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Rethinking the Zoological Park: The 21st Century Zoo as a Sustainable Fixture.
The Miami MetroZoo. Miami, Florida
A Thesis Statement submitted to the Faculty of the Architectural Department in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Architecture
At
The Savannah College of Art and Design
By:
Mario Estanislao Pozzo
Savannah, Georgia.
May, 2008.
IntroductionDocument Abstract 1Social Impact 2-3Concept Statement 4-5
Nature’s Cities: The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem 6-17Analysis of a Global Issue 18-21MetroZoo’s History 22-24MetroZoo’s Future 25
Project Brief:Outcome, Scope, Constraints, Dependencies 26-28Master plan Goals 29Circulation and Immersion Study 30-33User Needs and Interface Study 34Proposed Infrastructure 35
Visitor Interface: 36-39
Immersion Scheme 40-41Climatic Conditions 42Eco-regions and Climatic Zones Study 43
Animal Interface: 44-45
Nepal 46-50Mekong River System 51-55The Heart of Borneo 56-59Programming Requirements 63-65
Keeper Interface: 60-62
Private Circulation and Functions Study 62Natural Systems Study 66-70
Conceptual Definition:Geographic juxtaposition and Natural systems 71Masterplan overlay 72Form and Thematic structure 73Preliminary design studies 74-76
Schematic Design and DocumentationConceptual Design Synthesis and Programming 77-79Code Analysis 80
Final Design and DocumentationFinal Design and building design 81-97Architectural Synthesis 88-91Visitor Experience 92-97
Project Conclusion 98
This document represents the findings and studies conducted for the proposed
expansion and remodel of the Miami MetroZoo, with a concentration on the Asian
lobe regions on the North Western portion of the site. Defined in the document
is the proposed regions of the Mekong River system and the southern rainforests
of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos with a transitions into Borneo and Nepal. This
proposal will discuss and explore the Rainforest ecosystem, exhibit sequence
options, immersion studies, animal lists, general storyline and exhibit sizes along
with site analysis and context studies which pertain to the project. There are
three possible phases which will be programmed and sited alongside the new
approved master plan by the Portico Group to create a continuous geographic
themed storyline and zones. The document will conclude with the overall
geographic ecosystems structure and definition of program to house potential
species. The document will conclude with the final design of the enlightenment
path which will take visitors through an adventure through the infrastructure of
the rainforests of the world.
Pg. 1
For as long as man has existed on this planet we have had an innate
attraction to the natural world surrounding us. We have used nature for our own
personal and social growth, and as our species expanded throughout the world and
became aware of our surroundings we have had a growing attraction to natures
resources, companionship and often looked to her to answer questions of our very own
existence.
Animals have been collected by humans since the earliest moments of our
history. Exotic animals have been taken from far away places by social leaders,
scientists and travelers and though these animals have been used many times for
savage reasons, or though they were kept under inhumane standards their impact on
societies knowledge and appreciation of the natural world is immeasurable. Much of
our modern attraction to the natural world can attributed to the early specimens
collected by the zoological parks and menageries of our recent past. [1]
Pg. 2 [1] Zoo: A history of zoological gardens in the west, Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, Reaktion Books 2002
Today we find ourselves in a position
where we no longer need to collect wild
specimens for the zoo, in fact many of the
animals housed at modern zoo stand as a
genetic insurance policy for the species
survival. However these captive animals
are far from the realities of their wild
cousins and their ability to survive in a
wild environment is severely impacted by
their captivity. Due to the growing issues
of human expansion and declining levels
of global resources, pressure has been put
on all of the remaining ecosystems of the
world. The issues behind extinctions and
habitat degradation are complicated in
nature, but its solution can have global
repercussions that will change the way
humans exist on this planet.
Pg. 3Fig. 1.1
The Miami Metro-Zoo, in this new century should strive to connect the creatures and
ecosystems of the natural world to the current global condition. The park will serve as an
example of how man and animal can co-exist, through conservation, education and
scientific inquiry. The park will utilize sustainable building practices and site design as a
canvas to easily frame the relation between the urban fabric of our cities and the
intertwined webs of the wild. The tropical climate of the site is uniquely suited to recreate
the important rainforest ecosystems of the world.
Circulation problems, visitor comfort and the captivity of wild animals have surfaced to
become important issues affecting zoos around the globe. Captive surroundings can never
replace an animal’s natural home, but their design can strive to keep animals happy and
healthy, visitors engaged, educated and visiting. With recent advances in habitat research,
and with a better understanding of the ecological web and its effect on the natural world,
zoos are ready to move into a new century.
Pg. 4
There are many ways of experiencing the interface between animals and humans, from the
small menagerie style cages of the 19th century to observation towers on the edge of
wilderness to recreated constructed habitats designed to paint the image of un-built natural
space. History shows us that exhibition alone is not enough to educate the public, however
new technologies and educational tools allow us to easily frame out an image of how
timelessness and modernity can co-exist together. The design will focus on the interface that
occurs between three user groups and their respective interfaces to show how man can grow
sustainable in rhythm with the wild.
Pg. 5
Fig. 1.2
The rainforest holds the greatest
diversity of any ecosystem on earth, though
these forests cover only 3% of the earth’s
surface, estimates show that they hold 50% of
all documented species on earth.[1] When the
typical person enters the forest, the
overwhelming density of vegetation at all levels
of the forest is overwhelming. Due to this
density the only signs of life are usually
auditory, bird and monkey calls echo through
the leaves of the forest as their location is kept
secret by the branches. The canopy of the
forest holds many secrets entangled throughout
the limbs of the trees, they support life from the
ant colonies through the large predatory cats.
The density of life in the rainforest far surpasses
the life that we see in the largest of our
cities.[2] [1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005[2] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International (pg 2)
Pg. 6
Fig. 1.3
Rainforests only occur between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, this region of
the world maintains stable temperatures and most importantly high humidity. The 12 hours
of sunshine maintain optimum conditions for plants to grow year round. The annual rainfall
needed to maintain the diversity of the forest must be at least 8 1/4 feet evenly distributed
throughout the year[1] though as much as 20% of the rainfall is caused by the
Photorespiration of the surrounding vegetation.[2] Photorespiration occurs when water
evaporates from the leaves of the plant to help in the absorption of carbon dioxide and
release of oxygen from the leaf structure. This process is not well understood by scientists
however the importance of photorespiration to the climatic stability of the forest is beginning
to be widely accepted. The stable climate in these regions of the world has allowed the forests
to grow relatively uninterrupted for millions of years. Since all aspects of the climate will
have an effect on the evolution of the forest, one of the most important variables is the
elevation at which the forest grows. For example as the forest moves from an area of low
elevation to a high elevation the variety of plants begins to shrink. Large trees will change
from being close to 200 feet at a low elevation where the same tree will only grow to be 6-8
feet at a high elevation.[3] Biodiversity will also differ as the elevation rises forcing animals
to adapt to the wet conditions. As the forest moves above the clouds and remain shrouded in
the fog, amphibians and other moisture loving creatures are not tied down to forest ponds
and rivers. Elevation, Humidity, Light, Temperature and rainfall are the climatic variables
that will shape the form, structure and biological diversity of the rainforest.
[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005
[2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/07/040723093305.htm accessed 10/15/07.
[3] Planet Earth, Alastair Fothergill, University of California Press, Section 9 (pg 234-6)11 Pg. 7
Life evolved out of the need to survive, the density and diversity of the forest ultimately
forced rainforest life into a battle for all available resources. As plants compete for
light, nutrients and space their differing survival techniques leave room for only the
strongest and most specialized to survive. The thick vegetation maintains the stability
of the entire rainforest ecosystem feeding, sheltering and distributing resources over
vast areas.[1] The 3 dimensional structure of the forest canopy is invaluable to
thousands of animal species which depend on the layers of plant life encrusted on all
the surfaces of the forest to survive. If we cut sections of the forest and examine their
density we find that the intertwined web of vegetation is noticeably denser at the
highest levels of the canopy or where levels of light are the highest. The physiology of
plants restricts their maximum growth to a programmed height, these size differences
create a range of ecosystems which can be separated into four vertical groups.
[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005 pg 46
Pg. 8
Emergent
Canopy
Under Story
Forest Floor
The lowest ecosystem occurs on the ground and
becomes the largest home for the decomposers. The
forest floor is nourished by constant organic litter that
falls from the upper stories of the canopy. Here the
levels of light are minimal, humidity is high and
temperatures are stable, but these conditions nourish,
feed and support all the major infrastructure of the
rainforest.[1]
Whenever direct light reaches the forest
floor seeds of all types begin their race towards the
light. Hardwoods for example will germinate much
faster than other plants, thus becoming the first to
become established.[2] Once they reach sapling size
growth slows as they make their way into the under
storey.
