Finney, S. McCallister (USFS),
K. Saito (Kentucky)
Objective: Determine the mechanisms responsible for
wildland fire spread (new instabilities discovered) and
characterize the process in a simple manner for
operational firefighting.
Wildland Fires
Fundamental Wildland Fire Spread Research
Faculty: M. Gollner
Ph.D. Students: C. Miller
Title: Discrete Fuel Effects on Flammability and
Flame Spread
Sponsor: Minta Martin Foundation, Bryan Chair
Objective: Model flame spread through discrete fuels
such as wooden dowels and dispersed PMMA in order to
model wildland fuels and spread through wire trays
Ignition and Flame Spread
Fuel Density Effects on Flammability & Spread
Faculty: M. Gollner
Ph.D. Students: Ajay V. Singh
Title: Local Burning Rates and Heat Flux for Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames Under Forced Flow
Sponsors: Minta Martin Foundation, University of Maryland
Objective: Understand the relationship between temperature profiles, local convective and radiative heat fluxes and burning rates to improve theoretical and numerical modeling of flame spread.
Ignition and Flame Spread
Detailed Boundary Layer Flame Measurements
[1] Singh, A.V. and Gollner, M.J., Proc. of the Combust. Inst., Vol. 35, 2015, pp. 2527-2534.
Distinguished Paper at the 35th International Symposium on Combustion
Faculty: M.J. Gollner
B.S. Students: R. Hakes, S. Canton and K. Kohler
Title: Pathways to Fire Spread in the Wildland Urban Interface
Sponsors: NFPA Fire Protection Research Foundation
Objective: Review literature on exposure conditions, reactions of components and systems and mitigation strategies for the WUI. Now performing an analysis to identify gaps in information needed to inform prevention and protection strategies.
Suppression
Pathways to Fire Spread in the WUI
Firebrands blowing off of vegetation during the
Etiwanda fire.
October, 2007 San Diego wildfire
Faculty: M.J. Gollner, A.W. Marshall
Ph.D. Students: P. Maisto
Visiting Students: J. Triller
Title: Characterizing smoke transport in naturally-ventilated green buildings
Sponsors: Department of Homeland Security, Fire Grant
Collaborators: B. Meacham (WPI)
Objective: Apply PLIF, PIV, and other non-intrusive diagnostics to model smoke transport in green buildings. The addition of wind on smoke dispersion will enhance the benefit to firefighters from the project.
Green Buildings
Fire Safety in Green Buildings
Faculty: Marshall, Trouvé, Sunderland, Baum
Ph.D. Students: Zheng, Vilfayeau, White, Myers, Jordan, Link
Title: Quantifying Fire-Spray Interactions
Sponsors: NSF MRI, NSF GOALI, FM Global, UTRC
Objective: Characterization and Model development for fire suppression spray interactions with fire plumes (kinematic), flame sheets (cooling and dilution), and flame radiation (scattering and absorption).
Suppression
Spray Suppression
*
Faculty: Marshall, Quintiere
Ph.D. Students: Kahrmann
M.S. Students: Layton
Title: Characterizing Buoyancy Induced Dispersion via Scale Modeling
Sponsors: NIJ
Objective: Apply PLIF, PIV, and other non-intrusive diagnostics for use in dispersion studies. Current focus is salt-water dispersion experiments (used for: applied studies of smoke transport and detector response; plume dispersion studies; CFD model validation).
Dispersion measurements; impinging plume
(above); centerline unconfined plume (right)
Preliminary visualization
of a plume in cross-flow
Plumes
Dispersion
Faculty: Marshall, Trouvé
Ph.D. Students: Voegele, Raffan
Collaborator: Cadou (UMD)
Title: Detailed Experiments and Model Development for Thrust
Chamber Film Cooling
Sponsor: NASA Marshall
Objective: Characterize the detailed mixing and transport processes near
film cooled surfaces to support near-wall CFD model development.
Film cooling effectiveness and near wall diagnostics
Heat Transfer
Near Wall Mixing and Heat Transfer
Fire Detection
Faculty: J.A. Milke
Student: R. Zevotek
Title: “Analysis of Data from Cooktop Fire Experiments”
Sponsor: UL
Objective: Development of precursor signatures that can be distinguished from
those associated with normal cooking and are capable of predicting an impending
fire to provide adequate warning to homeowners in order to intervene.
