Resins ppt

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RESIN CONTAINING RESIN CONTAINING DRUGS DRUGS

S.NIRMALAS.NIRMALA

RESIN CONTAINING RESIN CONTAINING DRUGS DRUGS

S.NIRMALAS.NIRMALA

SynonymsDevil's dung, stinking gum, asant, food of the gods, giant fennel, hing and ting

Biological source: Ferula foetida

Family umbelliferaceae

Asafoetida

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): (unranked): Asterids Order: Order: Apiales Family: Family: Apiaceae Genus: Genus: Ferula Species: Species: F. assafoetidaF. assafoetida

DistributionDistribution

Asafoetida has several varieties Asafoetida has several varieties which are distributed from the which are distributed from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia. Mediterranean region to Central Asia. It is grown in Iran and Afghanistan. It is grown in Iran and Afghanistan. The other species, known botanically The other species, known botanically as Ferula northex, grow abundantly as Ferula northex, grow abundantly in Kashmir, Western Tibet and in Kashmir, Western Tibet and Afghanistan. It forms a good Afghanistan. It forms a good substitute for asafoetida.substitute for asafoetida.

Macroscopy Macroscopy

AsafoetidaAsafoetida ( (Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida), ), alternative spelling alternative spelling asafetidaasafetida is is the dried the dried latex (gum (gum oleoresin) ) exuded from the living exuded from the living underground underground rhizome or or tap root of several species of of several species of Ferula, , which is a which is a perennial herb (1 to 1.5 (1 to 1.5 m highm high

AsafoetidaAsafoetida

PLANT MACROSCOPY PLANT MACROSCOPY

Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida is an is an herbaceous, , monoecious, , perennial plant of the family of the family Umbelliferae, also called Umbelliferae, also called Apiaceae. .

It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves have wide sheathing have wide sheathing petioles. .

Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a number of number of schizogenous ducts in the in the cortex containing the resinous gum. containing the resinous gum.

Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida is an is an herbaceous, , monoecious, , perennial plant of the family of the family Umbelliferae, also called Umbelliferae, also called Apiaceae. .

It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves have wide sheathing have wide sheathing petioles. .

Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a number of number of schizogenous ducts in the in the cortex containing the resinous gum. containing the resinous gum.

PLANT MACROSCOPY PLANT MACROSCOPY

Flowers are pale greenish yellow Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound produced in large compound umbels. .

Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice. brown and have a milky juice.

Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the plant the stems. All parts of the plant have the distinctive fetid smellhave the distinctive fetid smell

Flowers are pale greenish yellow Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound produced in large compound umbels. .

Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice. brown and have a milky juice.

Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the plant the stems. All parts of the plant have the distinctive fetid smellhave the distinctive fetid smell

Commercial asafoetida Commercial asafoetida

CompositionComposition

Typical asafoetida contains about Typical asafoetida contains about 40-64% 40-64% resin, 25% , 25% endogeneous gum, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-10% 10% ash..

The resin portion is known to The resin portion is known to contain contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', 'A' and 'B', ferulic acid, , umbelliferone and four and four unidentified compounds.unidentified compounds.

Typical asafoetida contains about Typical asafoetida contains about 40-64% 40-64% resin, 25% , 25% endogeneous gum, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-10% 10% ash..

The resin portion is known to The resin portion is known to contain contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', 'A' and 'B', ferulic acid, , umbelliferone and four and four unidentified compounds.unidentified compounds.

UsesUses

CookingCooking This spice is used as a digestive aid, in This spice is used as a digestive aid, in

food as a condiment and in pickles. food as a condiment and in pickles. When uncooked its odour is so strong When uncooked its odour is so strong the aroma will contaminate other spices the aroma will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container.airtight container.

However, its odour and flavor become However, its odour and flavor become much milder and more pleasant upon much milder and more pleasant upon heating in oil or heating in oil or ghee, acquiring a taste , acquiring a taste and aroma reminiscent of and aroma reminiscent of sautéed onion and and garlic

CookingCooking This spice is used as a digestive aid, in This spice is used as a digestive aid, in

food as a condiment and in pickles. food as a condiment and in pickles. When uncooked its odour is so strong When uncooked its odour is so strong the aroma will contaminate other spices the aroma will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container.airtight container.