The under story is made up of a shade
tolerant and young trees. Where light filters through
the leaves, a glimmering play between the lights and
the darks in the textures of the space define depth and
camouflage residents. Vines reach from massive trunk
to massive trunk becoming tangled webs sometimes
reaching 850’ long.[1] As the vines move ever higher
into the light we begin to enter the canopy of the trees. Pg. 9[1] Animal: pg 46
[2] Planet Earth pg 234
Fig. 1.4
The Forest Canopy holds the highest density of life in the forest Lichens, Orchids and Cacti
hang from niches created between the branches of the trees becoming additional layers and
micro-ecosystems for many creatures. The thickness of the canopy can reach 65’ before any
individual tree is able to break through from the grasp of the surrounding vegetation.[2]
Palms and Hardwoods are the only families of trees that can achieve this difficult task. Once
a tree penetrates the thick canopy of the forest it enters the emergent layer and is considered
a giant.
The Emergent layer is the least dense of all the forest layers, the massive buttressed roots seen
on the forest floor are far from this incredible aerial world. This layer is made up of an ever
shrinking number of hardwood trees sometimes 245’ in height and hundreds of years old. The
sheer size and quality of the specimens makes them prime nesting sites for many Apes,
predatory birds and many other species who seek them for their highly prized nighttime refuge.
[2] Unfortunately the emergent’s are also highly priced by the logging community since growing
demand of exotic hardwoods and their ever shrinking numbers are driving their prices higher and
higher. Due to this fact illegal logging in most protected forests remains a serious threat. [3]
[1] Animal pg 46
[2] Planet Earth pg 258
[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5Pg. 10
Fig. 1.5
The global distribution of life on earth is a result of a variety of functions on earth.
The tectonic movements of our planet and its ever changing surface distributed Animal
Families onto different continents. Examples such as the Tapir’s of South America and
Malaysia are unique to their ecosystems but are separated by the vast Pacific Ocean.
Mountains and climate change caused some animals to migrate or adapt such is the case
of Indian and African Elephants who evolved alongside ancient Mammoths and have
adapted uniquely to different climates and ecosystems. Scientific inquiry and
Biogeography show that historically these processes have always been at play.[1] But it
is also understood that life writes its own evolution, that is to say that it was the
conscious movements, behaviors, adaptations and actions of the individual animal that
write the animals evolutionary past and future. These changes in global diversity
typically occur over a very long time allowing animals to adapt efficiently from the
predator to the prey, however as we have seen man is also a factor.
Pg. 11
Fig. 1.6
Movement and circulation are the first behaviors learned by all animals of the
rainforest. The means by which animals move are directly proportionate to
its size, but the style of movement employed is directly attributable to its
ancestry and classification. The most utilized style of movement and
circulation is flight. Insects, birds, amphibians and some small mammals have
mastered this skill gaining relative freedom from the existing infrastructure of
the forest for their circulation.[2] Flight was first mastered by the
invertebrate world and in order to follow their prey landlocked reptiles
evolved into the flying ancestry of the birds we see today. Some animals
have simply mastered the art of gliding or controlled falling to move through
the forest canopy. Adaptations typically occur in sequence with changes in
food sources, creating specializations which become essential to the
populations survival and sometimes forming an important partnership
between creatures.[1]
The animal life of the rainforest is dependent on its ability to move, unlike
vegetation animals cannot absorb energy from their environment, however
immobile plants often rely on the mobility of animals for their reproduction
and evolution. For example the Fig tree is the most plentiful fruit available to
all rainforest animals and the tree depends on animals but especially birds to
eat its fruit and later deposit its seeds far from its origin. As a result of this
symbiotic relationship the fig tree is found in all the rainforests of the world
and is the most important food source for many animals.[3]
Pg. 12
[1] Animal pg 16
[2] Ibid pg 24
[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5
Fig. 1.7
Fig. 1.8
gravity and can virtually walk on any surface without falling and allowing them to carry over
eight times their body weight without being crushed or losing mobility.[6] But the larger a
species becomes, its chances of injuries as a result of falls or trauma are greatly increased.
Like movement, the routes and ways of path-finding of the animals through the rainforest are as
diverse as its species, the importance of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste are important to
most animals though each have varying degrees of utility to each sense. Some animals have
developed specialized senses unique to their species survival demands.[7] Such is the case with
bats reliance on echolocation to move through the forest to find prey. Jungles are home to the
specialist, these specializations are the key to survival here and are responsible for the jungles
diversity.
Walking is the most efficient and
most diverse mode of circulation
seen from the smallest invertebrate
to the largest predators in the
forest. By using the ground or the
existing structure of the canopy to
move around energy can be
conserved and can result in a
longer lifespan.[5] The smaller an
animal is the easier it can circulate
through the environment, ants for
example feel few effects from
Pg. 13[5] Planet Earth pg 246
[6] Animal pg 24
[7] Ibid pg25
Fig. 1.9
The food chain is the final organizing feature of the rainforest ecosystems. The
relationships of the five Kingdoms of life and the vertical chain of energy create a situation
where the top needs the bottom and the bottom needs the top. The food chain begins
with the most essential elements on earth water and energy. Through photosynthesis
plants convert light energy into food and form the base for the food chain. Herbivores and
insects feed on these plants, converting their sugars and cellulose into small amounts of
caloric energy which can be used or stored in their tissues. Herbivores typically consume
large amounts of vegetation to obtain their dietary and caloric needs where omnivores will
supplement their diet with much needed protein. The food chain rarely contains more
than six links since predators can only absorb about 10% of an animal’s total generated
energy or biomass.[1] The high levels of energy consumed by the living creatures of the
rainforest must be maintained by the predators in order to keep healthy vegetation stocks.
A collapse of the food chain from either end eventually result in a steep decline in density
as balance is broken. The loss of a top predator can result in a lethal blow to the overall
diversity of life in the forest, when controls are removed and certain species overwhelm
the sensitive balance of life all levels of life are affected on a global scale.[2]
[1] Animal (pg 15)[2] Ibid (pg 31)
Pg. 14
One of the giants at the heart of Borneo, a 250 year old mahogany tree stands high as
a steady wind rustles through its leaves. Its branches are encrusted in an exotic garden of
Orchids cacti and bromeliads, each of them supporting ecosystems of their own. There is an
entire world within the branches of this tree as an Orangutan feeds its newborn baby in the
canopy of the massive tree. Ants return to their colony in the roots of the orchids bearing
food for their queen and birds feed throughout its branches. Smoke rising over the horizon
precludes our incoming presence, and as the sounds of chainsaws gets closer the animals
become startled and hide. Suddenly the tree snaps away and begins to accelerate pulling
down surrounding vines and trees. A loud crash echoes through the thick forest as the tree
hits the moist ground, the mother Orangutan lays motionless on the ground as its infant
hangs from her lifeless body. Farmers are clearing land to make way for their growing palm
oil industry in Borneo. As the trees are cut, light floods the forest floor and vegetation is
shaken from the canopy, its residents scramble for cover. The cleared vegetation is set on
fire in an attempt to release the nourishing carbons and minerals back into the infertile land.
[1] The now orphaned ape is picked up by the farmers who will later sell it on the illegal
wildlife trade as he will never return to his shrinking home.
Today the rainforest accounts for an estimated 20% of all carbon emissions released
into our atmosphere which contribute to climate change, all due to their destruction at the
hand of man.[2] The balance that has existed for the last 65 million years can today be easily
destroyed with chainsaws and gasoline. The destruction of the rainforest ensures that the
balance which maintains thousands of species is permanently broken. Rainforest do not grow
back once they are destroyed, the density which has ensured evolution is never regained and
the animal species which reside between their branches quickly disappear. [1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International[2] Ibid (pg 3)
Pg. 15
Planet earth is currently on the edge of a mass extinction, according to the IUCN
over 5400 animal species and 6000 plants face a high risk of extinction in the near future.
It is important to recognize that the IUCN can only keep limited or estimated count, due to
poor knowledge and viable research available of most creatures on earth. Reliable
Mammal and Bird counts do show us that nearly one in four mammals and one in eight
bird species are currently on the brink of collapse. The International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was founded by the United Nations to
maintain a running count of animal and plant populations and density. Their figures show
that severe levels of habitat destruction due to human interference have accelerated
extinction levels to one hundred times the natural rate.[1] The role and support of zoo’s in
the organization of programs and fundraising for the protection of biologically important
sites is a necessary for the overall success of many of the existing animal protection
agencies. However we must first understand the underlying reasons for the ongoing
destruction of these important natural resources to examine the approach of the zoo in its
protection and education.
[1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF InternationalPg. 16
Work Cited
Animal: The Definitive Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution 2005.
Planet Earth: as you’ve never seen it before, Alastair Fothergill 2006.
World Wildlife Fund Annual Report 2006, WWF International, 2006.
Online Sources
IUCN Red List, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist_archive/redlist2000/news.html Accessed 11/03/07
Rainforest Facts www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm accessed 10/21/07.