Precursors to Cooking Related Fires
Faculty: J.A. Milke
Student: R. Hanson
Title: “Assessment of Fire Risk in US Residences”
Sponsor: State Farm
Objective: The research project included a holistic review of the previous
activities in residential fire safety and developed a risk model to assess the role
of key parameters affecting the fire risk in one- and two-family dwellings.
Residential Fire Safety
Fire Risks in Contemporary US Homes
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Mattress Bedding OtherFurniture
Electrical Wire
Per
cen
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f In
cid
ents
Item First Ignited
FS1 FS2 FS3 FS4 FS5
Faculty: Stoliarov
Students: Y. Ding (Ph.D. candidate), J. Swann (M.S. candidate)
Sponsor: NSF CAREER
Objective: To develop quantitative understanding of char growth
dynamics and its relations to the thermal decomposition chemistry and
heat transfer in a wide range of polymeric systems including a new
generation of biodegradable materials.
Pyrolysis and Oxidation
Understanding Flammability of Charring Polymers
Partially Pyrolyzed
Polycarbonate
Work Flow
Ignition and Flame Spread
Upward Flame Spread on Polymers
Faculty: Stoliarov
Students: I. Leventon (Ph.D. candidate), K. Korver (M.S. candidate)
Sponsor: FAA
Objective: To develop an empirical model that generates a detailed
flame-to-surface heat flux profile for a given mass loss rate and couple
this model with a newly developed 2D pyrolysis solver to predict early
stages of flame spread on polymeric surfaces.
UMD Flame
Spread Test
Experiment versus Model Prediction
Faculty: Stoliarov
Students: M. McKinnon (Ph.D. candidate), G. Martin (M.S. candidate)
Sponsor: FAA
Objective: To develop a systematic procedure for the measurement and
validation of kinetic, thermodynamic and heat transport properties of
fiber-reinforced and layered composites utilized in transportation and
building applications.
Pyrolysis and Oxidation
Parameterization of Burning Models for Composites
UMD Controlled Atmosphere Pyrolysis Apparatus Experimental mass loss rate (MLR) and model
prediction for the pyrolysis of low-pile carpet
components in a nitrogen atmosphere
Ignition and Flame Spread
Effectiveness of Gas-Phase Flame Retardants
Faculty: Stoliarov
Students: F. Raffan (Post-doc), C. Hamel (M.S. candidates)
Sponsor: BASF, ICL-IP
Objective: To develop experimental methodologies for the
measurement of impact of gas-phase-active flame retardant additives
on ignitability and burning intensity of solid materials using mg-sized
samples.
UMD Microscale Flame
Calorimeter
Polystyrene (PS) and brominated
polystyrene (PS-Br) heat release rate
histories
Phosphorus-induced
flame extinction
Faculty: Stoliarov, Sunderland
Students: X. Liu (Ph.D. candidate)
Sponsor: Ford
Objective: To develop a methodology for characterization of thermally-
induced failure of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). To create an engineering
model of the failure process and apply it to the analysis of a wide range
of overheating scenarios.
Applied Studies
Thermally-Induced Failure of Lithium Ion Batteries
UMD Copper Slug Battery Calorimetry Apparatus
Heat generation by the processes inside
LIB during its thermal failure
Faculty: Stoliarov
Students: A. Friedman (M.S. candidate)
Sponsor: ARL
Objective: To examine feasibility of using a low frequency and high
amplitude sound waves for suppression of localized aircraft fires.
Suppression
Flame Suppression with Low Frequency Sound
Experimental Setup
Sound Pressure
Profile at Resonator
Opening
Flame Response
FPE Faculty: Sunderland
M.S. Student: A. Boussouf
Postdoc: V. Lecoustre
Collaborators: A. Mosleh, R. Radermacher
Title: Flammability and Risk Assessment of R-32 Refrigerant
Sponsor: Daikin Industries
Objectives: Assess the fire risks of R-32 leaks using
experiments, CFD simulations, and risk analysis.
Applied Studies
Flammability of R-32 Refrigerant
R-32 autoignition (left),
and FDS temperature
predictions (right).
FPE Faculty: Sunderland
Ph.D. Students: P.M. Anderson, H. Guo
Title: Soot Oxidation in Hydrocarbon-Free Flames
Sponsor: NSF
Objectives: Use a novel flame system to develop
improved correlations of soot oxidation kinetics.