However, its odour and flavor become However, its odour and flavor become much milder and more pleasant upon much milder and more pleasant upon heating in oil or heating in oil or ghee, acquiring a taste , acquiring a taste and aroma reminiscent of and aroma reminiscent of sautéed onion and and garlic

AntiflatulentAntiflatulent

Asafoetida reduces the Asafoetida reduces the growth of indigenous growth of indigenous microflora in the gut, microflora in the gut, reducing reducing flatulence

Medical applicationsMedical applications

Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in 1918 to fight the 1918 to fight the Spanish influenza pandemic. Scientists at the . Scientists at the Kaohsiung Medical University in Medical University in Taiwan report that the roots of report that the roots of Asafoetida produces natural Asafoetida produces natural antiviral drug compounds that kill compounds that kill the the swine flu virus, virus, H1N1..

digestion - In digestion - In Thailand, and , and India it is it is used to aid digestion and is smeared used to aid digestion and is smeared on the abdomen in an alcohol or on the abdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as water tincture known as mahahingmahahing..[7] asthma and and bronchitis - It is also said - It is also said (See this (See this Link) to be helpful in cases ) to be helpful in cases of of asthma and and bronchitis..

A folk tradition remedy for children's A folk tradition remedy for children's colds: it is mixed into a pungent-colds: it is mixed into a pungent-smelling paste and hung in a bag smelling paste and hung in a bag around the afflicted child's neck.around the afflicted child's neck.

digestion - In digestion - In Thailand, and , and India it is it is used to aid digestion and is smeared used to aid digestion and is smeared on the abdomen in an alcohol or on the abdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as water tincture known as mahahingmahahing..[7] asthma and and bronchitis - It is also said - It is also said (See this (See this Link) to be helpful in cases ) to be helpful in cases of of asthma and and bronchitis..

A folk tradition remedy for children's A folk tradition remedy for children's colds: it is mixed into a pungent-colds: it is mixed into a pungent-smelling paste and hung in a bag smelling paste and hung in a bag around the afflicted child's neck.around the afflicted child's neck.

Medical applicationsMedical applications

AntimicrobialAntimicrobial contraceptive//abortifacient AntiepilepticAntiepileptic Balancing the Balancing the vatavata - In - In Ayurveda, ,

asafoetida is considered to be one asafoetida is considered to be one of the best spices for balancing of the best spices for balancing the the vatavata dosha

AntimicrobialAntimicrobial contraceptive//abortifacient AntiepilepticAntiepileptic Balancing the Balancing the vatavata - In - In Ayurveda, ,

asafoetida is considered to be one asafoetida is considered to be one of the best spices for balancing of the best spices for balancing the the vatavata dosha

Adulterants Adulterants

It is adulterated with gum arabic, It is adulterated with gum arabic, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, barley flour and wheat flour.barley flour and wheat flour.

PreparationsPreparations

Tincture of Asafetida - Emulsion of Tincture of Asafetida - Emulsion of Asafetida - Syrup of Asafetida - Asafetida - Syrup of Asafetida - Pills of Asafetida - Compound Pills Pills of Asafetida - Compound Pills of Asafetida - Pills of Aloes and of Asafetida - Pills of Aloes and Asafetida Asafetida

Related entries: Sumbul (U. S. P.)Related entries: Sumbul (U. S. P.)—Sumbul - Galbanum.—Galbanum—Sumbul - Galbanum.—Galbanum

Capsicum Capsicum

Family:Family: SolanaceaeSolanaceae

Subfamily:Subfamily: SolanoideaeSolanoideae

Tribe:Tribe: Capsicinae Capsicinae

(since 1999(since 1999))

Orgin Orgin

Capsicum fruit Capsicum fruit

Red Pepper Red Pepper fruitfruit

Chilies fruitsChilies fruits

Biological source Biological source

Capsicum annumCapsicum annumCapsicum Capsicum minimum minimum

Family : Family : SolanaceaeSolanaceae

Distribution Distribution

Plant origin : Mexico & Plant origin : Mexico & India then cultivated in India then cultivated in mildly temperate & mildly temperate & semitropical regions .semitropical regions .

Introduction Introduction Estimated 25 species (my count Estimated 25 species (my count

=37)=37) Native to South and Central AmericaNative to South and Central America Current distribution is globalCurrent distribution is global One of the most utilized spice in the One of the most utilized spice in the

worldworld Part of human diet for 9000 yearsPart of human diet for 9000 years All diploidAll diploid Typically self-fertilizeTypically self-fertilize Most n=12 (some n=13)Most n=12 (some n=13)

CapsicumCapsicum

Capsicum annuumCapsicum annuum

Cultivation Cultivation

Capcicum varieties- California Capcicum varieties- California wonder, Arkamohini, Arkabasant, wonder, Arkamohini, Arkabasant, Arkagourav, Yellow wonder.Arkagourav, Yellow wonder.Seeds/Ha.-1000 gmSeeds/Ha.-1000 gmFarmYardmanure --25 tons/ha.FarmYardmanure --25 tons/ha.Seed Beds -7.5 m long, 1.2 m Seed Beds -7.5 m long, 1.2 m bredth and 10 cm height sizedbredth and 10 cm height sized15 beds are required per ha.15 beds are required per ha.