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/03/07
Image Sources
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/12/07
Pg. 17
To accurately disseminate the
issues behind extinctions and
habitat loss and to formulate a
solution it is important to define
the underlying causes of this
trend. The issues facing the
natural world today are the
result of three main issues which
have had global implications as
serious as those of extinctions.
Poverty, Climate Change and
Environmental degradation are
three issues that are closely tied
to each other and ultimately are
a result of each other.
This is to say that it is
impossible to successfully
protect the remainder of the
natural world without resolving
these issues in sequence with
each other. Pg. 18
Fig. 2.1
It is known and understood that the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the poorest 48 nations (i.e. a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than the wealth of the world’s three richest people combined. [1]
It is the three top developed nations in the world that produce over 50% of the worlds carbon emissions. The United States, China and the European Union are the world’s top three polluters and consumers. [2]
It is in the most biologically rich and biodiverse areas of the world that the vast majority of the rural poor live, and their survival often depends on the quality and availability of natural resources such as fuels, biomass, arable land and fresh water. [3]
Falling levels of resources have triggered political unrest and wars in which millions of people and countless species have been directly affected. The most recent crisis stemming from these issues are still occurring in Ethiopia and most notably Sudan, whose levels of fresh water and ongoing desertification have caused unrest and political instability which led to a civil war and the death of thousands of people.[4]
Recent natural disasters have shown us that it is the worlds poorest who are affected most widely and severely by natural disasters. Climate change threatens our world with increased flooding, worsening draught, rising seas, fires and severe storms, all of which are affecting developing nations and the environment most severely. [5]
The growth of industrialized nations in the last 150 years (most notably the top three players) has placed the most pressure on the world’s global resources and has had the largest impact on the ongoing climatic changes and environmental degradation. These industrial techniques must be reevaluated to shrink the carbon footprint of its citizens and processes. [6]
Pg. 19
[1] Ignacio Ramonet, The politics of hunger, Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1998 [2] http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm#3 International Monetary Fund
[3] WWF, http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/people_at_risk/index.cfm[4] International Federation of the Red Cross http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp
[5]International Federation of the Red Cross, http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp [6] International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm
Remaining Forests Global GDP
WWF’s 200 Global Eco-regions
Pg. 20World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 01/12/08
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5
The issues highlight the unified
relationship between the environment, the
wellbeing of people and the
responsibilities of the industrialized world
to the natural world. It is mean to create
a path towards a sustainable world in
which the richest reexamine their
technologies and commitments, the poor
are introduced to modern amenities and
techniques necessary for growth, health
and sustainability. And allowing these
important ecosystems can be protected by
the people who live within them under the
leadership of the people studying and
leading these efforts. It is in the
developing world that sustainability can
have the largest impact. Not only could
people be brought out from the brink of
environmental and social collapse easily
with just a few brushstrokes, but establish
them as the guardians of their land, living
a happy and healthy existence.Pg. 21
Fig. 2.6
The Miami MetroZoo began as the Crandon Park
Zoo on Key Biscayne just south of Miami Beach. In 1948 a small
road menagerie broke down near Miami and the owner sold his
three monkeys, two black bears and goat for $270 to officially
create the zoo. By 1967 the zoo had grown to over 1200
animals to include the first captive birth and rearing of an
Aardvark. The zoo was nearly destroyed by hurricane Betsy in
1965 when over three feet of water covered the entire zoo killing
over 250 of the animals at the park. However by 1968 it was
rated among the countries 25 best zoo’s and its collection
included a rare white Tiger who was only the second such animal
to enter the U.S.
After the sheer devastation of Betsy, the Zoological
Society began to play with the idea of the construction of a new
Zoo for Dade County. On December 11, 1970 county officials
applied for the acquisition of a 600 acre parcel of land that used
to house the Richmond Naval Air Station. By 1975 the
construction of the new master plan designed by painter T.A.
Strawser in 1971 had begun, but it would take until December
1981 before the first section of the Zoo was officially open.Pg. 22
Fig. 2.7
Fig. 2.8
Fig. 2.9
The Asian lobe covered a total of 200 acres and
contained 28 exhibits of animals from the mainland and Asiatic
Islands. By 1982 an additional 25 acres and six new African
exhibits would open to the public along with the brand new
MetroZoo monorail which gave visitors a new way to move
through the zoo and a safe way to preview future exhibits under
construction. By August 1990 the zoo had seen a growth to over
300 developed acres, they had opened the award winning 1.6
acre Wings of Asia aviary which contained nearly 300 birds of
over 50 species. The completion of the African exhibits and
Asian River life habitats attracted over 800,000 people per year
and plans continued on the proposed South American sections of
the park.
It was August 24, 1992 when the winds of
hurricane Andrew shattered the goals of the MetroZoo. The
category 5 storm ripped through the park, destroying over 5000
trees and completely collapsing the majestic aviary. By the time
the winds died down 20 large animals and over 100 rare birds
were dead and 200 were missing, workers quickly worked to
recover the surviving birds and amazingly were able to capture
all the birds and distribute the animals among other zoo’s.
Pg. 23
The destruction left a deep scar on the park, visitor numbers plummeted
to under 200,000 people per year and the recovery of the exhibits had
just begun. It took until 1995 with the arrival of the zoo’s Koala’s for
the zoo to recover its collection, by 1996 the Falcon Bachelor Komodo
Dragon Encounter was opened as an extension to the Asian River life
exhibits.
On May 3, 2003 over ten years after Andrew the new
American Bankers Family, Wings of Asia aviary re-opened to the public.
The new aviary is the largest aviary on the East coast and cost over 13.5
million dollars. This exhibit can hold between 150 and 300 birds within
its three zones, the Canopy, uplands and the wetlands. This aviary was
designed to be able to stand hurricane force winds, its coiled metal
screen canopy flexes in the wind over the entire 70 foot high structure.
The aviary introduced an exhibit which draws the evolutionary
relationship between birds and dinosaurs through immersions in the
aviary and interactive exhibits including a theatre, a fossil digging pit for
children and a series of bones which show the similarities between the
bones of these extinct reptiles and modern birds. The completion of the
aviary consisted of Phase 1 of the zoo’s total redesign, the second phase
is set to open in late 2008 and will consist of 27 new acres of the never
completed Tropical America lobe. Amazon and beyond will house
keystone species such as the Anaconda, Giant River Otters and Harpy
Eagles. Pg. 24 Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/history
Amazon and Beyond was designed by Seattle based Jones & Jones
Architects who set as a goal the creation of a fun and informative scientific experience
while motivating the public to act responsibly after leaving the zoo. Their design is set
to be one of the largest and among the first LEED accredited structures in South Florida
which includes many interior conditioned spaces. The overall master plan calls for a
geographically accurate transition from North America at the entry to the park and
moving further into the Caribbean, Central and South America.
The next phases to follow will reformat the existing Asian, Australian and
African lobes and will integrate the storyline begun by the Amazon and Beyond project
and wings of Asia aviary to eventually create a cohesive, educational and impactful
experience.
Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/future
Pg. 25
Fig. 2.10
The Miami Metro-Zoo is among the nations top five zoo’s, today it is a sprawling
park with a unique collection of animals all living free from bars under the warm
south Florida sun. However the zoo fails to create successful narratives of its
themes and biological concepts. Over the last 5 years the first three phases of the
21 phase redevelopment of the zoo have been completed. These new areas of the
zoo have introduced new ways of housing these animals and provide new and
exiting ways for visitors to experience these amazing creatures.
The purpose of this project is to evoke a sense of admiration for both the
achievements of man and the wonder of nature her creatures and systems. It is an
exploration of the interface that occurs between man and beast from wilderness to
city. The MetroZoo will play host to the conservation and preservation goals of
many existing institutions. Its design will draw from the needs of the Animals that
reside within its walls, the visitors that fill its walkways and the keepers that keep it
functioning. As generators of space these users will define program, circulation and
axiom.
Pg. 26
The projected outcome of the MetroZoo redevelopment will strive to lead the visitors
through a narrative of the existing condition of our natural world. The zoo will
expose issues surrounding extinctions and habitat loss through the use of
interactive immersion exhibits. Solutions to these issues will be presented by the
built environment and interactive sensory programming throughout the park. The
ever evolving experience will increase attendance as the natural surroundings
trigger natural behaviors in the animals.
The Miami MetroZoo is the only existing sub-tropical zoo in the nation, due to this
fact the site is a prime location for the re-creation of natural tropical environments.
The importance of these vulnerable natural environments for the biodiversity of the
planet are undeniable. The zoo is a total of 740 acres, of which only 300 have been
developed since its opening in 1981. This project will maintain a focus on the Asian
sections of the new master plan and set goals and aspirations for the remaining
sections of the park.
