Post on 12-Jan-2016
transcript
Review of Basic
Biology
I. BiochemistryA. Macromolecules of Life•Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic Acids (DNA)
I. Biochemistry• Carbohydrates
– made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio– Examples are sugars – glucose C6H12O6
• Lipids– Do not dissolve in water – nonpolar– Examples include vegetable oil, olive
oil, beeswax, earwax, and nailpolish– Fats and Steroids are 2 types of Lipids
I. Biochemistry• Proteins
– Are made up of Amino Acids•There are 20 different AAs that produce
all the proteins in organisms.•They are arranged in many different
sequences
– Proteins make up Enzymes which are biological catalysts – so they help chemical reactions in the body go faster
I. Biochemistry• Nucleic Acids
– Are long chains of small, repeating subunits called nucleotides•Nucleotide = 5-C sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen-containing base
– Function is to store genetic information
– Examples include DNA and RNA
II. Metabolism
A.Photosynthesis –
B. Chemosynthesis
C. Cellular Respiration
III. Cell BiologyCell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. In Organisms, cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
3. Cells are produced only from existing cells.
III. Cell BiologyFormation of the Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden – cells compose every part of plants
Theodor Schwann – cells compose every part of animals
Rudolph Virchow – cells come only from other cells
III. Cell BiologyProkaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Simple single celled organisms
Either single or multicellular organisms
Lack internal membrane-bound organelles
Have membrane-bound organelles
No nucleus Have a nucleus
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
• Somatic vs Gamete– Somatic Cells are all body cells
excluding sex cells– Gametes are sex cells
• Plant vs Animal– Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central
vacuole, and a cell wall – Animals do not – Animal cells have centrioles – Plants do
not
III. Cell BiologyA. Organelles –Cell membrane–Cell wall–Nucleus–Mitochondria–Chloroplasts–Cilia/Flagella
IV. GeneticsDNA vs RNA
DNA RNA
Double Stranded Single Stranded
Sugar = Deoxyribose Sugar = Ribose
Bases = A, T, G, C Bases = A, U, G, C
Forms Chromosomes Forms mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Cannot Leave the Nucleus
Can Leave the Nucleus
V. Levels of Organization
•Molecular ->(atom – smallest unit of matter)
•Cellular ->(smallest functional unit of life)
•Tissues -> a group of cells that perform a similar function
•Organs -> a collection of tissues joined to serve a common function
•Organ Systems ->Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function
Levels of Organization
•Organisms ->•Populations ->•Communities ->•Ecosystem ->•Biosphere
VI. Diffusion & Osmosis
•Diffusion •Semi-permeable membranes
•Osmosis–Osmoconformers–Osmoregulators
VII. Temperature• Endothermic organisms
regulate temperature internally
Examples of endotherms: cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians.
• Exothermic organismstemperature regulated
by external environment
VIII. Classification
•Seven major taxa:–Kingdom–Phylum–Class–Order–Family–Genus–Species
Classification•Binomial Nomenclature–Genus species ex. Homo sapiens
•Five major Kingdoms–Kingdom Monera–Kingdom Protista–Kingdom Fungi–Kingdom Plantae–Kingdom Animalia