CultivationCultivation

Seed Bed Preperation- Apply 30 Seed Bed Preperation- Apply 30 kg FYM+half kg 19:19:19 complexkg FYM+half kg 19:19:19 complexto the each seedbed. Treated to the each seedbed. Treated seeds are sown at 8 cm row seeds are sown at 8 cm row distance in the bed.distance in the bed.Irrigate daily evening Irrigate daily evening hour.seedlings will be ready by 5-hour.seedlings will be ready by 5-6 weeks. 6 weeks.

Cultivation

CultivationCultivation

Planting - Plant 60 cms row to row ,and 45 Planting - Plant 60 cms row to row ,and 45 cm plant to plantcm plant to plantFertilizers - Apply 75 kg N,75 kg P and 50 kg Fertilizers - Apply 75 kg N,75 kg P and 50 kg K at planting.K at planting.Apply75 kg N as top dress at 4 weeks.Apply75 kg N as top dress at 4 weeks.

Irrigation & Intercultivation- Irrigate at every Irrigation & Intercultivation- Irrigate at every 3-4 days based on 3-4 days based on climate. After top dress earthingup has to be climate. After top dress earthingup has to be done.Intercultivate 3-4 times to manage done.Intercultivate 3-4 times to manage weeds. See that water should not stagnate in weeds. See that water should not stagnate in field. field.

Morphology Morphology

Seed Seed

Chemical constituentsChemical constituents

1.1. Phenolic substances Phenolic substances (pungent): Capsaicin (pungent): Capsaicin 0.02%.0.02%.

2.2. Alpha & beta carotene Alpha & beta carotene (red colour).(red colour).

3.3. Vitamin C 0.2%.Vitamin C 0.2%.4.4. Flavonoid glycoside – Flavonoid glycoside –

capsanthin .capsanthin .

UsesUses

1.1. Counter irritant .Counter irritant .

2.2. Rubefacient .Rubefacient .

3.3. Condiment .Condiment .

4.4. Carminative .Carminative .

5.5. Stomachic Stomachic

Ment-o-Ment-o-cap® cap®

Rekah –Rekah –ointmentointment

Pinus oil + Pinus oil + Camphor + Camphor + mentholmenthol

+ Eucalyptus oil + Eucalyptus oil ++

Capsicum Capsicum extractextract

Relief of Relief of rheumatism rheumatism pains & pains & muscles pains muscles pains ..

Zostrix ®Zostrix ®

Rafa –Rafa –

CreamCream

Capsaicin Capsaicin 0.025%0.025%

Relief the Relief the pains of pains of arthritis & arthritis & rheumatism .rheumatism .

Zostrix –Zostrix –HP®HP®

Rafa –Rafa –

CreamCream

Capsaicin Capsaicin 0.075%0.075%

In the In the treatments of treatments of neuropathy in neuropathy in case of case of diabetes . diabetes .

Commercial product Commercial product

Turmeric plant Turmeric plant

TurmericTurmeric Turmeric –BackgroundTurmeric –Background Botanical name - Curcuma longa Botanical name - Curcuma longa

Commercial application – rhizome – Commercial application – rhizome – underground stemunderground stem

Active ingredients – Curcumin-colouring Active ingredients – Curcumin-colouring principle, aroma and flavourprinciple, aroma and flavour

Application in culinary, cosmetics, ayurvedic Application in culinary, cosmetics, ayurvedic preparation, pharma and dyeingpreparation, pharma and dyeing

Turmeric is closely linked with everything Turmeric is closely linked with everything auspicious- hence indispensable element of auspicious- hence indispensable element of all celebrations, festivals.all celebrations, festivals.