Pg. 27
The Miami MetroZoo is among the top five zoo’s, as judged by the American Zoo
Association. The AZA maintains a close relationship with all the zoo’s around the nation,
and they manage the collections at all accredited facilities. The AZA maintains a strict
set of guidelines for the design of all zoo exhibits, and master plans. Zoo’s go through
regular re-certification processes through the association and in return the AZA
maintains and oversees all breeding and reintroduction programs. City and State
restrictions also exist which restrict collections and exhibitions of wild or exotic animals.
The Miami MetroZoo is run and maintained by
the Parks and Recreations department of the
city of Miami. The park is a public entity under
the larger umbrella of the AZA, most funds are
provided by the city, however the zoo is
dependent on profits made by ticket sales,
food, fundraising, merchandise and donations
to cover daily operations and expansions.
Many private companies have come forward as
sponsors to the zoo and many of the existing
and planned exhibits have been funded by such
companies. Possibilities for increased funding
and profit opportunities should always be
explored.Pg. 28
The master plan calls for
eight distinct zoogeographical
regions from around the
world to be created
throughout the zoo. These
regions range from the
Florida everglades to the
shores of Patagonia, and
from the African savannah’s
to a saltwater swimming
lagoon on a tropical Asian
island. Each region is
unique, immersing visitors in
a special educational
experience. Within these
regions themed villages will
provide shelter, refreshment
and a variety of other
opportunities and
experiences.
By the Portico Group, property of Dade County
Parks and Recreation Dept. Pg. 29
Fig. 3.2
No Hierarchy
Incremental growth of
the park has created
an inefficient
circulation that can be
unpleasant and
disorienting. The
many circulation
options can cause
visitors to miss many
of the exhibits.
Central Axis.
Having a central
distribution path gives
visitors an efficient
circulation experience.
The elongated plan
gives more
opportunities for
maximized themed
exhibit opportunities.
Multiple Loop
Hierarchy.
When a single
circulation space is
used opportunities
arise for visitors to
explore at their own
speed. This visitor
friendly scheme also
allows for service to
occur on the periphery
thus minimizing visitor
contact.
Unique Loop
Hierarchy
When unique themes
are used throughout
the park the ability to
use a single main loop
is a good solution for
small zoo’s. However
in larger parks, this
layout creates exhibit
spaces which are
excessively long. Gustavo Sariego (2004)Pg. 30 Fig. 3.3-3.6
Pg. 31
Pg. 32
The Heart of Borneo
Asian River life
Majestic Nepal
Wings of Asia
Tiger Exhibit
The Mekong River System
Hanging Gardens of Asia
A common solution at many
zoo’s is to place themed
exhibits parallel to each other
along the circulation path.
This strategy destroys the
ability for themed immersions,
since the viewer will be
exposed to two, often
conflicting themes and/or
environments. Attempts at
interpretation of parallel
storylines are doomed to
failure.
Another solution allows
visitors to pass through one
theme on a unique loop, this
loop will then take them
through a second theme.
This presents the
unfavorable problem when
one returns to the original
distribution point, where it
will become necessary to
pass through the originating
theme.
The most successful solution is
to place one theme at the
beginning of the habitat
followed by a transition zone,
or ecotone. Then taking
visitors through a second zone
themed zone. This concept
can be repeated with as many
zones as is practical.
Gustavo Sariego (2004) Organización de Circulaciones
en Zoológicos.www.zoolex.org/research.html
Pg. 33
Fig. 3.7-3.9
Pg. 34
The design of the zoo is a
delicate balance between the
needs of the animals, visitors
and keepers. It is the interface
between these three users that
creates the excitement, conflict
and magic of the zoo. These
three user groups have unique
and particular needs, each
becoming critical
to the success
of the exhibits
and the
mission of
the zoo.
Pg. 35
The experience of walking through the zoo
grounds should fully immerse visitors within an
accurate depiction of the animals natural
habitat. Once immersed, audio and visual
resources will educate the public of the natural
behavior, social hierarchy and physiological facts
consistent with current updated information
regarding the species unique situation.
Contemporary Architecture will serve as a
contrast to the natural exhibits breaking the
relation between wild nature and constructed
nature and taking visitors through a journey
through the ecosystems of the world.
Visitors will be introduced to a constructed version of
nature built to house wild animals. There is no way of
fully recreating a natural ecosystem which could
replace the critical relationships and communities
found within a natural ecosystem. However all
opportunities for mixed species and exhibit rotation
should be used to maintain ecosystems and plant life. Pg. 36
Fig. 4.1-4.2
Pg. 37
Fig. 4.3-4.12
The existing mode of exhibition and
circulation at the zoo places visitors
at eye level with animals. Paths
across from habitats are paved and
usually have benches and some
shaded areas. Moats, depressions
and short fences separate the
visitors from the animals.
Husbandry and caretaking occurs
behind the scenes via private paths
and buildings.
Pg. 38
This mode of exhibition restricts the opportunities
for multiple viewpoints which are necessary for the
study and exploration of an ecosystem. The large
separation between the exhibits, its support
spaces and the public is a good option for safety
but can be functionally inefficient.
Pg. 39
Pg. 40
This diagram represents a collage
of functions that would have to
occur in an immersion exhibit with
hidden support spaces. The
diagram represents four potential
themes, aquatic, terrestrial, and
arboreal, each with the opportunity
for complementary species at either
side of the exhibit and changing
levels through the structure of the
forest.
Pg. 41
0123456789
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Precipitation(in) 1971-2000
0102030405060708090
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Miami AverageTemperatures
Statistics by National Climatic Data Center, NOAA http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov
Pg. 42
Pg. 43
To recreate the regional and geographical qualities
of specific locations of high diversity values through
the use of contemporary architecture. These built
natural habitats will simulate natural ecosystems in
a controlled manner to showcase co-dependent
species and show the natural hierarchy and
biological structure of the environment. The
relationship between predator and prey can be used
for enrichment if the design of the habitat allows for
controlled contact between the two species.
Although the recreated habitats may not have
functioning ecosystems, the illusion of an
ecosystem should be established for both the health
of the animals but also for the education of the
public. The design of the animal interface must
work in sequence and balance with the interface of
the visitors and keepers for both maximization of
views but also for the health and safety of all users.
Pg. 44
Fig. 5.1
Pg. 45
Fig. 5.2-5.10
The majesty of Nepal’s
geographic diversity creates environments
that are as diverse as the areas culture.
However Nepal’s forest is disappearing at an
alarming rate, ever since Malaria was
eradicated in the 1960’s and the lowlands
were opened up for agriculture Nepal has lost
over 2/3’s of its wildlife habitats. This
development has also caused the remaining
habitats to become fragmented throughout
the country. Wwf
The Tiger is the top predator of
most of South-eastern Asia and is one of the
first affected by habitat loss and external
predation of its prey, recent accounts place
the five tiger species at the top of the IUCN
red list Based on estimates of density and
geographic range (Nowell and Jackson 1996,
Seidensticker et al. 1999), the tiger’s total
effective population size is estimated at
below 2,500 mature breeding individuals.
Pg. 46Fig. 5.11
With a declining trend due to habitat and
prey base loss and persecution, and with no subpopulation
containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals it is
evident that the Tiger and its associated species are in
turmoil. (IUCN) The power and grace of this species is the
first to be encountered by the visitors of the park, though
their presence may not always be seen it is always felt.
Motion-activated cameras within the thick underbrush
preclude his emergence as visitors gain views directly into
his world as they watch from the safety of the path.
The thick vegetation of the Tigers habitat
obscures him from most of the visitors until this beautiful
animal begins to emerge from the darkness of his forest.
The presence of this majestic creature attracts not only
the attention of the public but also of creatures living
nearby. The Hanuman Langur’s spot the Tiger from the
trees opposite of the exhibit and begin to warn their
group. Their agitated calls reveal to the Spotted Deer (the
tigers main prey item) that their nemesis has emerged.
The natural cooperation and behavior of
these two species helps to protect both groups and is
important for avoiding capture and certain death.
However this is no longer the case, since Spotted Deer
have been hunted heavily by humans and has drastically
reduced the Tigers access to food in the wild, along with a
steep decline in suitable habitats the Tiger and all
associated species have seen a decline in population. Pg. 47
Fig. 5.12
Fig. 5.13
Pg. 48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg Temp
Hours of Sun
Rainfall
Days of Rain
Nepal’s climate is as diverse as its animals, it ranges from dry and cold North of
the Himalayan mountains to hot and humid in the lowlands. The sheer change in
elevation of the land causes clouds condense and release moisture the higher the
elevation becomes. The result is a lush tropical green environment from India to
Thailand, and dry barren deserts beyond the mountain chain.Pg. 49
Fig. 5.14
Pg. 50
Snow pack melt from the Himalayas pours down
the steep and rocky slopes of the mountains,
coming together into fast moving streams of frigid
water. To the locals and wildlife this area is of
immeasurable importance since these streams
quickly grow into the massive river known as the
Mekong River. The Mekong River is the tenth
largest river in the world, its turbulent waters
originate high in the alps of the Tibetan Plateau
over 4900 meters above sea level. Torrential
rains fall along the eastern front of the Himalayas
turning its landscapes lush and green with each
drop joining the previous irrigating the lands and
flowing into the rivers. Streams and tributaries
flow through the dramatic gorges of China’s
Yunan Province before flowing into the “Golden
Triangle” between the borders of Burma, Laos
and Thailand. All countries along the path of
this river depend on the rivers water for its
resources, transportation and economic benefits.