Emissions
Soot Oxidation
Soot oxidation rate versus height Ternary flame system
FPE Faculty: Sunderland
Postdoc: V.R. Lecoustre
Collaborators: R.L. Axelbaum, D.L. Urban, B.H. Chao
Title: Flame Design: A Novel Approach to Clean Efficient Diffusion Flames
Sponsor: NASA Glenn
Objectives: Study microgravity spherical flames to identify the effects of
dilution on soot formation and flame extinction. Flight tests will occur on ISS.
Emissions and Extinction
Flame Design
Identification of PAH main pathways in premixed flames with varying
flame temperature
FPE Faculty: Quintiere, Sunderland
Students: C. Beall, M. Kim
Title: Experimental Investigation of Emulated Burning Rate at Various Gravity
Levels
Sponsor: NASA Glenn
Objectives: Use gases to emulate condensed fuel burning in microgravity. Heat
flux gages are embedded in the burner face. Flight tests will occur on ISS.
Fire Dynamics
Burning Rate Emulator
BRE emulations in normal gravity
FPE Faculty: Sunderland
Postdoc: V. Lecoustre
Collaborators: G.S. Jackson, K. McGrattan
Title: RADCAL Enhancements for Radiative Emission and Absorption
Sponsor: NIST
Objectives: Incorporate recent measurements of radiation into
RADCAL.
Radiation
Improved Radiation Modeling in FDS
FTIR transmissivity of ethylene FTIR versus RADCAL spectra of MMA at 597 K.
FPE Faculty: Sunderland
Ph.D. Student: J. Pagliaro
Collaborator: G.T. Linteris
Title: Combustion inhibition and enhancement of premixed
methane–air flames by halon replacements.
Sponsor: Boeing
Objectives: Understand why some halon replacements cause
increased pressures in full-scale tests at FAA.
Suppression
Inhibition by Halon Replacements
Apparatus Peak pressures
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD students: S. Vilfayeau, J. White, T. Myers
Title: “Modeling of Under-Ventilated Fires and Fire Suppression”
Sponsors: NSF, FM Global, UTRC (GOALI program)
Collaborators: N. Ren, K. Meredith, Y. Wang (FM Global); A.W. Marshall, P.B.
Sunderland (UMD)
Objective: Develop a CFD model to describe flame extinction under fire conditions
(including effects of mixing times, air/fuel vitiation, evaporative cooling by water spray)
2014 Results: Formulation of new flame extinction model. Evaluation in a reduced-scale
compartment configuration and a canonical slot burner configuration (FDS/FireFOAM).
Publications: Fire Safety. J. (submitted); Proc. Combust. Inst. 35 (2015) 2563; Combust.
Flame 161 (2014) 2933.
Flame Extinction in Fires
Combustion
FDS FireFOAM
20.9%
O2
13.2%
O2
50 cm
FDS FireFOAM
FireFOAM
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD student: J. White – Post-doc: V. Lecoustre
Title: “Modeling of Emission and Transport of Thermal Radiation in Fires”
Sponsors: NSF, FM Global, UTRC (GOALI program)
Objective: Evaluate performance of spectrally-averaged (gray) and spectrally-resolved
(wide-band) models to describe gas/soot radiant emissions in fires. Evaluate performance
of wide-band models to describe thermal radiation transport through water sprays.
2014 Results: Comparative study of gray and wide-band models in a simple canonical
configuration relevant to fire problems (RadCal).
Flame Radiation Properties in Fires
Thermal Radiation
FDS FireFOAM
20.9%
O2
13.2%
O2
50 cm
Faculty: A. Trouvé – Post-doc: V. Lecoustre
Title: “Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Soot Formation and Oxidation in Diffusion
Flames”
Sponsor: NSF (OCI, PetaApps Program), DOE (NERSC)
Collaborators: H.G. Im (U. MI), D. Haworth (Pennstate U.), T. Lu (U. Connecticut), R.
Sankaran (Oak Ridge Ntl. Lab.), K.-L. Ma (U.C. Davis)
Soot Formation and Emission in Fires
Soot Emissions
Objective: Develop a massively-parallel,
high-fidelity, direct numerical simulation
(DNS) solver to simulate soot-flame-
radiation interactions in turbulent
combustion
2014 Results: DNS simulations of soot
breakthrough in canonical laminar
flame/vortex interaction configuration;
formulation of a new theoretical criterion
to predict soot breakthrough (S3D).
Publications: Combust. Flame (submitted);
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (2014) 379.