Background Background

India contributes 80% of world India contributes 80% of world production and roughly 60% of exportsproduction and roughly 60% of exports

Indian turmeric industry size is roughly Indian turmeric industry size is roughly Rs. 2500 – 3000 croresRs. 2500 – 3000 crores

Export of turmeric and its products is Export of turmeric and its products is around Rs. 120 – 170 croresaround Rs. 120 – 170 crores

Turmeric - Area and Turmeric - Area and ProductionProductionStateState AreaArea Share Share Production Production

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 57.757.7 38.438.4 280.7280.7

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 16.716.7 11.111.1 65.965.9

OrissaOrissa 23.723.7 15.815.8 56.256.2

West BengalWest Bengal 12.212.2 8.18.1 22.922.9

KarnatakaKarnataka 6.06.0 4.04.0 27.527.5

GujaratGujarat 0.90.9 0.60.6 13.013.0

KeralaKerala 2.92.9 2.02.0 6.36.3

MaharashtraMaharashtra 7.07.0 4.74.7 6.06.0

North East* North East* 16.016.0 10.610.6 26.626.6

All IndiaAll India 150.3150.3 100.0100.0 522.1522.1

Area under turmericArea under turmeric

Reasons to concentrate in these Reasons to concentrate in these

states:states: Suitable land (it thrives best in well-Suitable land (it thrives best in well-

drained sandy or clay loam soils)drained sandy or clay loam soils) Suitable climate (It requires a hot Suitable climate (It requires a hot

and moist climate)and moist climate) Irrigation facilityIrrigation facility

Cultivation Cultivation

Turmeric - Geographical Spread (Area - Avg from 2000-01 to 2004-05)

12%13%7%

Andra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Others

Curcuma longaCurcuma longa - - Pre-clinical studiesPre-clinical studies

Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory – ↓ ↓ NF-kappaB, COX-2, LOX-5 & 12, IL-6, TNF-NF-kappaB, COX-2, LOX-5 & 12, IL-6, TNF-, and ↓ PG2, and ↓ PG2

Anti-arthriticAnti-arthritic AntioxidantAntioxidant Cardio-vascular healthCardio-vascular health

– ↑ ↑ HDL Cholesterol and ↓ VLDL + LDL Cholesterol, ↑ blood HDL Cholesterol and ↓ VLDL + LDL Cholesterol, ↑ blood motility, ↓ platelet aggregation, plaque formation and lipid motility, ↓ platelet aggregation, plaque formation and lipid oxidationoxidation

↑ ↑ Gastro-intestinal healthGastro-intestinal health Anti-viralAnti-viral

– Inhibits HIV ReplicationInhibits HIV Replication Liver protectiveLiver protective

– modulates Phase I & II enzyme systems, prevents alcohol and modulates Phase I & II enzyme systems, prevents alcohol and chemically-induced liver diseasechemically-induced liver disease

Curcuma longaCurcuma longa - - Pre-clinical studiesPre-clinical studies antitumor effect of Gemcitabin in Pancreatic cancer by ↓ antitumor effect of Gemcitabin in Pancreatic cancer by ↓

proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-KB, and NF-KB–regulated gene proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-KB, and NF-KB–regulated gene products products – In vitro: ↓ proliferation of various pancreatic cancer cell lines, ↑ In vitro: ↓ proliferation of various pancreatic cancer cell lines, ↑

apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, and ↓ NF-KB activation in apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, and ↓ NF-KB activation in the cells. the cells.

– In vivo: ↓ volume in tumors from nude mice injected with In vivo: ↓ volume in tumors from nude mice injected with pancreatic cancer cells and treated with a combination of pancreatic cancer cells and treated with a combination of curcumin and gemcitabine curcumin and gemcitabine 11

↑ ↑ immune activity immune activity 22

1 Ajaikumar et al., Cancer Res 2007;67(8):3853–61 2 Antony et al., Immunol Invest. 1999 Sep-Dec;28(5-

6):291-303

Chemical constituents Chemical constituents

Turmeric contains protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), carbohydrates (69.4%) and moisture (13.1%).

The essential oil (5.8%) obtained by steam distillation of rhizomes has a-phellandrene (1%), sabinene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and sesquiterpines (53%)5. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) (3–4%) is responsible for the yellow colour, and comprises curcumin I (94%), curcumin II (6%) and curcumin III (0.3%)6.

Turmeric morphology Turmeric morphology

Importance Importance

Total Balance for Womenis designed to Total Balance for Womenis designed to help support specific women’s health help support specific women’s health issues such as PMS, breast health, heart issues such as PMS, breast health, heart health, mood and hot flashes, etc. This health, mood and hot flashes, etc. This science-based formula includes vitamins science-based formula includes vitamins and co-factors, essential minerals, and co-factors, essential minerals, amino acids, standardized herbal amino acids, standardized herbal extracts, digestive enzymes, specialty extracts, digestive enzymes, specialty nutrients and immunity support nutrients and immunity support ingredients. ingredients.

Pharmacological Pharmacological applications applications Effect on gastrointestinal system Effect on cardiovascular system Effect on nervous system Effect on lipid metabolism Anti-inflammatory activity Antioxidant effect Anticarcinogenic effect – induction of

apoptosis

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