Pg. 51Fig. 5.15
Mekong stingrays, Large tooth Sawfish and the giant
Carp have all been left defenseless against the ongoing
sprawl of humans and all look towards a very uncertain
future. The ongoing construction of hydroelectric
damns and the effects of overfishing and pollution are
quickly destroying this ecosystems ability to regenerate
and survive. Visitors will experience the Mekong River
from the perspective of these creatures as they
progress through a series of underground habitats
meant to bring humans right into their natural
environments. Interactive displays and exhibits will
educate the public of both the environmental and
sociological issues surrounding the Mekong river system
and how a sustainable future is the only way to
guarantee these ecosystems survival.
WWF. The Mekong River: An unknown and threatened kingdom.Story by Zeb Hogan, Produced by Save Cambodia's Wildlife
Pg. 53
Fig. 5.16-5.20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg Temp
Hours of Sun
Rainfall
Days of Rain
The climate along the path of the Mekong river is quite stable once it enters
the flatlands of the “golden triangle” as it approaches the sea, the climate is
hot and humid with a wet season between May and November. Temperatures
remain above 70 degrees year-round with constant morning sun and
afternoon shower. Here we see the WWF’s main Mekong Catfish protection
area in an area where high levels of sediment provide good conditions for
aquatic vegetation to grow.
Pg. 54 Fig. 5.21
As the Mekong falls over Khone falls sediments in
the water turn the river deep shades of umber
before its fertile waters enter the delta of “Nine
tails of the Dragon” before its waters flow into the
South China Sea.
The diversity of life within this river is only second
to that of the Amazon River in South America, it is
thought to contain over 1300 species of fish and is
one of the most important and diverse fresh water
ecosystems in the world. The most impressive of
all freshwater fish call this river home; the
Mekong Giant Catfish is thought to be the largest
freshwater fish in the world. Growing to over 10
feet in length and weighing in at 650 pounds this
fish was once an important food resource for
people of the area, however in the last decade
stocks of this extreme fish have dropped by over
90%. The largest contributor to the decline of the
Mekong Catfish has been the uncontrollable
human expansion and spread that has occurred in
the area. This once migratory fish could be
spotted all along the length of the river until
twenty-five years ago when damning projects
began to block the rivers paths.
Pg. 52
Fig. 5.22
Fig. 5.23
Pg. 55
Borneo is the third largest island in the world, at
nearly 289,000 square miles it represents one of
the most important biodiversity centers of the
world. Of 200 world eco-regions Borneo contains 5
including the Lowland Dipterocarp forest which
consists of Oak’s, Chestnut, and Myrtle trees which
are over 200 ft tall and can support over 1000
species of Insects per tree. The Heart of Borneo
has been made famous by its ability to support
Elephants, Orangutans and Rhino’s in the same
environment (this is the last place on earth that this
occurs) Within Lambir Hills National Park in
Sarawak the highest concentration of tree species
were found, within a 52-hectare plot 1,175 species
of tree were documented, the highest such diversity
in the world. The interior of the island also
supports a population of about 4 million Dayak or
indigenous people who rely on the forest for most of
their resources.
Pg. 56
Fig. 5.24
Fig. 5.25
In 2006 scientists working in Borneo
discovered a total of 52 new species never
before seen which adds to the impressive
200 birds, 100 mammals, 150 reptiles &
amphibians endemic species already
identified on the island.
Despite the unique biodiversity of the
island, Borneo also holds the highest rates
of deforestation on earth. Between 1985
and 2005 an average of 850,000 hectares
of forests were cut down yearly.
The largest contributor to the
deforestation is the ongoing conversion of
the land to plantations for commercial
production of Palm Oil, Rubber and Pulp
production. Today there are nearly 1.6
million hectares which have been
converted to Palm Oil production alone.
Palm oil has now surpassed Soybean as
the most widely produced vegetable oil.
New uses including Bio-fuel production are
threatening to expand the operations to
un-sustainable levels effectively
destroying its ecosystems.
Pg. 57
Fig. 5.26
Fig. 5.27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg Temp
Hours of Sun
Rainfall
Days of Rain
In the years of 1997 and 1998 severe forest
fires begun by people ripped through the
Kalimantan region of the island. The fire
destroyed over 6.5 million hectares of prime
Orangutan habitat and undeniably killed
hundreds of these creatures along with
thousands of others species. The fire
released considerable amounts of CO2 into
the atmosphere and resulted in Indonesia's
jump to third largest CO2 contributor in the
world for the year.
Constant hot and humid conditions keep
Borneo’s forest lush and green, average
rainfall on the island is over 12” per month
and rain occurs nearly every day.
Temperatures remain well over 75 degrees
year-round and have the ability to support
very complex ecosystems including Tropical
Rainforests, Mangrove Forests, Peat swamps
and freshwater swamps. The shrinking
rainforest still cover nearly 30% of the total
area of the island.
Pg. 58WWF. Forests of Borneo: Forest areas and Key facts.
Pg. 59
To create a sequence of spaces for the support
structure of the modern zoo where keepers can
have easy and efficient contact with both the
animals and the visitors. By consolidating of some
of the keepers roles through the habitat’s design,
we can minimize contact with the animals
environment and maximize time spent on animal
enrichment and visitor education.
AZA standards for curatorial responsibilities and
contact with animals must be adhered to, life
safety issues must also be supplemented beyond
those specified by the building code. However
physical resources such as graphics and
audio/visual exhibits can fill the educational
requirements in visitor areas where little keeper
impact occurs. Areas where high levels of
security must occur visitor contact will diminish.
Pg. 60
Fig. 5.29-5.32
Pg. 61
Fig. 5.33-5.39
Pg. 62
15 ft - 25 ft12 ft deep
215 sf + 50sf/ adult
Mixed Species161 sf/ + 50sf/ adult of Land
FishEndangeredGharial
10 ft 190 – 300 lb
8.5 ft deep
2150 sf/4 adults
Min 3 individual draining pools.
2150 sf/4 adults
FishVulnerableRiver Dolphin
1300 lb –2200 lb
-------Running WaterOn exhibit
8700 sf / pair + 550 sf / adult
HerbivoreVulnerable
Gaur/Water Buffalo.
4000 lb –6000 lb
-------Pool & Mudbath
550 sf/ Adult10800 sf / pair + 10%/ adult
HerbivoreEndangered
Indian Rhinoceros
9000 lb –11000 lb
-------Pool & Mudbath
550 sf/ Adult33,000sf / 3 adult females or
1 Male
HerbivoreEndangered
Asian Elephant
220 lb – 550 lb
16 ft w turn-back
Pool or Moat
160 sf/ Pair5400 sf/ PairCarnivore
EndangeredBengal Tiger
25 lb10 ftPool
On exhibit1000 sf / 5
adultsHerbivore
Least ConcernEndangered
Hanuman or Douc Langur
6.5 lb10 ftRunning Water
On exhibit215 sf/ PairOmnivore
Near Threatened
Indian Hornbill
13 lb – 15 lb16 ftMoat322 sf / Pair
optional on exhibit
860 sf / Pair + 10% / Adult
Herbivore
Critically Endangered
Gibbons & Siamangs
(White-Handed, Crested)
SizeExhibit Height
Water Access
Indoor/Den Space
Outdoor Space
DietStatusSpecies
Pg. 63
5ft - 10 ft6 ft deep215 sf + 50sf/
adult in water
Mixed Species161 sf/ + 50sf/ adult on Land
Carnivore
Critically Endangered
Siamese Crocodile
6lb - 14lb8.5 ft high walls
Running Water
Min 3 individual draining pools.
450 sf/pair + 20%/adult
Herbivore
EndangeredLesser/Red Panda
26 lb – 53 lb
17 ftRunning Water
322 sf / Pair on exhibit5300 sf/5
Adults
HerbivoreEndangered
Proboscis Monkey
330 lb –660 lb
-------PoolOn exhibit3300 sf/ Adult
Herbivore
Endangered SSP
Lowland Anoa
10 ft 550 – 650
lb
10 ft deep2150 sf/4 adults
saltwater
Min 3 individual draining pools. 2150 sf/4
adults
HerbivoreVulnerable
Dugong
140 lb –330 lb
16 ft w/ turn-back
Pool or Moat
On exhibit3250 sf/ Pair
Omnivore
VulnerableAsian Black Bear
145 lb-------PoolOn exhibit3250 sf / adult.