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD student: C. Zhang – MS student: M. Theodori
Title: “Data-Driven Wildland Fire Spread Modeling”
Sponsors: NSF (OCI), UMD/ConE
Collaborators: M. Rochoux (Environnement Canada); S. Ricci (CERFACS, France); I.
Altintas, J. Block, R. de Callafon (UCSD); E. Ellicott, K. Ide, M.J. Gollner (UMD)
Objective: Demonstrate the feasibility of coupling fire sensor technology with fire
modeling software for improved predictions of wildland fire dynamics. Evaluate data
assimilation methodologies (as used in weather forecasting applications).
2014 Results: Development of a prototype data-driven wildfire model based on an
Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Evaluation in prescribed fire experiment (FireFlux).
Publications: Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. (submitted); Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 14
(2014) 2951; Proc. 11th Intl. IAFSS Symp. (2014).
Data Assimilation
Simulation of wildfire propagation (regional scale)
Wildfire Spread
Observed front
Initial fire front position
ROS parameters Simulated front Forward model
Inverse model
Control variables
Ensemble Kalman Filter
FIREFLY simulator
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD student: S. Verma
Title: “Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of Flame Spread in Wildfires”
Collaborators: M. Finney (US Forest Service); M.J. Gollner (UMD)
Flame Structure in Wildfires
Wildfire Spread
Objective: Perform detailed numerical simulations of the
dynamics of wildfire flames; identify origin of organized
vortical structures; evaluate relative weight of
convective/radiative heat transfer; provide companion
computational tool to UMD experimental program (Gollner)
2014 Results: Preliminary LES simulations of thermal
boundary layers subjected to representative unstable
buoyancy-driven effects (FireFOAM).
Simulation of Rayleigh-Taylor instability in thermal boundary layers
Faculty: A. Trouvé – MS student: C. Pongratz
Title: “Methods to Increase Maximum Velocity of Makeup Air for Atrium Smoke Control
- CFD Study”
Sponsor: ASHRAE
Collaborator: J.A. Milke (UMD)
Objective: Evaluate the effects of velocity and location of make-up air flow used in fire
smoke control systems for atrium configurations. Develop a technical basis for a possible
change in current codes and guidelines (e.g., NFPA 92).
Modeling of Smoke Control Systems
Smoke Transport
2014 Results: Evaluation of effects of high
make-up air velocity on smoke layer depth
(FDS); formulation of correction to
classical smoke formation correlations.
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Faculty: A. Trouvé – MS student: X. Pi
Title: “Low-Frequency Oscillations in Under-Ventilated Compartment Fires”
Collaborator: S. Suard (IRSN, France)
Objective: Study the unstable dynamics of compartment fires in configurations featuring
a mechanical ventilation system and under-ventilated combustion conditions
2014 Results: Formulation of a simple zone model to simulate unstable combustion-
pressure-ventilation interactions in a compartment fire. Preliminary simulations and
comparisons to experimental data from IRSN.
Unstable Behavior in Compartment Fires
Compartment Fires
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD student: Z. Ghorbani
Title: “Fuel Pyrolysis Under Oscillatory Radiant Heat Flux Conditions”
Objective: Evaluate unsteady response of solid flammable materials
2014 Results: Theoretical evaluation of unsteady response of non-charring and charring
materials exposed to time-dependent heat loading. Numerical evaluation in canonical
configuration corresponding to cone-calorimeter-like conditions and sinusoidal
oscillations in radiant intensity.
Pyrolysis Modeling
1D simulation of PMMA mass loss rate in cone calorimeter test (f = 0.5 Hz, A = 10 kW/m2)
Fuel Source
1D simulation of PVC mass loss rate in cone calorimeter test (f = 0.5 Hz, A = 10 kW/m2)
Faculty: A. Trouvé – PhD students: S. Verma, C. Kittur
Title: “Validation of Supersonic Film Cooling Numerical Simulations Using Detailed
Measurements and Novel Diagnostics”
Sponsor: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Collaborator: C. Cadou (UMD)
Objective: Evaluate performance of LOCI-CHEM (RANS solver developed by NASA) in
a canonical supersonic film cooling configuration (studied experimentally at UMD).
Evaluate benefits of LES approach using OpenFOAM.
2014 Results: Preliminary comparisons between LOCI-CHEM/OpenFOAM results and
experimental data.
Modeling of Supersonic Film Cooling
High Speed Flows