SolitaryCarniv
oreVulnerableSun Bear
66 lb –180 lb
14 ft w/ turn-back
Running Water
On exhibit5400 sf/ Pair + 550 sf/ Adult
Carnivore
Least Concern
Leopard
33 lb – 50 lb
13 ft net cover
Running Water
322 sf / Pair optional on
exhibit
2150 sf / Pair + 550 / Adult
Carnivore
VulnerableClouded Leopard
SizeExhibit Height
Water Access
Indoor/ Den Space
Outdoor Space
DietStatusSpecies
Pg. 64
15 ft - 25 ft12 ft deep
Running Water
In exhibit215 sf/ PairHerbivore
EndangeredPalm Cockatoo
10 ft 190 – 300 lb
8.5 ft deep
Running Water
In exhibit215 sf/ GroupNectarLeast Concern
Rainbow Lory
4.5 lb – 8 lb15 ftRunning
WaterIn exhibit850 sf / pair + 50 sf / adult
InsectivoreVulnerable
Owston’sCivet
4000 lb –6000 lb
-------Running Water
550 sf/ Adult10800 sf / pair + 10%/ adult
HerbivoreEndangered
Small clawed Otter
9000 lb –11000 lb
-------Pool & Mud bath
550 sf/ Adult33,000sf / 3 adult females
or 1 Male
HerbivoreEndangered
Malayan Tapir
220 lb – 550 lb
16 ft w turn-back
Pool or Moat
160 sf/ Pair5400 sf/ PairCarnivore
EndangeredShrews
25 lb10 ftRunning waterOn exhibit
1000 sf / 5 adults
HerbivoreEndangered
Flying Lemur
6.5 lb10 ftRunning Water
On exhibit215 sf/ PairOmnivore
Near Threatened
Greater Flamingo
13 lb – 15 lb16 ftMoat322 sf / Pair
optional on exhibit
860 sf / Pair + 10% / Adult
Herbivore
Critically Endangered
SaurusCrane
SizeExhibit
Height
Water Access
Indoor/Den Space
Outdoor Space
DietStatusSpecies
Program recommendations by The WAZA (World Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums.) Pg. 65
Photosynthesis and Plant TectonicsPlants make up the base of the worlds entire food chain
and a huge proportion of the worlds oxygen. Their ability
to convert the energy of the sun into food is unique to the
earth. By spreading and aiming their leaves into the rays
of the sun they collect light which stimulates Chlorophyll
and its absorption of Carbon Dioxide. Using water as a
transportation system the plant stores this energy and
releases Oxygen as a byproduct.
Passive CommunitiesCoral reef systems are made up of millions of individual
polyps, each of these polyps is dependent on the recycled
bones of its ancestors for a home. Though the polyps life
may be short, its body will become a part of this structure
and further the growth of new polyps. These coral
colonies live their life passively in the oceans, feeding from
tiny particles of organic matter in the currents. As time
passes and the colonies grow, more and more creatures
become dependent on these unique structures and they
effectively make up the base of all coral reef ecosystems.
Pg. 66
Active SenseThe Venus Flytrap is one of those plants that makes
us rethink all that we know of the passive nature of
plants. These amazing organisms have evolved
from their infertile environment and have developed
the ability to hunt prey. This diagram shows the
mechanics behind this adaptation, where a small
amount of liquid at the joint of the flower sits
dormant until a fly or other stimulus trips over one
of its sensitive fibers, once triggered the plant
instantly releases the liquid allowing the flower to
quickly close and effectively trap its prey. Slowly
the prey will die and release nutrients which the
plant can consume.
Annual GrowthOf all the plants on earth none are more known or
visible as the trees of the earth, these massive
organisms take decades to reach their mature size.
Every year a tree is alive it records facts about its
environment that year, effectively writing a climatic
journal of its life. Scientists use these rings to
gauge and study changes in the climate of each
individual specimen.
Pg. 67
Modular GrowthBy examining the growth patterns of certain cacti we can
isolate the growth of each individual segment that makes
up the surface of the plant. These segments originate at
the top of the plant, where the soft fresh tissues are
protected by the growth of the previous segment. As the
segments grow and new ones emerge they move
downward adding to the size of the plant and create a
reinforced system of modules which protect the water
within its frame.
Spiral GrowthThe geometry of the pinecone is made up by two inversed
spirals running from its base to its tip which distribute
scales along its entire surface. The seeds are mostly small
and winged for wind-dispersal, but other types are larger
and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed. At
maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but
in others, the fire climax pines, the seeds are stored in
closed cones for many years until a forest fire kills the
parent tree. These stored seeds are then released in huge
numbers to re-populate the burnt ground. Pg. 68
Water and its TectonicsWater is the basic building block of all life on earth, it is
the prevalent cover of the earth and the primary
ingredient in our bodies. This diagram shows the most
basic of waters tectonics as rain. As a single drop of
water condenses high in the atmosphere and falls onto
the still surface of a lake, the reaction creates
concentric waves which radiate from its epicenter. This
diagram is meant to remind us of the importance and
uniqueness of our liquid planet.
Rhythmic PartnersAll beings on earth have developed some sort of a
circulatory system, here we see the basic rhythm held
between the heart and the lungs. It is the essential
piece which connects the being with the global system,
absorbing oxygen into the blood and releasing Carbon
Dioxide back into the system.
Pg. 69
Plate TectonicsOf all the systems of the planet the most impressive,
destructive and responsible for life and geographical
uniqueness of our planet are the actions of the ground
right below our feet. This study shows the effects of two
plates engaged in immeasurable forces. As the two pieces
come together each must give, one is forced into the
molten core of our planet the other is forced high into the
sky. The result of these forces create mountains, valleys
and expend massive amounts of energy in the form of
earthquakes.
Evolution, Genetics and the Environment.This diagram is a simple representation of a phylogenetic
tree which traces the lineage of every living being on
earth. The earth and environment supports the “tree”
whose length symbolizes time, its branches are made up
of an extensive system of species each evolving from the
previous. Each main branch makes up an ever expanding
family. Extinctions would abruptly end the process of
evolution or growth of the tree.
Pg. 70
Geographic Juxtaposition and Natural Systems
Symmetry
Balance
Harmony
Pg. 71
An overlay of the
zoogeographical regions
was placed over the
proposed masterplan for
the Metrozoo
redevelopment plan. In
this study we can examine
how different climatic
zones should be
interwoven into the
infrastructure of the park.
By creating differing zones
from the lush jungles of
the Amazon through the
arid regions of the Sahara
in a manner that reflects
the natural transitions
between these climatic
regions, both animals and
visitors can experience a
more realistic and
comprehensive experience.
Maserplan Overlay
Pg. 72
In a study performed by the American Zoo
Association entitled “Why zoo’s matter,”
visitors of zoo’s were divided into five
taxonomies which define the reasons why
so many people visit zoo’s today. These
definitions were used to create spaces that
would embrace each taxonomy.
“Explorers” are curiosity-driven and seek to learn more about whatever they might encounter at the institution.
“Facilitators” are focused primarily on enabling the experience and learning of others in their accompanying social group.
“Professional/Hobbyists” feel a close tie between the institution’s content and their professional or hobbyist passions.
“Experience Seekers” primarily derive satisfaction from the fact of visiting this important site.
“Spiritual Pilgrims” are primarily seeking a contemplative and/or restorative experiences.
The design of the masterplan takes into account the needs and desires of these five visitors taxonomies.
Within the three spaces of the Southeast Asian lobe, visitors will be given an opportunity to explore their own
individual goals for their visit of the zoo. In an effort to further enhance the visit the Village design and
programming will support the endeavors of the main exhibit spaces and freely adapt to changing exhibits and
missions of the zoo.
Pg. 73
Form and Thematic
Structure
To accurately represent the current
condition of Asian ecosystems the
design must take into account the
relationship between our urban cores
and their dependence on the natural
resources available from the forests. A
perceived and drastic sense of transition
between the village and the jungle
ecosystem will be useful to convey the
message of conservation and
stewardship. The enlightenment trail
will transport visitors and expose them
to both the issues facing man and
nature and will begin to outline the
reasons for these issues while outlining
sustainable solutions and giving them
the tools to become stewards of the
planet.
A series of studies were performed to
examine different modes of both animal and
human circulation through the aviary space.
This study uses parallel plains held together
by tensile cords, the circulation weaves
between wall panels as it takes visitors
through each individual animal module.
This scheme though effective in human
circulation and thematic transitioning failed
to allow smaller animals passage throughout
the length of the exhibits. Pg. 74
Preliminary Design studies.
In this study an examination of existing techniques in exhibit design were utilized to simulate a dually
thematic exhibit. In this scheme we find two separate circulation paths, one above the constructed
terrain in the form of a path and the second filling the space left by the constructed mound. Though
this scheme succeeds in its animal spaces, the human spaces may loose the quality of the thematic
portrayals within the spaces and experience a loss of connection with exterior zones. Pg. 75
A final study examined the axis of the river and canopy themes with the village and theatre.
This scheme used the theatre as the main tensile anchor of the structure and effectively divided
the aviary into two portions. This scheme drove the theatre to detach from the structure and
evolve into a freestanding gem within the aviary structure.
Pg. 76
Conceptual Design Synthesis and Programming
Pg. 77
This figure shows the quantification and juxtaposition of the zones and functions critical to the
design. The enlightenment path passes through the village and under the monorail station before it
divides evenly between the sub zones in figure eight form. The theatre becomes the central
organizing feature between the two zones, it represents the assault that nature endures at the hand
of man but stands in reverence and balance with the exhibit and content.
Integrated within the programming of the village will be an artisan shop that will sell a variety of fair trade
gifts and souvenirs from the region. A themed café will allow visitors to sit and enjoy a healthy meal
composed of organic ingredients grown locally or onsite and cooked with traditional southeastern Asian
recipes. “ZooHotel” rooms would provide an accurate architectural expression of accommodations from the
region, these rooms may range from double occupancy up to 4 person bunk rooms. Classroom spaces will
allow for both educational, exhibit or rental spaces, while utilizing biological concepts and subjects based to
the current theme to further encourage overnight stays and camps at the zoo.
Facilities management spaces will contain control and surveillance equipment alongside, Restrooms and
mechanical/storage spaces. Standing between the rock garden and the mekong station will be Dr. Wilde’s
Asian cultural center which will contains a concise collection of Asian artifacts and cultural exhibits which tie
the resource demands of the people to the natural areas of the world while presenting alternatives that
better preserve resources and protect wildlife. Opposite of the Cultural center is the biology center, in this
space visitors will be shown some examples of conservation projects which the zoo has embarked on and will
give visitors the opportunity to join in the zoo’s projects.
Exhibit and performance
Space
Public3000sf1
Dr. Wilde’s Asian cultural
center
Transportation and storage
Public1000sf1
Mekong Station
Eco-lodge Support
Public1200sf1
Café
Overnight Visitor roomsPrivate
300sf6
Eco-lodge rooming house
Security and First Aid
Private/ Restricted
500sf1
Facilities Management
SalesPublic1200sf1
Gift Shop
Storm shelterPublic500sf2
Restrooms
MultiSemi-private500sf3
Classrooms
PurposeClassificationSize & Number
Village Program
Pg. 78
Viewing GalleryPublic4000sf1
River Gallery
Viewing GalleryPublic4000sf1
Leopard Gallery
Viewing Gallery Public3000sf1
Mekong Gallery
Ticket sales and storage
Public1000sf1
Visitor Service
Visitor Interface and Animal husbandry
Restricted500sf4
Keeper Space
Southeast Asia rainforest fauna
Private20000sf1
Hanging Gardens of Asian tour
TheatrePublic1000sf1
Biodiversity Theatre
Mekong river faunaSemi-private10000sf1
Mekong River Tour
PurposeClassificationSize & Number
Building Program
Pg. 79
The design of the Aviary structure
moved past the original iteration of
balance between the arch and the
post and lintel form into a more
fitting and engaging representation
of the emergent trees of the
rainforest. The circulation and path
through the Mekong river and
hanging gardens remained in the
same path originally iterated in the
conceptual studies and schematic
design.
N.A3 HoursStructure
N.A2 HoursPartitions
N.A1.5 HoursRoof
N.A2 HoursFloor
N.A.3 HoursWall
I.B.C Occupancy exception 411.1
Fire Resistance
UnlimitedUnlimitedHeight & Area
restrictions
IAIAConstruction Assembly
A5A1Occupancy
Aviary Structure
Ecology TheatreCode
Analysis
Pg. 80
HT
1 Hour
HT
HT
HT or 2 Hours
32 ft, 3 stories, 15,000 sf
IV Heavy Timber
A2
Enlightenment Village
The new aviary structure worked
towards the goal of contrasting
between itself and the natural
elements around it. The result
was the design of the emergent
structural system which supports
the aviary netting. The steel tube
frames winds together the main
support branches and also allows
for the growth of climbing vines,
epiphytes and other plants. The
Emergent’s would eventually
become encrusted in vegetation
and disappear into the landscape
while creating the high canopy of
these important and vanishing
rainforest icons.
Pg. 81
Where the path and the Emergents meet, the keeper and visitor interface points occur. These points will
reinforce topics presented to the visitors by the keepers and support lessons on each of the important levels
of life in the region. The aviary is meant to be as unobtrusive and open as possible to the movement of
animals within the space, due to this the paths signage will adapt to the animals movements. The path is
completely accessible in both directions along its entire length but its relationship with the ground is
independent of the land following a set slope as it sinks into water, out of soil and becomes elevated in the
air.
Final Design and Documentation
First Level
Pg. 82
Second Level
The village is designed to allow for
exploration and choice of circulation,
multiple small buildings will house
programming critical to both daily
function and achievement of the goals
important to the zone. The
immersion of visitors in this urban
space is critical for the absorption and
transition into the coming natural
themes.
Pg. 83
Pg. 84
Passing below the station visitors will
enter a heavily planted path along the
back of the village, the 185 foot path
will take visitors deep into the forests of
southeast Asia as they enter into the
aviary structure. The path cuts deeply
into the soil as the terrain rises along
the path of the visitors, exposing them
to the conditions below the level of their
eyes. The terrain and vegetation
envelops them completely before they
enter into the Mekong Gallery at the
first level of the exhibit. The mounds
will enclose support spaces housing
filtration and life support systems for
the aquatic exhibits.
Pg. 85
Observation decks on the interior and exterior spaces will allow visitors on the first and third levels to
further delve into the world of fragmented habitats, the connecting paths elongate the perspectives and
aid in the structural analysis of the rainforest ecosystem. These decks will also create the transition
between the two biomes within the structure, the Asian Trail and the Underwater river experience. These
parallel themes within the aviary structure will remain linear in nature for the human interface
space but open to the keeper and animal spaces.
The organization of the path reintroduces a controlled
porous nature which will allow for varied circulation
within the spaces whenever possible, by
maximizing visitor experience and maintain
range of natural observation opportunities
for humans and animals within
the structure.
Arch
itectural S
ynth
esis
The Biodiversity theatre is located halfway
up the ramp and is designed to hold 91
guest. The theatre could take on multiple
functions at once that of media theatre
with projection abilities and the could hold
small live functions. Films would portray
the animal world while utilizing
documentary cinematography customized
to the themes or of contrasting thematic
subjects that relate to the overall global
condition. The ability of the theatre to
impact the visitors can be further
accentuated by the material chosen and
the delivery methods used. For example a
charismatic narrator or guide known within
mainstream media such as the Geico
gecko could be used to take visitors
through a gecko’s perspective of the
natural world. These films may explain
natural behaviors that visitors may
encounter, feeding, hunting, rearing,
mating and further delve into the
existential similarities between the
human and animal worlds.
Pg. 86
Pg. 87
Pg. 88
The concepts of balance, harmony and
symmetry of which the buildings and site are
based are deeply rooted in the physical
manifestation of life on earth and are used to
form the spatial organization, massing and
systems of the building and site. The aviary
will require a series complex life support
systems including water filtration, cooling
heating and irrigation. The closed loop system
will be able to collect rainwater and used
water from irrigation systems, then filter it
and reuse it throughout the exhibit.
Ground source heat pumps will be used as
cooling systems within the theatre and village
structures and will serve to maintain proper
water temperatures in the exhibits. Irrigation
will occur from the branches of the Emergents
in an effort to further enhance the experience
of the space and to maintain the health of the
vegetation in the space.
Arc
hitec
tura
l Syn
thes
is
Pg. 89
Flanking both sides of the aviary
are the Giant Catfish Gallery and
the Leopard Gallery, these spaces
will give visitors a place of rest
and will serve as the transition
point between the terrestrial and
arboreal themes. These spaces
will also use the geothermal
systems to cool the indoor spaces
and use radiant floor heating in
the winter. The theatre will cooled
by the same system, the ductwork
will be hidden within the elevator
shaft and it will receive direct
conditioning which will then
exhaust into the main space. 1'
5' 10' 20'
Spider Glazing Connection at Wall
Floor and Wall Connection
Spider Glazing Joint
Roof Glazing Section
Roof Glazing and Wall Connection
Roof Opening
Roof and Wall Connection
Wall Opening with Netting
Wall Connection with Floor and Path
Path Structure
Wall Connection at Foundation
Underwater Pathway
The fenestration and structure of the theatre building was defined by the layers and structure of the
rainforest infrastructure. In this section we can examine the relationship between the built spaces and the
spaces that are to remain “natural.” The structure strives to blend into the landscape at the same time that
it contrasts it. The layered effect between the structure, the interior wall and roof and exterior walls and
roof create a layered iteration of the forest layers and structure. The main unifying feature between the
built and un-built spaces are the lighting effects caused by the fenestration. Like a true rainforest the
Mekong level will see a minimal amount of natural light while the Hanging gallery will be flooded in the
speckled light created by the natural cover of the Emergents and the manmade fenestration of the roof and
walls. The theatre uses the lines formed by the trees to suspend itself within the branches, much like a
birds nest or epiphyte suspended from a branch it is hanging from the support structure of the forest.
Pg. 90 Theatre Section
Pg. 91
The enlightenment path will take on special significance
as it winds through the canopy of the aviary. Visitors will
engage with keepers and be included in feeding and
husbandry work as they learn about the plight of these
amazing creatures. By creating spaces where keepers
can share their personal experiences with the lives of the
animals, people, especially the young will be motivated to
act in favor of conservation at all levels.
The Emergent’s of the Forest support the
mesh canopy, the steel tube frame supports life
much in the same way that their natural cousins
would. The seven trees will serve many purposes
but will mainly serve to create a green canopy
high in the structure. The branches are designed
to sway with the wind to create a dynamic in the
canopy thus further aiding in its visual impact.
In case of Emergency the emergents will serve as a quick and
efficient way to quickly evacuate the aviary while preventing the
escape of any of the animals within the exhibit. These paths will also
serve as maintenance access points at the top of the structure.
Geologic and historic portrayals of extinct animals are hidden within the greenery and are presented to
interested occupants. Ice age animals such as mammoths can be included to show the evolution
between ancient and modern animals, just in time to introduce the majestic Elephants and Rhinoceros
of southern Asia. Pg. 92
Visitors will pass through
the dragon gate, at the
mouth of the dinosaur
discovery complex in
front of the wings of Asia
aviary. They begin their
journey down the banks
of the Mekong as it
originates high in the hills
of the Tibetan Plateau.
The evolutionary link
between birds and
dinosaurs is concluded
and the introduction to
the impact of mass
extinctions on the planet
is introduced.
Visitor ExperienceVisitor Experience
Pg. 93
Villag
e Vern
acular S
tyle and stru
cture
Directly across from the elephant viewing court is the entrance the enlightenment
trail, the gate is reminiscent of Asian tradition and craft, it is the threshold between the main path
and the enlightenment path (sub-zone). The layout of the village is organized in the tradition of
villages, large homes and Buddhist temples of mainland Asia and its surrounding regions. The
structure of the buildings should be reminiscent of the traditional post and lintel heavy timber
frames traditionally used, however the buildings will vary in construction type according to their
function and proximity to visitor spaces.
The Mekong station wills serve as a threshold and create the transition between the world of man and the
wilderness along with the access point from the monorail system. The rolling mounds will give visitors a
ground level perspective of the forest floor and as visitors move forward into the sounds, smells and sights
of this amazing wilderness.
Pg. 94
As visitors travel down the 185 foot
long path the levels of light and
dampness in the air will increase. As
they reach the main entry the sound of
running water is ever-present in the
space, the force of the river is
constantly audible. Floating above the
heads of the visitors is the theatre,
seemingly floating within the human
greenhouse. Reflective and fragile it is
balanced lightly on the structural
members of the building. Visitors will be
encouraged to travel to the top of the
cube to begin their journey through the
exhibits. A set of escalators on either
side of the theatre and an elevator will
transport visitors to the hanging gallery
to begin their journey.
As the path progresses forward, the food chain
structure of the ecosystems are explained and the
cycle evolves to the larger predators of the zones. On
the path, visitors will get a birds eye perspective of
the Leopards of Asia, and their prey while visitors are
maintained at a safe height. Hidden moats, fencing
and retaining walls will keep the cats separate from
the other animals. The path will then take visitors
into the leopard viewing gallery where visitors will be
able to get nose to nose with these powerful animals.
The gallery will observe both interior and exterior
exhibits. The exhibits are meant to be rotated to allow
the animals and the exhibit to evolve its programming
and thematic roles.
At the top of the ramp and the top of the cube is the hanging
gallery, this space is enveloped in natural light, playful shadows
from the leaves of the trees dance over the floor of the space.
From here visitors can venture to either theme. If they follow
the hanging Asian garden trail they will be able to observe the
natural behaviors of gibbons as they swing from branch to
branch or sit mockingly on the opposite side of the observation
space. The ramps are punctuated by the education nodes
formed by the Emergents, these spaces will be managed by the
keepers of the animals. Each node will have a unique issue
which it explores from the amphibian crisis to bush meat trade.
Pg. 95
The path continues past the Leopard viewing gallery and returns the visitors to the Mekong level of the
building. The Mekong level will transport visitors into the world of some of the worlds most fascinating and
charismatic of the worlds freshwater creatures. At the entry to the path visitors will find themselves passing
below the surface of the water, encapsulated within the path they will gain a fish’s perspective of the turbulent
waters of the Mekong river. As visitors continue they are met with choices in their path which will take them
to different biological zones of the forest, from the underwater adventure, to the monsoon forest, to the under
story and the Asian flooded forests. These zones will show the geographic diversity of the areas and will be
treated uniquely to accentuate the biological features of each zone. The Mekong path terminates at the
underwater viewing gallery, here visitors will come face to face with the worlds largest freshwater fish the
Mekong Giant Catfish and they will learn of its struggles as it relates to river damning projects.Pg. 96
East Elevation
Pg. 97
The path winds back towards the central circulation space where visitors may continue to explore the
exhibits and exterior viewing decks or sit and enjoy a short documentary in the Biodiversity Theatre.
Outdoor paths that will take visitors through the exterior exhibits and back into the village where they
may rejoin the main path and continue towards either the Nepal or Borneo zooregions.
West Elevation
East Elevation
Pg. 98
The design presented in this document can only scratch at the surface of the intricate balancing act that
occurs at the modern zoo. However it presents a feasible new iteration of what a zoo should be in this
new century.
The problems facing our natural world cannot be solved by one exhibit at one zoo, nor can this one
exhibit affect the way in which all people think of the wild. It has been the intention of this designer to
create a building design that simply reflects the relationship between man’s modern achievements and
the timeless presence of nature. With the inspiration of natural systems and structures as its foundation
and with the use of tectonic tools of dramatic, surreal and at times sublime architecture the design
entices the visitor to become engaged and join in the battle to save what little nature we have left.
The true motivation behind this project was not the creation of a beautiful or functional building, but
instead concentrated its efforts on the impact that architecture can have on its occupants. It is the role
of the Architect to produce efficient, beautiful, and functional designs, but it is also his responsibility to
ensure that the guiding principles with which he designs do not interfere with the natural systems in its
context.
The world of Architecture is quickly changing, electronic tools are making the depth of an architects
imagination and product more efficient, functional and cheaper. But we must also realize that the world
as we know it is changing at a faster rate than humans ever imagined. It will take force and will to
change the way in which we tread on this planet, consume its resources and appreciate its life. It will
take visionaries and leaders to lead the way to a sustainable planet and the Zoological park is just one
of the many venues where change must begin. Finally we live in a time where the necessary tools are
available and the imagination and need for change exists, but only strong, swift action and change can
prevent the total collapse of our natural world in our lifetime.
Proje
ct C
oncl
usi
on
BibliographyAnimal: The Definitive Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution 2005.
Planet Earth: as you’ve never seen it before, Alastair Fothergill 2006.
World Wildlife Fund Annual Report 2006, WWF International, 2006.
Zoo: A history of Zoological Gardens in the West, Eric Baratay & Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, 2002
Life at the Zoo: Behind the Scenes with the Animal Doctors, Phillip T. Robinson, 2004
The Architecture of the Quadrangle in Beijing, Ma Bingjian, 1999
A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and their uncertain future, David Hancocks, 2001
Animal Attractions: Nature on Display at American Zoos, Elisabeth Hanson, 2004
Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo, Nigel Rothfels, 2002
Online Sources
Zoolex, www.zoolex.org
WAZA (World Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums.) www.waza.org Accessed 02/27/08
Miami Metrozoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com Accessed 02/30/08
UCN Red List, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist_archive/redlist2000/news.html Accessed 11/03/07
Rainforest Facts www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm accessed 10/21/07.
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/03/07
Climatic Statistics by National Climatic Data Center, NOAA http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov Accessed 02/28/08
Image Sources
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/12/07 Figures 1.1 – 1.9, 2.3-2.6WAZA, www.waza.org Ron Magill, Miami MetroZoo Fig. 2.7-2.9, 5.2-5.10, 5.29-5.39WWF. The Mekong River: An unknown and threatened kingdom. Story by Zeb Hogan, Produced by Save Cambodia's Wildlife Fig. 5.16-5.20Jones and Jones Architects Fig. 5.1The Portico Group, Fig 3.2
Fig. 5.22-.27
Fig.
Mario Pozzo
000 737767